Terror attacks gets its results. In the horrific events that day, 130 people were killed and nearly 500 injured. Amongoming up, profits british countries after the brexit vote. To man takes one giant leap better understanding the solar system as the junecraft enters as the juneau spacecraft enters jupiters orbit after a fiveyear journey. Nancy in the wake of David Camerons resignation, britains governing conservatives must choose a new leader and prime minister. If voting among five candidates takes place today. Leading the pack are two women, theresa may, the current home secretary, and her rival, andrea leadsom. Theresa may and the latest and probrexit supporter andrea leadsom. Hersom sent forth credentials on monday. She vowed not to set a timetable for triggering article 50 but recognizes the need to get on with the process of leaving the eu. Like may, she has vowed to clamp down on immigration. The United Kingdom will leave the european union. End,om of movement will and the British Parliament will decide how many people enter our work,y each year to live, and contribute to our national life. We are choosing freedom, away from the stifling eu institutions. Her bid comes after front runner may said that if she won she would push for a new trade deal with the eu that limits immigration. I said we should not invoke article 50 immediately. What is important for us is that we get the right deal, and that is a deal that is about Controlling Free movement, but it is also about ensuring that we have the best deal in trading goods and services. A firstround vote will take place on tuesday, with lawmakers voting again on july 7 and july 12 until two candidates remain. The final vote will be left to the partys estimated 150,000 members, with the wing candidate needing more than 50 of the vote. In more fallout in more fallout, nigel farage is the latest politician to resign. He and his party campaigned to leave the eu. One of those strongest is boston. Havern european leaders gone from making up a negligible portion of the towns population to over 10 just in the last decade. Duncan woodside is there and brings us this report. Duncan boston, officially the most probrexit town in the u. K. Xenophobia is openly displayed. British,sed to say buy and we just need our country back. He believes that the behavior of some fellow immigrants helps explain bostons overwhelming vote in favor of leaving the eu. Ite a lot ofua duncan he is reassured by politicians that eu immigrants who are already here will be allowed to stake, but he is worried that local people might become hostile. It is a little bit worrying because you do not know what will happen. Duncan in the year since 2014, immigration increased by 500 in local boston. This has put a huge strain on public services. Three children who could go to the school i can see from my home, yet they have to walk 45 minutes. Duncan this Labor Council or claims many local people mistakenly believe immigrants now have to leave. The people of boston have been sold a lie by the leave campaign. Duncan immigration, together with its effect on local services, is a bone of nearly twohere, but weeks after the referendum there have not been any major instances of hostility toward immigrants. Nancy seven labor unions take to the streets of paris today, at the start of a second round of parliamentary talks over the contested no concrete labor laws. The 1000 changes made to the law they have until friday to make a decision. Manuel valls says he will invoke article 49. 3 to push the law through to the senate. For more on todays is thence, we go to luke brown, who is following demonstrations on the streets of paris. Luke, what is the situation like there . Thethe mood changed since last protest on june 28, or are things about the same . Luke it is an hour ahead of the start of the protests. We are already seeing the trade Union Protesters gathering here for the 12 protest against the labor law. It is said to be the last of the summer before the vacation season gets under way here in france. Pretty there is some pretty tight Police Security. They have searched everybodys bag as they reach the area. This is where some violent incidents have disrupt many of the protests that have disrupted many of the protests. Disrupted many of the protests. There has been a definite decrease in the violence and the tension. Due to, of course, a combination of those Police Security measures, but also to a certain degree a growing weariness. This will be the 12th protest, and as we enter the summer season, this is really not the for the of year protesters to take to the streets. They know the movement is to a certain extent running out of steam, but they do hope this will be the last big protest before the traditional protest season starts in the autumn. Nancy given what manuel valls just said about pushing through to the senate as fast as he can, how optimistic are the protesters that they would get what they want from the government . Majorityhink the vast do not have their eyes on convincing the government. The 493 was predictable from the socialist government. Is thatprojected here they are wanting to indicate they will not be giving up anytime soon. This is the last of the season before the summer recess, both in parliament and for the protesters. But trade unions have indicated that the concessions offered by the government are far from sufficient. That means they are going to be continuing the protest movement in one form. They may disrupt the Tour De France bicycle race over the coming weeks. They also might open up toll roads for holidaymakers to meet the most of that, to win some support there. They are far from satisfied with the situation as it is. As such, we expect this protest to continue relatively peacefully. We will have to wait and see for that. Ancy thank you, luke we will be coming back to you through the day. Luke brown reporting from paris. For more on the labor law reforms, we are joined in the newsroom by the president of the consulting, a Public Relations company. Thank you for joining us. Thank you. Nancy what do you think of the law as it stands now . Is it something the leaders can live with . It has become a symbol on both sides. The government does not want to renounce, be perceived as weak or politically weak. And on the left side of the majority, it has been a symbol fight of the left, as we call its, against government. The symbol has been increasing in terms of political importance. With the summer season, maybe they will end the protests. If the government has its say by thege of the 49three 493. Beverly some consequences, some traces of the fight for the next election round, which starts roughly in september. Nancy what would you do if you were the president of the socialist government that is obligated to protect workers rights but is under enormous pressure from employers to loosen labor laws . Philippe nobody cares about this law anymore. Nobody understands what is left in the law. We do not know really what the amendment is fighting for and what the union what the government is fighting for and what the union is fighting against. We know something is happening in the streets that can be really violent, that we are in an election year. It should not happen really. It should not be happening now. This is about uniting the people in order to gain the vote of the people in the next election in may of 2017. It should be logical. We should go there. Nancy this is one thing most people do understand, that this article is it irrational for the workers to be worried about this . Is not irrational for the workers to be worried about it. Will influence the unions. The unions are fighting against the article because the article would really be the end of them. They are not really strong in the polls anymore. The french population is unionized, so it is a weak base. If you deprive them of that, they kill the unions. With the government, it is threatening to kill the union system. Nancy so they are gasping for their last breaths. Hank you very much, they have waited eight months, but today the loved ones of those killed in the november 13 attacks here in paris have finally heard the conclusions of the parliamentary inquiry. It must be said that since november 13 and the days following, victim care has not been sufficient. The commission wishes to go further with three propositions, clarifying the price theory of of those clarifying the usingia of those resources for victims of terrorism. Nancy the inquiry has already said that the bataclan attack prevented,ave been and the report also says the french state of emergency has limited security impact. 130 people were killed and almost 500 injured in three hours of carnage across the french capital. Nicholas rushworth has more. Inholas the killings several locations in and around paris on november 13 lead to a state of emergency which is still in place and has led to a Parliamentary Commission of inquiry, made up of 30 mps. The report out this tuesday could be vital for the families and friends of victims. We are really trying to find answers. That is what the french want. It is with the families of victims want, to establish what works and what did not work so well. That is our role. To have been almost 200 hours of hearings since february. There have been questions. Some relatives are angry at the lack of communication. They joined together to push authorities for clarity. We are tired, and that is why we have created this association, to have the maximum amount of impact on what happens. That is how we rebuild the future. The commission is proposing the creation of a National Agency to centralize data from the various existing Intelligence Services and the creation of a medical unit specialized in responding to terror attacks. In saudi arabia, suicide bombers have targeted three cities, killing at least four Security Officers per the series of attacks, as the holy month of ramadan draws to a close. One targeted islams second holiest site. The other rocked the neighborhood knew the u. S. Consulate. Saudi officials named a pakistani man as a suicide bomber in the jetta attack. Business news now Stephen Carroll is here. Starting in the u. K. , the bank of england has announced plans to boost the economy in the wake of the brexit vote. Stephen britains central bank is set to cut the amount of safe assets lenders hold in reserve. It will help boost lending to households and businesses in britain by 150 billion pounds. 180 billion euros. Governor mark carney described the u. K. s stability is challenging. He says the risks facing the country after brexit have never come clear. Its meetingney at in march, the sbc judge the fpc judged there was a risk to financial stability. Some of the risks have begun to crystallize, given the core resililience of the banks. It is important to ensure there is no question about the availability of credit. Those comments came as a new survey showed how businesses are reacting to the brexit vote. It shows a portion of companies that are pessimistic about the future almost doubled in the week following the referendum. It is the First Business survey held in britain after the historic decision to leave the european union. The proportion of businesses pessimistic about the economy from just 25 49 before the vote. They fear domestic sales and exports and investments will fall off a cliff over the next 12 months. Authorities in the u. K. Are spamming to avoid an exodus of companies. George osborne said he would the Corporate Tax rate to 15 from the current 20 . It is a plan that is already facing resistance from the european union. Going to 15 does not seem to be a good initiative. If George Osborne sticks to his word, it would be bad news for other major european economies were businesses are taxed considerably more, with the exception of ireland. It has the lowest Corporate Tax rate in any eu member, at 12. 5 . Irelands finance minister is not surprised by osbornes suggestion. Two years ago he he announced the principle of bringing u. K. Tax rates down, and he said he would have the rate down to 17 by 2020. 15 or less is not a million miles away. Intoe pound has been sent freefall, benefiting domestic exporters. Tuesday the currency hit a fresh 31year low against the dollar. Stephen lets take a look at what is happening on the markets next. The pound slipping against the dollar against today, down around. 8 of 1 . It is down around 1. 32. The pound was around 1. 50 before the referendum. Mark carneys words are helping to give confidence, with shares in the ftse 100 moving. Business headlines moving now. The European Commission has ordered seven spanish football clubs to repay money to the government which has been deemed illegal state aid. They will have to pay up to 5 Million Euros each, received in the form of former of lower tax rates. Shares in the worlds oldest bank or having another bad day today, generating around 9 after losing 14 yesterday. Itt is after the ecb warned would need to shred 10 billion euros of bad loans from its book. Shares of other italian banks are seeing some gains. The manager of golden the asset manager goleman sex has been told to tighten their belts. Vision their business has been vision their busines has been under pressure. The American Bank told managers they must be cutting back on corporate spending and travel. Residents of florence are trying to stop mcdonalds from moving in. The famous it has been the site of Ronald Mcdonald since 1989. Promised tos provide Table Service and integrate more italian items into its menu. They expect a decision this week. Local residents are campaigning against the arrival of the golden arches. They set up a Facebook Page of therganizing a picket market on the square. Nancy thank you very much. To be fair, they do keep them pretty discreet, mcdonalds. Stephen that is their plan. Nancy we will see if that happens. Thank you very much. It is time now for the press review. I am joined by florence villeminot. It is time to take a look at what is gathering headlines around the world. Lots of focus on the triple Suicide Attack in saudi arabia, during the final days of ramadan. Flo lets start with the wall street journal. You can see the talk about multiple bombings rock saudi arabia. The photo on the front page was taken in the holy city of medina. Saudi papers are focusing on this triple attack. The saudi paper claims there were no immediately claims to responsibility, but the attacks bear the hallmark of the Islamic State group. This paper lashes out against those who carried out these attacks, particularly for doing this during ramadan. These are the final days of ramadan, when believers felt when believers feel very close to god. Make no mistake, these attackers have no faith, they have no brain, they are not real believers. Nancy most modern most muslims are celebrating ramadan. Flo a very interesting piece in another saudi paper says that the region has really gone through a tough time this year, but it calls on people, despite the morning, to try to celebrate the end of ramadan on an occasion or people get together with their families and their friends. It says despite the tough times, that the region is going through, this is a time of celebration. Nancy these attacks have determined that Islamic State group has multiplied in recent days. Flo these attacks are drawn widespread condemnation across the arab world i put out some cartoons. We are going to look at a cartoon from a jordanian paper. See a suicide bomber. In his head there, there is nothing but a shoe. This is strong imagery because shoes are a symbol of dirt and degradation throughout the world. This is focusing on the attack in baghdad, morning the victims there. The word baghdad one of the later one of the letters has been replaced by a bomb here. And a paper in london is focusing on what is happening in the aftermath of the baghdad attack. You can see the iraqi flag here with the red that is a puddle of blood. There has been a threeday morning. There is been a threeday morning period. Nancy lets talk about brexit. Yesterday nigel farage resigned the party. F flo you can see he explained why i had to quit. He talks about Death Threats and personal problems and he said he never really wanted to be a career politician, and he wants his life back. His shock announcement comes in the wake in the footsteps of Boris Johnson, who also shocked everyone when he announced he was not running for the tory leadership race. You can see the front page of metro. Brexodus. Is this what they meant by project leave . Some of them are seen as rats jumping off a sinking ship. You can see Boris Johnson leaving that ship, saying on Second Thought i do not want to be the captain of the ship anymore. But you can see that he is the one who has caused the ship to sink. That is what a lot of these people are thinking, the politicians, leaving the u. K. To deal with the mess they created. Slogan was aorite march on saturday in reverse. Lots ofpaper are papers are analyzing how things will be without nigel farage. What do you think . To be a can be poised powerful force in politics if events keep happening the way they are now. Nigel farage himself may be an unserious man, but he has a serious legacy. There is an article in the independent that looks acid that looks at his legacy. Not the best cartoon for nigel farage. You can see his trademark pint and cigarette but, and it makes his face sort of leaking into the gutter. You can see the title here, focusing on how tories are divided over those over what is going to happen with eu citizens after the brexit. Nigel farage might be gone, but he is influencing tory projects. Future ofusing on the the european union, particularly its size. Flo Francois Hollande in the german chancellor, Angela Merkel, have a summit with western balkan states. You can see le figaro saying we need to put the brakes on european enlargement. Francois hollande and Angela Merkel sought to put trying to reassure them that perhaps they will be indeed allowed or able to join the european union, but le figaro says this is a symptom this is system this is symbolic talk. Eu is not like a nightclub. It is not one out and one in. We have to put the brakes on letting members into the eu. Editorial saying that we went to bank far and too fast when it came to eu expansion. If there is one lesson to be learned from brexit, it is that we need to, instead of enlarging the european union, it is perhaps to make it shrink a little bit. Nancy thanks. That was the press review. For more press reviews, head to d man this is a production of China Central television america. Woman adapting to adversity. Resilience is the ability to do just that, to roll with the punches despite the e challenges before you. Could resilience help build a better world . Rather than reacting, would we be better off taking deliberate, planned, and proactive risks . This week on full frame, we explore how embracing resilience could help companies, organizations, and people thrive in the face of unpredictable events. Im may lee in los angeles. Lets take it full frame. When nations and communities are faced with adversity from raging storms to civil wars, surviving them takes resilience. But can we learn to be resilient regardless of the challenge . A new Publicprivate Partnership believes the answer is yes. The Rockefeller Foundations Global Resilience Partnership is tryryinto help cocommunities across africica and asia buiuild ththeir resilience to challenges like e extreme poverty and Climate Change. Now, one way they hope to start the process is with a competition called the global resilience challenge. Sundaa bridgettjones is the Rockefeller Foundations associate director of International Development. She joins us now via satellite from new york city to tell us more about the competition that is helping the worlds most vulnerable communities become stronger and more resilient. Sundaa, welcome to the show. Glad to have you here. Sundaa thank you, may. So pleased to be here. May well, lets start off with the broad questions, sundaa. The Rockefeller Foundation, of course, is involved in so many different projects around the world, really trying to help cure the ails of the world, lets put it that way. But with the world being so chaotic these days and so many problems, is it sometimes overwhelming to decide what causes that youre gonna try and help at the Rockefeller Foundation . Sundaa well, you know, thanks for that, may. I think we at the Rockefeller Foundation see a world thats defined by disruptions, disturbances to normal life, and youve mentioned many of them, and itsin a way caused by 3 different threats, if you will. There is the threat of Climate Change that, of course, is an undeniable contributor to the severity of some of the issues that we have. There is, of course, urbanization, where we see a Huge Population growth, particularly in cities, and causing a good deal of pressure for cities around the world, and there is globalization that has actually accelerated the pace of the volatility in many communities. And we see those 3 really as being some of the drivers of some of the challenges that we have. May and sundaa, lets get right totalking about the competition that i mentioned in the introduction, the global resilience challenge. Tell us a little bit about why you started this challenge. Sundaa the global resilience challenge is indeed unique, but its a model that weve been using for some time that helps to uncover and test some of the most really Compelling Solutions for resilience building around the world. The global resilience challenge was modeled after aa competitiona Design Competition that we supported in the n new york, new jersey area after superstorm sandy. Its called rebuild by design. And the challenge is really one of the first activities of the Global Resilience Partnership. We launched the partnership in august 2014 at the first u. S. Africa Leaders Summit in washington, dc, where the foundation and u. S. Agency for International Development and the swedish International Development agency joinened forces to o reay find a platform for supporting thethese kinds of really promising Innovative Solutions for resilience building around the world. And it was such a tremendous response to this global competition in the sahel, which is west africa and east africa, and south and southeast asia. We had over 500 applications for this competition. And it was really tremendous to try to get down to having 17 contestants and 8 winners. Really going through a 3stage process that focused on how they might be able to diagnose solutionproblems in their communities, how they can come together and into disciplinary teams with a number of actors to be able to look at those problems in a different way, in a way that focuses on resilience thinking and concepts to help to drive them towards some really Promising Solutions for communities. So, were really quite pleased that we have a terrific set of 8 awardees. May and what i find fascinating, sundaa, is theagain, the quality of the entrants. Theyre all pretty young, very smart, very well educated, but they all have the same mission in their livesin their young lives to try to do some good in the world and that isthat must be really inspiring to see. Sundaa that is indeed the case, may. I think we have a number of teams that have come to really focus on what are the most pressing problems in the communities in which they live. The teams actually represent meteorologists, and engineers, and scientists, and Community Leaders coming together to try to helelp to solve some of f these prproblems. And let me just give you maybe one or two examples of some of the work that the teams have proposed in terms of really fascinating solutions. One is the grameen foundation, and they have compiled a number of folks on their team to really focus on how to improve the resililience of coconut farmers in the philippines. And thats obviously a top agriculture industry f for the philippines, except some of those coconut farmers are really some of the most vulnerable in their community. And so, what the team has proposed is try to connect those farmers to markets. So, offengng finanal services, mobilele technology to provide them information thatt helps to understand the conditions under which the coconuts are growingthe coconut trees are growing. And alall of this is really to increase productivity, reduce their vulnerability, and ensure that they have better livelihoods in their communities. And so, thats really quite exciting. I think similarly, when we go to west africa in mali and niger, we have another team in mercy corps has partnered with groups of organizations and businesses and government to really try to improve agropastoralists access to Financial Markets there. So, again, its very much a focus on increasing their access to Financial Services with a real attention to women who have been, in some cases, marginalized, not having access because of cultural norms or other circumstances in their communities to some of these services. So, were really looking at teams that are focusing on really exciting innovations in their communityin these communities that are helping the communities adapt to some of the stresses and shocks that they might face. May and unlike e a lot of competitions we hear about all over the world, not just, you know, when it comes to social good, but sometimes the issue and the problem is that they win, but then theres no sustainability in the idea. Theres no longterm lasting effect. I would imagine that that would be crucial in this kind of competition to choose those projects that really, you know, are gonna have a longterm effect. Sundaa indeed. You hit the nail right on its head, and the longterm sustainability and impact is a huge criterion for selecting many of these solutions, and what was really fascinating about this challenge process, again modeled off of rebuild by design in the new york, new jersey area, was the time that they had two or 3 months to actually start to pilot some of their activities, their solutionoriented activities in various communities to see whether the community would actually have an uptake of what theyre proposing. And that was just kind of, you know, an early indication that this could actctually much morebe much more impactful than one would originally believe. And thats certainly been the take that weve had moving forward with these teams. And let me also just say that this is not a challenge whereby teams come up with designs and solutions on their own. I mean, were walking verywalking side by side with many of the teams trying to reinforce the understanding of what resilience thinking and practice means in these communities. And also to help to connect them to the kinds of networks and resources that they will need to be successful in implementing the solutions. May does this give you hope when you see all this activity and the growing trend of this interest in trying to give back, trying to change the world for the better, and that you see this Youth Movement becoming more and more interested in this. Is this a phase . Is this just a, you know, just a trend thats gonna go away . Or do you think this is an ongoing growing trend that were gonna keep seeing . Sundaa so, may, i not only see hope, but i see hope that leads to action and people really wanting to take charge, come up with identifying what important local needs are reallythat theyre facing in their communities and trying to find the kikinds of approaches and tools and solutions that help to address some of those needs and challenges. So, this is really about acting on the notions of resilience concepts and thinking. And with resilience being really about building peoples adaptive capacities to not only survive, but to thrive in the face of some of these disruptions that weve been discussing. And so, i see that this isthis is something thats not gonna be shortlived. This will be with us for some time and wellll all be better for it. May i sure hope so and i would have to agree with you, we would definitely be better for it. Sundaa, in terms of the everyday person, you know, every person isnt brilliant like some of theseim sure these competitors in the challenge. The everyday person has to put food on the table, and go to work, and, you know, kind of live their everyday life, but when it comes to giving back, when it comes to the idea of resilience and trying to help the community, what do people of the Rockefeller Foundation actually recommend just to the average schmo on the street . Sundaa you know, weve been talking about the circumstance in which were all living here in the 21st century, where crisis is the new normal. And what weve found in our work around d the world here in the u. S. , but also in many parts of asia and africa, is that the solutions really lie within individuals and their communities. So, we believe that these great ideas, these activities that we all canand do and beand help us to thrive in the face of some of the shocks and stresses can be found with the very everyday person that youve been describing, may. We know people are resilient all around the world and have been coming up with innovations on a daily basis, innovations that are born by the activities of communities coming together, of Networks Coming together, of drawing on one another for support, and for Recovery Efforts in many of these cases. And so, this is not a situation whereby one looks outside of their community necessarily for e kinds ofof innovations that were discussing. This is a case where were looking within, that were really finding solutions within communities. May all right. Well, sundaa bridgettjones, thank you so much for yoyour time. I really appreciate thee information and the insight. Sundaa thank you, may. May well, coming up, we hear from two of the winning teams who are building resilience in communities that face some of todays most difficult challenges. Stay right there. Developing resilience in places like west africa, where war threatens access to food, or in southeast asia, where typhoons plague farmemers, can seem like an impossible task. But 8 teams from around the world are tackling some of the worlds most difficult challenges. The groups recently won grants from the first global resilience challenge. It m means they y will be awardd up to a Million Dollars to implement and scale up their solutions to these problems. Joining us now are leaders from two of those winning teams. Whitney gantt is grameen foundations global director for mobile agriculture. Her team plans to help coconut farmers in the philippines. And from rabat, morocco, via satellite is allison huggins. She is the country director at mercy corps in mali. Her team plans to use its winnings to financially help communities in the fragile dry lands of africa. Welcome to full frame to both of you. Thank you for being here. Whitney thank you for having us. May w wl, whitneyey, let me start with you. Why did your team choose to compete in this resilience competition . Because there was 500 teams in this competition, right . Whitney right. Well, resilience is really at the heart of what grameen seeks to achieve. We look to increase the income and resiliency of poor households in remote rural areas across the globe. And what weve seen in our work, particularly in agriculture, is that often a single intervention isnt sufficient to help families come out of poverty and, even more importantly, to keep them out of poverty when they do. And so, a more holistic approach is needed that provides a suite of services and also helps Families Build the skills and accessesaccess the resources that really helped them weather the types of shocks that theyre facing, whether its from Climate Change or from market variability. May and it always is about sustainability, right . You have to be able to sustain this growth and this economic viability. Were gonna get to, you know, the specifics of that. But first, tell us what exactly is your project . It has to do with coconut farmers in the philippines, right . Whitney it does. So, there are over two million coconut farmers in the philippines. Theydespite being part of a 2 billionayear industry globally, are some of the poorest farmers in the philippines and the most vulnerable to the type of shocks that well talk about todaytyphoons, Climate Change, market price shocks, et cetera. And so, what our program is looking to do is to partner with public and private sector players to build resiliency of those coconut farmers through a 4component program. And so, the first component looks at how can we increase the amount of coconuts that these farmers are producing to get them more sales and more revenue . May uhhmm. Whitney the second is looking at how do we help them prevent losses . And thats through an Early Warning system which helps prevent pest and disease outbreaks and helps farmers to control that on their farm when they identify a threat. And its also looking at getting them more market access. So, higher prices through certifications like organic, fair trade, and rainforest. And finally, through looking at appropriate Financial Services. So, whether its investing in their farming businesses and growing those through access to credit or whether its saving for the hard times that may hit, were partnering with Financial Service providers to provide a complete solution. May ok. So, youre covering pretty much all bases, which iswhich is great. Well, lets turn to allison in morocco. Allison, first, tell me why you guys decided to compete in this contest. And then, also, your project is a little bit different. It deals with problems in west africa. Allison right. So, similar to what whitney said, weve been working in the dry lands of west africa for many years. And weve realized that in order for usfor us to have a Sustainable Impact in the communities that were working in, we really need to take more of a holistic approach to the work that were doing. And so, we were thrilled to getbe a part of the global resilience challenge and to be able to work with other organizations that are using similar holistic approaches and really looking at the systems that people live in and how can we have more of a broader system, a holistic impact to help people to be able to improve their livelihoods and really make choices that they need to make to be able to better manage their livelihoods. So, our project is working in northern mali in the sahel region of mali. And inacross the border in niger. And in communities where weve been working on Agriculture Programs and Emergency Response for many years, and the project will be working to provide access to Financial Services for those populations. In northern mali, theres almost no Financial Services available due to the conflict. And then, niger Financial Services are really limited as well. And so, well be using the mobile phone in working with the private sector to deliver savings products to farmers and pastoralists as well as credit products and Insurance Products over the mobile phone. May so, allison, give me one definition, thouough. Yoyou use the term pastoralistst and its agropastoralist. Tell me exactly what that means. Iim assumingng it obviououslys to do with agriculture, but is it something more specific than that . Allison right. So, theres really two livelihood groups in the areas that were working in. One group who are more sedentary agropastoralists. So, they use a combination of Agricultural Production and raising animals for their main livelihoods. And then, theres also a substantial nomadic pastoralist population. And they really travel from place to place, searching for the most healthy grass, pasture lands, and bring their cows along with them. So, theyre really, you know, not tied to any one place. They move around in search of the most rich pasture lands that they can find. May i see. Ok. So, its almost like a nomadic lifestyle to a certain extent. Whitney, lets go back to you. With these coconut farmers in the philippines, you obviously talked about some of the issues that they face with Climate Change and, you know, weather, and things like that. So, are those the specific problems that you guys are trying to target and help them out t with . And thats kind of a difficult thing to deal with, isnt it . Because youre talking about nature, also manmade problems as well, right . Whitney it is. And ththats why we are trying o take again that multifaceted approach that brings in partners from different parts of the philippines. So, we bring in the philippine coconut authority. They have the mandate to help provide advicetechnical advice to farmers and to help prepare them for the changes of Climate Change. Were also working with a national university, university of the philippines los banos, whos created a number of climate models to predict what the impact will be on smallholder farmers. And so, part of what were doing is working with those entities who know best how to predict and how to respond. And then, also, looking at how can we diversify livelihoods for those farmers . So, helping them get into additional crops, whether they are for home consumption, so, fruits and vegetables, or whether theyre other cash crops like cacao that wont be as susceptible to some of the changes that are coming. May and how do you find them responding to your program and to what youre suggesting they do to be able to sustain their livelihood . Are they responsive . Do they get it . Are they willing to make some changes . Whitney i think that they are. Wevethrough the grant award, weve gone out and done a lot of research and really focused on being in the field with farmers, being in their households, understanding the dynamic that they have with the existing market, and what were seeing is that there is a sense of awareness around vulnerability, but not a clear sense of how they go and build assets and help to secure their families. What we also found was that the female members of the household were more likely to take that longerterm view. And so, in terms of how well reach out and work with farmers, we know that we need to have a gendered approach that takes into account the different dynamics on the ground. May thats an interesting point to bring up because i always wonder, and you always hear that within communities, the females are really the ones that are sort of holding the family together, and oftentimes, holding the Community Together through the work that they do. So, how important is that to reach the female population and to be able to educate and raise awareness amongst women . Whitney i think its very important and it will beit will be a key pillar of the work that we do, just really understanding what are the roles and what are the Household Dynamics in terms of gender. And so, men were also very critical in that system, but had maybe a shorterterm view of how do i meet the immediate needs . And so, in talking with them together as well as individually, what came out was that we really can leverage this longerterm view that the female household members may have. May thats interesting. Allison, im gonna ask you the same q questioinin your linene f work and the people that you work with. Aredo you find that to be the case as well, reaching out to the women because they tend to maybe have a longerterm point of view . Allison we definitely do. And, you know, women in northern mali and in niger have really limited control over Financial Resources and have limited participation in household decisionmaking. And so, part of our program is starting with Financial Education to especially allow women to better understand how they can control resources, how they can better Access Financial resources. Theres a tradition in west africa of small savings groups, and women are often the ones who arewho are members of these savings groups. And so, well be working through these saving groups to increase their access to credit, so that women can have Financial Resources at their disposition and can really plan around how they use those Financial Resources to either invest in Small Businesses or invest in goats or chickens or other small livestock that they can have control over. Because helping women to better be able to have tools to manage their households is really what weve seen as being key to helping communities toand househeholds to weatheher the shocks that they face. May and thats so interesting, allison, because we hear those stories over and over again when we hear about things like micro loans. When theyre given out to women, they tend to really use it in the best way possible, very efficiently, to be able to growow a business anand really provovide for the cocommunities. But heres my question, though in places like mali and niger, is there any resistance, though, from the traditional male, sort of, ideals for womenagainst women to really develop and become financially savvy, and grow businesses, things like that . Allison it is a difficult context. And i think that the key to us being successful in our programs is really to use a communitybased approach. We work really with both men and women and work with male Community Leaders to try and evolve some of these norms. But really, you know, and together with the communities. Because wewe, you know, we dont wanna take an approach where we go into communities with these radical new ideas that are against community norms. But we found that by working together, we can help to slowly evolve these norms and help women to have a greater role in decisionmaking and household management. May what are you foreseeing in the next few years with this project . Allison so, the goal of our project is to work togetether with the private sector to help them move into more risky areas of mali. Theres a pretty welldeveloped Financial Services market in the south of mali. But in the north, due to the conflict that began in 2012 as well as just a long history of marginalization and isolation, these types of services are really much less developed in northern mali. So, we really see this project as, you know, a starting point for us to be able to work with the private sector to help them to take the risks to invest in the north of the country. And we hope that by working together and proving to them that there are Market Opportunities in the north, and that people are interested in Financial Services and products, it will demonstrate to the Financial Sector that there are other opportunities to work there. So, were hoping that together with the private sector, well be able to kind of create market incentives and spur a market to continue to grow in the future. May whats great about both your projects, and what youre both saying, is that youre not just trying to help the little guy just paddldle along with ththeir business, youre also trying to bring in corporations, big business, to help them realize that if they get involved, and theres some sort of financial interest there, right . Its all about business as well, that it make sense to them. And so, this is a way with both your projects youre able to sort of tie those two worlds together, isnt it . Whitney exactly. And i think Franklin Baker is a great example of that where today they are sourcing only 10 of their coconuts directly from the smallholder. But they have a goal within the next 5 years to be sourcing 50 of coconuts directly from smallholder farmers. They also have about 10,000 hectares that are organic, and they want to increase that up to 50,000. May wow. Whitney so, theres a big opportunity here to not only generate value for the smallholder farmer, but to make something than can be profitable and, as a result, sustainable longterm. May well, allison huggins, thank you so much for joining us all the way from morocco. Really great project, and good luck to you. And i should have congratulated you at the top of the show on winning ththis competition. Its good work. Allison thank you so much. Were excited about it. May all right. And whitney gantt, thank you so much for coming into the studio today and telling us about your fantastic project. Again, to you, congratulations to you and your team, and good luck in t the futurure with i it. Whitney thank you. Well have to keep you posted. May please do, please do. Well, building resilience in communities facing adversity, whether its the impact of Climate Change or manmade crises, its crucial for people all around the world, including right here in california. The states ongoing drought is causing many communities to find Proactive Solutions to their water problems instead of waiting around for rain. Full frame contributor Sandra Hughes takes a look at how innovators are finding solutions to fight the drought. [thunder] sandra when the rain falls in los angeles now, conservationists head directly into the storm. Man well, were sampling for stormwater runoff. Were sampling the quality and the quantity of stormwater runoff. At this point, were taking water samples. Were filling individual bottles which will be analyzed in a lab for different Water Quality parameters. Sandra theyre testing Water Quality as part of a plan to harness Mother Nature to save and store more water. So, the next time a long drought hits, the western u. S. , especially los a angeles, will be ready. Man people think that we live in a desert, but we dont. Its a semiarid environment. We actually rereceive quite a bt ofof rain, between 10 and 15 inches a year. It doesnt sound like a lot, but for every inch of water that rains here, we throw away 3. 8 billion gallons of water. So, on the driest year in recorded history two years ago during the drought, it rained 3. 6 inches in los angeles. That means we threw away over 12 billion gallons or 3,420 gallons per person. Sandra is there a wayay to save that watater and reduce ththe citys dendndence on imimported wawater . And for the ground to stay wet in even the driest of times . Conservationists in los angeles think so. Man well, the city of los angeles has implemented a green streets and Green Infrastructure program. This is one of our first green streets in the city of l. A. Construction actually was completed in 2010, so, the inception for the project and design started a couple of years before that. And as part of our green Streets Program oryou know, what were looking for isin sanitation is our focus is on Water Quality and water capture. Sandra the idea is to break up the concrete jungle of l. A. One block at a time. It started in a workingclass neighborhood of los angeles called elmer street. The street was bulldozed a and rebuilt, installing an underground infiltration gallery to absorb and filter rain watater. New sidewalks were put in, and curbs with cutouts, and rock gardens below rain barrels with smart irrigation technology. The efforts are meant to slow down rain runoff, so it could be filtered and drained back into a natural underground aquifer. Chris and we essentially use this as a living laboratory, a demonstration of things that work, and of course things that dont work, because we wantwhen you put in these green streets, you learn each time one of these projects goes in the ground. Sandra and the ground is where the conservationists are hoping to keep the water. Without these efforts, water runs into sewers or flood runoffs, and heads straight into the ocean. Even the plants on elmer street were chosen for their power to clean water, and absorb it. Woman plants are living things that help toin this instance were talking a about stormrmwa. If you think about the roots of plantstsnd trees, they go into the soil, they help to integrate the water into the soil much easisier. Of couourse, theyre also stopping erorosion, and in the swails, where we have the very steepsided slopes, if you have plants in there, its helping to slow the water down as its rushing through the swail during a storm, and it also helps the water to infiltrate into the soil. Also, theyre filtering out pollutants, too. Sandra more than 2 million were spent to create elmer avenue, the Gold Standard of Water Conservation inin los angeles. Obviously, the idea isnt to replicate that price tag on other city blocks, but to take ideas employed here and use them in other droughtstricken areas. The green Streets Initiative has built a dozen streets like elmer in los angeles to Work Together with the new l. A. Storm catcher plan. The idea borrowed from australia, where residents suffered through more than a decade of drought. Lipkis it is very simply an oldfashioned cistern, and the highghtech piece is that it is remotely controlled, and remote monitored. Sandra this box mounted on the side of a home contains electronics that monitor weather, and then opens and closes theisisterns neneed. When released in t thesearden pools, the water stored in the cistern can irrigate an entire yard. A fence could be replaced with narrow cisterns. The sizes and ideas are endless. But the bottom line is reducing l. A. s dependence on imported water. Lipkis rain water captured and either recharged where possible or directly used together can replace half the watater were importing g today. Sandra and the unpredictable weather patterns that have plagued the Southwestern United States in recent months could be the perfect storm in which to prove that green streets, alleys, and yards are the solution to californias continual water woeses. For full frame, this is Sandra Hughes in los angeles. May coming up next, its all about going miniature to help save lives. Well journey into the world of tiny artificial livers. Conducting medical research can be challenging. Just ask worldrenowned bioengineering professor sangeeta bhatia. During her Grad School Years at mit, sangeeta tried and failed to create an artificial liver. But she didnt give up. She tirelessly kept at it, and her resilience finally paid off. Sangeeta pioneered a way to create micro livers that are sustainable outside the human body. Her groundbreaking research has revolutionized the world of artificial organs used for transplants. I sat down with bhatia at the 2015 annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative to talk to her about her motivation, innovation, and how her research is making the world a healthier place. Sangeeta, people like you inspire me a great deal because i feel like i cannot understand the work that you do, and it requires a very large brain, so, do me the favor. Tell me first hohow you gogot into the work tt you do, because its not an everyday sort of field. Sangeeta its true. May right . Sangeeta yeah. I, umso, i started out as an engineering student. I was interested in biology, and i was good at science and math, and my dad said, you should consider biomedical engineering. So, off i went to study that, and i got very interested in materials that could be used for nerve regeneration, so, this idea that, like, plastics, and polymers, remember, like, the graduate, the movie, like, the plastics are the future. May thats right. Sangeeta it was that time. So, it was sort of, like, late 1980s, and they were making new kinds of plastics that we thought could help with nerve regeneration, and that was my undergraduate project, and i got very interested in this idea that you could use engineering tools and material science for medical applications. May amazing. Sobutdid it t all make sense to you right off the bat . I mean, you knew, oh, you know what, thisim prettyty good at this, and i think k this is the field that i need to be in . Sangeeta so, i really liked the idea that instruments could change human health. Like, that from the beginning had captured my imagination, but it turns out that thats a really broad field. Its like, you could make a new mri machine, like, thats one kind of research thats more physics. You could make, like, an artificial hip, thats a different kind of research, thats actually materials, and then what we work on, which i mentioned, is actually like living systems, like organ regeneration and nerve regeneration. And so, it took me a while to kind of figure out where in the scheme of instruments meet medicine i wanted to be. May ok. But now that youve obviously focused on that particular area, was it something that was so new and different that really no oneno one else was really working on it and so, you had to sort of carve a path for yourself . Sangeeta i think so. I mean, in some ways. So, the sort of tiny, little susubfield that im in is one where we use computer Chip Technology for medical applications. And that was actually really pretty new. So, i started graduate school in the early nineties, and wei went over to the computer manufacturing facility on mit campuswhich i dndnt knknow exisd except for thamymy boyfriend athehe timwas s in ectricalngineering. He wouldatater bome e my husband. And heaiaid, knowow y trng to o all these things th cells and patrnrns an thes actually ahohole comput f fab ocampmpushat thth electric enginee u use ma ok. Sangeeta so, i found w way over there a f figur outut h to usehohose itrumumen to makertrtificl lilive and t tt became kind of myi guess my lifes work so far. May well, again, in laymans terms. Sangeeta yeahah. May for those of us who dont get it. How do you create an artificial liver ususing a compututer chipd living tissue . How does that work . Sangeeta yeah. So, to make an artificial liver, you need liver cells, and the liver does like 500 different functions. So, its a lot of different things. You cant really replace it with a s simple filter. May right. Sangeeta like a kidney where you can replace with a filter and a heart we can replace with a pump, so, mechanical things. So, for the liver, you really need a living cell. May ok. Sangeeta and the problem in the field had been that liver cells, when you take them out of their body and you try and put them in the machine to use them, they quickly die. May uhhmm. Sangeeta and so, my job as a graduate student was to figure out how to basically copy the environment that they saw in the body in the petri dish, and that way they would still behave like liver r cells and then we could use them to process someones blood. May ok. Sangeeta and so, the way we copied, the way they are in the body is using computer Chip Technology. So, we would pattern them on surfaces. We would write lines of cells and surround them with the neighbors that they saw in the body. Theres 5 cell types in the liver. Soand then we would recreate these little structures. And because they had all the right signals from their neighbors, they would behave properly. May and howi dont know what to ask of this, but how long does that take to figure that out . Sangeeta yeah, well, it took a long time. So, ph. Ds, about 5 years. May yeah. Sangeeta and thats one of the key, every ph. D project has a sort of a key turning point, kind of a pivot. May uhhmm. Sangeeta and mine came after a year of failed experiments, and the experiment went like this. You start with a piece of glass which is clear, you shine light on it which is not visible. You dip it in a bunch of chemicals which are clear, and at the end, yourthe goal is to make liver cells line up in stripes. And i tried this over and over and over again, all different versions of it for about a year, until at the end of that year of research and little improvements and thinking about it different ways, it finally worked. So, that one year was like the real breakthrough. It still took us about 10 years to sort of like make a product out of it that we could share with the world. But that was the kind of aha moment. May and that prproduct now is out there. Sangeeta yeah. So, the products now are lilittle, tiny human l livers. We make them and we sell them for drug testing, actually, so that if you have a new drug and you wanna know whether it will be safe in the body, you can pour it on our little liver and test it without having to expose patients to it. May and it functions like a real human liver. Sangeeta right, for about 6 weekeks, which is long e enougho test it. May so, the future of this, then, would be to actually create fullsized human livers for transplant . Sangeeta thats right. Yes. So, once we figured out how to make little livers and we decided we wanted to scale up and make a replacement for transplants. And that we do with another engineering technology, which is 3d printing. So, we can print layers, by layer, by layer of livers instead of just like a tiny, little layer, and builds up a bigger organ that way. And the liver is cool because it can regenerate on its own. So, you dont actually have to build the whole liver, which is 100 billion liver cells. May wow. Sangeeta you can build, we think, a little piece of it and then kind of encourage it to grow on its own. May tell me about nanotechnology. Sangeeta sure. May is that related to this kind of work or is that Something Different and separate . Sangeeta so, its an evolution of the same sets of technology. So, the e computer manufacturing methods that i mentioned to you, theyre really good for manipulating things as small, a single cell. So, the single cell is about 10 microns, which is 1 10 of a human hair. May wow. Sangeeta so, pretty narrow. And as i got into the field kind of in the nineties, in the early 2000s, because we were trying to make computers faster and faster and faster, the field was making the Technology Better and better and better at making tinier things all the way down to the nanoscale. And it turns out in biology, thats super useful. So, if you make something that is as small as 100 nanometers, now you can make a detector thahat you can inject n the bloodstream and it can go and it can find cancer on its own. May wow. Sangeeta and it can send out a signal. And its only because its so small that it can kind of find its way through the human body. May so, youre able to expxpre parts of thehe body and cells that you would never go o near before. Sangeeta exactly. May right, right. So, that has got to be a revolutionizing technology for obviously for ailments, and curing ailments, and cancer research. Sangeeta yeah. So, we call this field nanomedicine, and its sort of everything thats 100 nanometers and smaller, so, a thousand times smaller than a human hair. May right. Sangeeta on down. And the trick is in fact that you can get inside of all of the human organs. So, it turns out that this is the exact link scale that molecules communicate in your body. May wow. Sangeeta and its good both for detection. So, for Early Detection of diseases that would be more curable, so, cancer, for example, as well as treatment. So, what we do is we try and target drugs, lets say chemotherapy, just to the tumor to spare the normal tissues. So, its useful both for kind of getting a window into the disease as well as treating it better. May so, i it must be amazazingo you because youre seeing how muchch technology is helping in the field of m medicine. I mean, it truly is changing the way that medicine is being done and executed. Sangeeta yeah. So, its an amazing time to be a researcher, because we think of thesort of convergence of these two fields. So, on the one hand, weve had all these engineering advances, right . 50 years of what we call moores law,w, which is the exponential growth and competition power that comomes from growing things tinier, and tinier, and tinier. So, thats one thing. And on the other hand, we have the human genome and genomics, right, and now theyre coming together at this moment in time which is just incredibly exciting. May are we just goingng to jump by leaps and bounds in the medical field because of this grgrowth in technology . Sangeeta i think so. I mean, so, some people ll this kinofof thehirdrd relution oscience. Ani think llook back i 20 yrs at th kind ofyear period a r reallidentifyt as an inecectionointnt. There are meme tecologogie thatavave co outut jt in t t past cplple yes whwherwe canan what we calldidit thhumaman genome. Theres nenew enme t thacan go in and actualally change yoyr genome and repair it. I meanand, you know, the therapeutic possibilities are just amazing. I mean, its like all the genetic diseases are potentially curable and, you know, i think it will take us about 10 or 20 years to get those safely into patients. But looking back, i think in a coupuple of decades well say this is like when it all hahappened. May h heres an ethical questin for you. U. Sosome people mighght sayaany have saiaid that science sometimes pushes the bououndaris a little bit too mucuch, changig dna structures, genomes, you know, all of these things that we couldnt do a couple decadess ago, and now were really starting to push those limits. Is there ever an ethical conflict that you see or have gone through yourself in research . Sangeeta im gonna say most of the work that i do is well within what myself and others considerer important and impactful. We do do animal research. I have two young daughters and my little one wants to be a vet, and she says to me all the time, why do you have to do experiments on mice . You know. And i explain that we do it ethically and how do we do it and its better to know that a medicine is safe before it gets into a person. So, i would say thats kind of the closest piece that i have. May right, right. Sangeeta but there are things that we work on that are highly contentious. I think iti feel pretty confident about the ability of the Scientific Community to kind of selfregulate. We did that with recombinant dna. We had a conference called the asilomar conference where the thought leadaders came together and set out what the constraints should be and what the practices should be. May so, i its didiscussed . Sangngeeta yeah. And thats happening g again now with crispr, which is this new Genome Editing Technology that i mentioned to you. So, you know, the typical pattern is that well have a selfimposed moratorium for a year or two. May uhhmm. Sangeeta while we figure out what we should be doing and then well sort of carefully engage. I think thati think thats sort of part and parcel of the way that we do science. May yeah, yeaeah. Let me switch gears for a second. Sangeeta sure. May you beingng a woman in science, you know, theres always discussion that therere arent enough girls going into science and math and technology. And so, how can we inspire these girls to do that . What do you think . I mean, because youre so, sucuh a success in your field, youve been through it. You know what the barriers are. And you know that still the educational system seems like it doesnt try to push those fields for girls. Whatwhats the problem still, do you thinknk . Sangeeta thats a great question. I think there are two main challenges. The first one is interernal. May uhhmm. Sangeeta so, if you look at women in engineeringim aim an engineer, you see that at age 11, very early on, girls arart sang t thatheyre less interested s scien and math and tsese sorof f feer discipnes for gigineerg. And know w that pt t of tt is l lack rolole dels. May eaeah. Sangtata anpartrt oit iss that theyre opting out. Theyrenot that tyy nonocapable. Its that therehoososin somemeing else. D theyere reacting in many cases to what ople call a chilly cmamate oa gegeekguy cuure. And the have bn some reay omisinadvances rently, sothere is 5year concerted efeffort made at harvey mudd. May uhhmm. Sangeeta harvey mudd college, where they did 3 things in the curriculum. They gave them role models. They made the engineering curriculum more projectbased instead of like theoretical abstract concepts. And they made the freshmen class divided by experience level, so, you wouldnt be intimated by the geeky guys. May thats smart. Yeah, thats a good idea. Sangeeta yeah, and over the course of 5 years, they increased the number of Computer Science women from 12 to 40 . So, there really are approaches out there that can work and are scalable, i think. May what do you think that is . Youdo you think women just want to have more sort of handson . Because like projectbased. Sangeeta yeah. May instead of classroom theorizing. Maybe they want to experience more, do more. Sangeeta i think so. I mean, there areso, its hard to understand why, but they do see in many fields that women tend to respond better to projects that have more tangible impact on society. So, women and men respond but women respond more. May right. Sangeeta so, projectbased learning is, you know, sort of a trend in engineering in general, but itsit has a side e effect of pulling in wom. The second reason which we didnt talk about is bias, right, there is overt discrimination, but nowadays, at least in the u. S. , its mostly unconscious bias. And at mit, thats been sort of really handled headon. We train the faculty. We have a diversity officer. We make sure everyone gets the same pay. I mean, thats doubled the faculty numbers over the course of 10 years. So, you know, all these things i think have interventions now. May yeah. Sangeeta associated with them. May i mean, thatsiis beenitits reresearched t than the past the problem was that female students werent even called upon in class, in college, by the professor. They sort of were overlooked. Sangeeta yeah. May but its good to hear. Sangeeta raise your hand. I mean, even sheryl sandberg, you know, just sit at the table. So, a lot of that is, you know, internal and making sure that women participate, gain confidence, theyre encouraged. May and so, youre seeing that change going on, so, that must give you some hope that theres gonna be a lot more girls interested in these fields and wanting to go into these fields. Sangeeta it does. Ii have a little bit of pause because in biology, weve had over 50 women for 20 years at the undergrad level. And if you look at the biotech startups in cambridge, 3 are started by women. So, theres Something Else that happens. Its not just enough to get them into college. Theres, whos in the boardroom . Whos thewhos the founder . Who are the venture capitalists . You know, i think its important that womenmore women are coming in, but we need to do more to keep them in and to grow them up as leaders. May thats encouragement enough, i think, when girls see those role models rather than just imagine it. Sangeeta i think so. Actually, theres good data on that, too, now. May oh, there is . Ok, good. Sangeeta i know. Its called the role model effect. May oh, nice. Sangeeta there is an amazing study done in india. I was in politics. But what they showed was that theres a bunch of villages where they had a quota system and they had to have women elected to government in those villages. And they found in those villages over the course of 10 years that young girls, their aspirations for themselves improved by 30 and that parents aspirations for their daughters just by having a a woman in government improved by 20 . May wow. Sangeeta so, the fact that the community could see a capable woman in powower changed peopls aspirations for themselves and for their children. So, you know, i think that really translates across fields. May last question thehen. Whas next foror you in terms of your research . Sangeeta yeah. We have lots to do, so, were working on this early cancer detector, and were really excited about making a urine test for early Cancer Detection for things like Breast Cancer and colon cancer and Ovarian Cancer and lung cancer. May wow. Sangeeta and were hoping to be able to deploy it globally, so, it could be really cheap and available at the point of care. And in order to do that, we just started a company that can take it, you know, through manufacturing and regulatory. So, thatats kind of my latestt baby. May thats a big baby. Sangeeta it is, yeah. May and that would be amazing if that were to come to fruition, just a simple urine test to be able to detect, yeah. Well, good luck to you and thank you so much for your time. Amazing work that youre doioin. So, keep on doing it. And keep on being that role model. Sangeeta ill try. May and well be right back with this weeks full frame closeup. Nothing makes us stronger than love. Research has shown that healthy, loving relationships can help build resilience for people facing stressful or traumatic situations. Love, as i it turns out, can hep buffer our hearts. But is a week enough time to discover love and then marry within a month of meeting . Well, we found one couple who is out to prove that rushing into marriage may not be such a bad thing. Man for the hopeleless romanti, theres never enough romance in life. [different man laughs] man and love is, well, simply ageless. And that couldnt be truer for frank and margaret may. Within a week of meeting each other, the widow and widower were engaged. Within a month, they were married. Today, they are newlyweds. [margaret laughs] frank the best thing that ever happened to me. [margaret laughs] me, too. [laughs] man you see, frank and Margaret Fell in love while they were in their nineties. Margaret so, we didnt have much longer. I mean, we werei was 90 and he was more than that. Frank im 92. Man so, while getting married after only knowing each other for a month may seem a bit rushed. Margaret what . Yeah, you dont rush into anything at 90. Frank no, not 90. [applause] man margaret and frank decided to make their love official. Woman a few weeks ago, mom and i were at church. And so, mom went up to father bill afterwards, we were leaving, and she said, you know, i think youll probably be the one thats going to bury me. And i actually have a place in greens park [inaudible]. And so, i think father bill was a little taken aback, like, well, lets not rush things here. So, when i called father bill last week and i said, do you remember mom making that comment about when we go out of church . He goes, yeah, i do. And i said, well, would you mind marrying her before you bury her . [laughter] father bill dearly beloved, weve come to gather in the presence of god to witness and bless the joining together of this man and this woman in holy matrimony. You may kiss your bride. Woman wait, wait now, everybody back up. [laughter] man and with the reverends blessing, frank and margaret were now husband and wife. And they both say theyd do it all over again. Frank its wonderful. Its just absolutely wonderful, really. [crowd cheering] woman o 70. Woman 2 o 70, 70, o 70. Man if lolove is justst a game, frank and margaret arere happy o be players, believing their Love Connection makes them both winners. Margaret oh, because i thought he was very attractive and he was a good conversationalist. And we had a good time together. Frank and we can look at each other and burst out in laughter and we laugh for 10 minutes straight. Man ive only known margaret for all of a week and a half and shes just like, [inaudible] for my life. I love your laugh, i love your smile, and your whole demeanor is just wonderful. So, i couldnt be happier for my father and i wish you the very, vevery best. Cheers. Woman hear, hear. Man frank and margaret prove youre just never too old. Woman the most gentle and kindest man ive ever met. Woman 2 aw, nice. Man and that falling in love, like good wine. Frank it gets better and better. Woman hear, hear. All hear, hear. Man is truly ageless. May that really is the sweetest story. And thats it for this week. Join the conversation with us on social media. We are cctv america on twitter, facebook, and youtube. And now, you can watch full frame on our new mobile app available worldwide on any smartphone for free. Get the latest News Headlines and connect with us on facebook, twitter, youtube, and weibo. Search cctv america on your app store to download today. And all of our interviews can still also be found online at cctvamemerica. Com. And let us know what youd like us to take full frame next time. Simply email us fullframe cctvamerica. Com. Im may lee in los angeles. Thanks so much for watching and well see you again next time. Qx was it a consciouous decisio, or a momenentary lapse of reaso . How did progress take priority over humankind . How could the desire for a modern way of life that threatens our future be considered a way of life . Could it be we are connected to all things in the universe, not the center of it . That suburbs in los angeles affect the melting icecaps of antarctica . Deforestation in the congo affects the typhoons of japan . Now, we must face the insurmountable challenges for what they really are, opportunities to reinvent and redesign. E2, the economies of being enviroronmentally conscious. [singing in arabic]