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Deciding the prices . Corporate chutzpah. Stahl raise the price, period. Just a question of how brave they are and how little they want to end up in the New York Times or on 60 minutes. Stahl tonight, the story of the doctors revolt against the high price of cancer drugs. Almost there, almost there. Cooper meet chaser. She may be the smartest dog in the world. They say she has a vocabulary of more than 1,000 words and knows the difference between nouns and verbs. What is Science Learning from mans best friend . Youll be surprised. When dog and humans make eye contact, that actually releases whats known as the love hormone, oxytocin. When dogs are looking at you, theyre essentially hugging you with their eyes. Im steve kroft. Im lesley stahl. Im bob simon. Im anderson cooper. Im bill whitaker. Im scott pelley. Those stories tonight on 60 60 minutes. 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I mean its so simple. Its like my Car Insurance. I saved 15 in fifteen minutes. Well esurance could have saved you money in half that time. Three in a row sweet 15 minutes for a quote isnt so sweet. Level 2 start with a quote from esurance and you could save money on Car Insurance in half the time. Welcome to the modern world. Esurance, backed by allstate. Click or call. Pelley do you know the name of the director of the f. B. I. . Probably not. James comey has been americas top cop for just one year and he hasnt done a Major Television interview until tonight. We had a lot to cover. We wanted to know whether a terrorist attack is imminent, and how hackers are breaking into our computers. Along the way, we learned surprising things about comey himself, like the time he was held hostage at gunpoint. We sat down with 53yearold james comey in his command center at f. B. I. Headquarters in washington, where one of his urgent concerns is the whereabouts of americans whove joined terrorist groups overseas. How Many Americans are fighting in syria on the side of the terrorists . James comey in the area of a dozen or so. Pelley do you know who they are . Comey yes. Pelley each and every one of them . Comey i think, of that dozen or so, i do. I hesitate only because i dont know what i dont know. Pelley with american passports, how do you keep them from coming home and attacking the homeland . Comey ultimately, an american citizen, unless their passports revoked, is entitled to come back. So, someone whos fought with i. S. I. L. With an american passport wants to come back, we will track them very carefully. Pelley isil is the acronym he uses for the Islamic Extremist Group occupying much of syria and iraq. The u. S. Is bombing isil and an al qaeda affiliate in syria called khorasan. Was khorasan about to attack the United States . Comey khorasan was working and, you know, may still be working on an effort to attack the United States or our allies, and looking to do it very, very soon. I cant sit here and tell you whether its their plan is tomorrow or three weeks or three months from now. Given our visibility, we know theyre serious people bent on destruction, and so we have to act as if its coming tomorrow. Pelley how would you describe the terrorist networks in syria as they exist right now . Comey theyre a product of what i describe as the metastasis of al qaeda. And so, you have two in particular in that area, a group called alnusra and then i. S. I. L. They are both vicious, sort of the inheritors of a lot of the mantle of al qaeda and present different threats in a lot of ways. Pelley competent . Comey highly. Pelley what do you mean . Comey lets stay with the nusra group first. They are experienced terrorists, experienced bomb makers, experienced killers, experienced planners with an international eye. These are people who have thought about bringing terrorism on a global scale. I. S. I. L. Is as sophisticated, maybe more than any of the others in its media presence, and its recruiting and training efforts online. Pelley those terrorist training efforts online appeared to play out the day before our interview in oklahoma. Police say a man whod tried to convert fellow employees to islam beheaded a woman in his workplace. He was allegedly upset about being suspended. But the f. B. I. Is investigating whether the murder was an imitation of isils beheadings. Some people call individuals who are radicalized lone wolves. Is that the biggest threat we face . Comey yeah, people use that term, its not one i like because it conveys a sense of dignity i dont think they deserve. These homegrown violent extremists are troubled souls who are seeking meaning in some misguided way. And so, they come across the propaganda and they become radicalized on their own through independent study. And theyre also able to equip themselves with training again on the internet, and then engage in jihad after emerging from their basement. Pelley the name lone wolf offends you. Comey it does. Id prefer lone rat to capture the kind of person were talking about. Pelley lone rat . Comey yeah. Pelley is this as dangerous a time as al qaeda at its peak . Comey no, i dont think so. Pelley whats different . Comey we are better organized as an intelligence community. Were better organized and equipped at the border. We have relationships with our foreign partners. All of which make us better able to see dots and connect dots. The transformation since before 9 11 is striking. Pelley one striking transformations is in the f. B. I. s elite Hostage Rescue Team, which has more than doubled in size since 9 11. One minute one minute pelley you almost never see the h. R. T. , but we were given rare access to their training center. These are f. B. I. Special agents practicing an assault on a building where a hostage might be beheld. Even in training, the team uses live ammunition. gunfire and live explosives. explosion the Hostage Rescue Team has joined u. S. Special Operations Forces for hundreds of missions in iraq and afghanistan. Last june, the team swooped into libya and grabbed a suspect indicted for a role in 2012s benghazi attack, which killed the u. S. Ambassador and three others. The new emphasis, these days, is to bring terrorists to court. Comey were there to make sure that we have a criminal option in our countrys toolbox when we take the fight to the terrorists. Pelley so they would be involved in such things as evidence collection and making sure that arrests were done in such a way that theyd be seen as admissible in court. Comey yeah, or if we grab somebody and they Say Something that we may want to use later, we can use special agents of the f. B. I. To testify about it. Pelley the Hostage Rescue Team is symbolic of the f. B. I. s growth since 9 11. The budget has jumped from under 4 billion a year to more than 8 billion. Comey now leads 34,000 employees. Comey this is called watch. Pelley in his operations center, we got a sense of one of the imposing things about comey he is 68. He grew up near new york city, in the suburbs, where his grandfather was a police chief, and where he came face to face with crime at an early age. Comey i was a High School Senior and home alone one night with my younger brother. And a guy. Gunman kicked in our front door at our home in new jersey and held the two of us captive. We escaped. He caught us again. We escaped again, so a pretty horrific experience. Pelley horrific how . Comey well, frightening to anybody, but especially to a younger person to be threatened with a gun and to believe youre going to be killed by this guy. Pelley you believed you were going to be killed . Comey i did. Pelley what happened to that guy . Comey he got away. My recollection was he was part of a pattern of rapes and robberies, Home Invasion rapes and robberies in that area in northern new jersey. Pelley does that inform your work today in any way . Comey it does, but probably in a way that would surprise people. I think it most affects me in giving me a sense of what victims feel, and that even the notion no one was physically harmed doesnt mean no one was harmed. Because i thought about that guy every night for five years. So i think its made me a better prosecutor and investigator for being able to feel better what victims of crime experience. Pelley hes been a federal prosecutor most of his career. In 2003, president bush appointed him Deputy Attorney general, number two at the justice department. But after two years, he left for private industry, telling his wife that it was her turn to do what she wanted. Then, the phone rang last year. Comey the attorney general called and asked me if i was willing to be interviewed for f. B. I. Director. And the truth is i told him i didnt think so, that i thought it was too much for my family, but that i would sleep on it and call him back in the morning. And so i went to bed that night convinced i was going to call him back and say no. Pelley what happened . Comey i woke up, and my amazing wife was gone. And i found her down in the kitchen on the computer, looking at homes in the d. C. Area, which was a clue. And she said, ive known you since you were 19. This is who you are, this is what you love. Youve got to say yes. And then, she paused and said, but theyre not going to pick you anyway, so just go down there and do your best. And then well have no regrets. Pelley at least you would have tried. Comey right. Pelley so you met with the president. Comey i did. Pelley what happened . Comey had to give my wife some bad news that her confidence in them not picking me was misplaced. Pelley that pick gives comey a tenyear term. He intends it to be a decade that transforms the f. B. I. Again, to fight crime and espionage online. Comey cybercrime is becoming everything in crime. Again, because people have connected their entire lives to the internet, thats where those who want to steal money or hurt kids or defraud go, so its an epidemic for reasons that make sense. Pelley how many attacks are there on american Computer Systems and on peoples credit card numbers and the whole mass of it . What does a day look like if youre concerned with crime in cyberspace . Comey it would be too many to count. I mean, i. I think of it as kind of an evil layer cake. At the top, you have nation state actors who are trying to break into our systems; terrorists, organized cyber syndicates, very sophisticated, harvesting peoples personal computers, down to hack tivists, down to criminals and pedophiles. Pelley what countries are attacking the United States as we sit here in cyberspace . Comey well, i dont want to give you a complete list. But the. I can tell you top of the list is the chinese, as we have demonstrated with the charges we brought earlier this year against five members of the Peoples Liberation army. They are extremely aggressive and widespread in their efforts to break into american systems to steal information that would benefit their industry. Pelley what are they trying to get . Comey information thats useful to them so they dont have to invent; they can copy or steal to learn about how a Company Might approach negotiations with a chinese company, all manner of things. Pelley how many hits from china do we take in a day . Comey many, many, many. I mean, there are two kinds of Big Companies in the United States. There are those whove been hacked by the chinese, and those who dont know theyve been hacked by the chinese. Pelley the chinese are that good . Comey actually, not that good. I liken them a bit to a drunk burglar. Theyre kicking in the front door, knocking over the vase while theyre walking out with your television set. Theyre just prolific. Their strategy seems to be, well just be everywhere all the time, and theres no way they can stop us. Pelley how much does that cost the u. S. Economy every year . Comey impossible to count. Billions. Pelley sounds like cyber crime is a long way from bonnie and clyde for the f. B. I. Comey bonnie and clyde could not do a thousand robberies in the same day, in all 50 states, from their pajamas halfway around the world. Pelley the f. B. I. s had legendary problems upgrading its Computer Systems. Are you now to a place where youre satisfied that youre meeting the Cyber Security threat . Comey weve made great progress coordinating better as a government. When i last left government, my sense of us was kind of like fouryearold soccer. So, like a clump of fouryear olds chasing the ball, we were chasing it in a pack. Were about High School Soccer now. Weve spread out, we pass well. But the bad guys are moving at world cup speed, so we have to get better. Pelley do people understand, in your estimation, the dangers posed by cybercrime and Cyber Espionage . Comey i dont think so. I. I think theres something about sitting in front of your own computer working on your own banking, your own health care, your own social life that makes it hard to understand the danger. I mean, the internet is the most dangerous parking lot imaginable. But if you were crossing a mall parking lot late at night, your entire sense of danger would be heightened. You would stand straight, youd walk quickly, youd know where you were going, you would look for light. Folks are wandering around that proverbial parking lot of the internet all day long, without giving it a thought to whose attachments theyre opening, what sites theyre visiting. And that makes it easy for the bad guys. Pelley so, tell folks at home what they need to know. Comey when someone sends you an email, they are knocking on your door. And when you open the attachment without looking through the peephole to see who it is, you just opened the door and let a stranger into your life, where everything you care about is. Pelley and what might that attachment do . Comey well, take over the computer, lock the computer, and then demand a ransom payment before it would unlock. Steal images from your system of your children or your. You know, or steal your banking information, take your entire life. Pelley we have talked about a lot of menacing things in this interview. Do you think americans should sleep well . Comey i think they should. I mean, the money they have invested in this government since 9 11 has been well spent. We are better organized, better systems, better equipment, smarter deployment. We are better in every way that youd want us to be since 9 11. Were not perfect. My philosophy as a leader is we are never good enough. But we are in a much better place than we were 13 years ago. Pelley our conversation with f. B. I. Director james comey continues here next week, when we ask whether the f. B. I. Is snooping on average americans, and why he thinks apples new Iphone Software could be a threat to national security. For retirement. But when we start worrying about tomorrow, we miss out on what matters today. At axa, we offer advice and help you break down your retirement goals into small, manageable steps. Because when you plan for tomorrow, it helps you live for today. Can we help you take a small step . For advice, retirement, and life insurance, connect with axa. Forget about fingers and toes. For advice, retirement, and life insurance, im here to talk about bums. How do you look after your bum . woman laughs nervously i use wipes and toilet paper on a normal basis. Why . Because you feel cleaner. I dont know what that is. Are those the. These are wipes. You cant have one without the other. Bonnie and clyde. They go together. Would you use these . I would. Absolutely. If you dont have a clean bum, what do you have . Feel a clean so fresh it can only be cottonelle. How do commercials work . You need a team, working together, doing all kinds of jobs. See these people . Theyre not acting. Theyre real professionals. And we hired them all on the site where more people get jobs than anywhere else. Indeed. The worlds 1 job site. Stahl cancer is so pervasive that it touches virtually every family in this country. More than one out of three americans will be diagnosed with some form of it in their lifetime. And as anyone whos been through it knows, the shock and anxiety of the diagnosis is followed by a second jolt the high price of cancer drugs. They are so astronomical that a growing number of patients cant afford their copay, the percentage of their drug bill they have to pay out of pocket. This has led to a revolt against the Drug Companies, ld by some of the most prominent cancer doctors in the country. Leonard saltz were in a situation where a cancer diagnosis is one of the leading causes of personal bankruptcy. Stahl dr. Leonard saltz is chief of gastrointestinal oncology at memorial sloan kettering, one of the nations premier cancer centers, and hes a leading expert on colon cancer. So, are you saying, in effect, that we have to start treating the cost of these drugs almost like a side effect from cancer . Saltz i think thats a fair way of looking at it. Were starting to see the term financial toxicity being used in the literature. Individual patients are going into bankruptcy trying to deal with these prices stahl the general price for a new drug is what . Saltz theyre priced at well over 100,000 a year. Stahl wow. Saltz and remember that many of these drugs, most of them, dont replace everything else, they get added to it. And if you figure one drug costs 120,000 and the next drugs not going to cost less, youre at a quartermillion dollars in drug costs just to get started. Stahl i mean, youre dealing with people who are desperate. Saltz i do worry that peoples fear and anxietys being taken advantage of. And yes, it costs money to develop these drugs, but i do think the price is too high. Stahl the Drug Companies say it costs over a billion dollars to bring a new drug to market, so the prices reflect the cost of innovation. The companies do provide Financial Assistance to some patients, but most people arent eligible, so many in the middle class struggle to meet the cost of their copayments. Sometimes, they take halfdoses of the drug to save money, or delay getting their prescriptions refilled. Dr. Saltzs battle against the cost of cancer drugs started in 2012 when the f. D. A. Approved zaltrap for treating advanced colon cancer. Saltz compared the Clinical Trial results of zaltrap to those of another drug already on the market, avastin. He says both target the same patient population, work essentially in the same way and, when given as part of chemotherapy, deliver the identical result, extending median survival by 1. 4 months, or 42 days. Saltz they looked to be about the same. To me, it looked like a coke and pepsi sort of thing. Stahl then saltz, as head of the hospitals pharmacy committee, discovered how much it would cost roughly 11,000 per month, more than twice that of avastin. So 5,000 versus 11,000, thats quite a jump. Did it have fewer side effects . Was it less toxic . Saltz no. Stahl did it have something that would have explained the. This double price . Saltz if anything, it looked like there might be a little more toxicity in the zaltrap study. Stahl he contacted dr. Peter bach, sloanketterings inhouse expert on cancer drug prices. So zaltrap one day, your phone rings and its dr. Saltz. Do you remember what he said . Peter bach he said, peter, i think were not going to include a new cancer drug because it costs too much. Stahl had you ever heard a line like that before . Bach no. My response was, ill be right down. laughs stahl you ran down. Bach i think i took the elevator. But, yes, exactly. Stahl bach determined that since patients would have to take zaltrap for several months, the price tag for 42 days of extra life would run to nearly 60,000. What they then decided to do was unprecedented reject a drug just because of its price. Bach we did it for one reason because we need to take into account the financial consequences of the decisions that we make for our patients. Patients in medicare would pay more than 2,000 a month themselves, out of pocket, for zaltrap. And that that was the same as the typical income every month for a patient in medicare. Stahl the copay. Bach right, 20 taking money from their childrens inheritance, from the money theyve saved. We couldnt, in good conscience, say, were going to prescribe this more expensive drug. Stahl and then they trumpeted their decision in the New York Times, blasting what they called runaway cancer drug prices. It was a shot across the bow of the pharmaceutical industry and congress for passing laws that bach says allow the Drug Companies to charge whatever they want for cancer medications. Bach medicare has to pay exactly what the drug company charges, whatever that number is. Stahl wait a minute, this is a law . Bach yes. Stahl and theres no negotiating whatsoever with medicare . Bach no. Stahl another reason drug prices are so expensive is that, according to an independent study, the single biggest source of income for privatepractice oncologists is the commission they make from cancer drugs. Theyre the ones who buy them wholesale from the pharmaceutical companies, and sell them retail to their patients. The markup for medicare patients is guaranteed by law the average in the case of zaltrap was 6 . Saltz what that does is create a very substantial incentive to use a more expensive drug, because if youre getting 6 of 10, thats nothing. If youre getting 6 of 10,000, that starts to add up. So now, you have a real conflict of interest. Stahl but it all starts with the Drug Companies setting the price. Bach we have a Pricing System for drugs which is completely dictated by the people who are making the drugs. Stahl how do you think theyre deciding the price . Bach its corporate chutzpah. Stahl well just raise the price, period. Bach just a question of how brave they are and how little they want to end up in the New York Times or on 60 minutes. Stahl thats because media exposure, he says, works. Right after their editorial was published, the drugs manufacturer, sanofi, cut the price of zaltrap by more than half. Bach it was a shocking event, because it was irrefutable evidence that the price was a fiction. All of those arguments that weve heard for decades we have to charge the price we charge. We have to recoup our money. Were good for society. Trust us, well set the right price. One oped in the New York Times from one hospital and they said, oh, okay, well charge a different price. It was like we were in a turkish bazaar and. Stahl what do you mean . Bach they said, this carpet is 500, and you say, ill give you 100. And the guy says, okay. They set it up to make it highly profitable for doctors to go for zaltrap instead of avastin. It was crazy stahl but he says it got even crazier when sanofi explained the way they were changing the price. Bach they lowered it in a way that doctors could get the drug for less, but patients were still paying as if it was high priced. Stahl oh, come on. Bach they said to the doctor, buy zaltrap from us for 11,000 and well send you a check for 6,000. Then, you give it to your patient and you get to bill the patients Insurance Company as if it cost 11,000. So it made it extremely profitable for the doctors. They could basically double their money if they use zaltrap. Stahl all this is accepted industry practice. After about six months, once medicare and private insurers became aware of the doctors discount, the price was cut in half for everyone. John castellani the Drug Companies have to put a price on a medicine that reflects the cost of developing them, which is very expensive and takes a long period of time, and the value that it can provide. Stahl John Castellani is president and c. E. O. Of phrma, the drug industrys trade and lobbying group in washington. If you are taking a drug thats no better than anoter drug already on the market and charging twice as much, and everybody thought the original drug was too much. Castellani we dont set the prices on what the patient pays. What a patient pays is determined by his or her insurance. Stahl are you saying that the pharmaceutical companys not to blame for how much the patient is paying . Youre saying its the Insurance Company . Castellani im saying the insurance model makes the medicine seem artificially expensive for the patient. Stahl hes talking about the high copay for cancer drugs. If youre on medicare, you pay 20 . 20 of 11,000 a month is a heck of a lot more than 20 of 5,000 a month. Castellani but why should it be 20 instead of 5 . Stahl why should it be 11,000 a month . Castellani because the cost of developing these therapies is so expensive. Stahl then why did sanofi cut it in half when they got some bad publicity . Castellani i cant respond to a specific company. Stahl sanofi declined our request for an interview, but said in this email that they lowered the price of zaltrap after listening to early feedback from the Oncology Community and to ensure affordable choices for patients. Hagop katarjian high cancer drug prices are harming patients because either you come up with the money or you die. Stahl Hagop Kantarjian chairs the department of leukemia at m. D. Anderson in houston. Inspired by the doctors at sloankettering, he enlisted 119 of the worlds leading leukemia specialists to cosign this article about the high price of drugs that dont just add a few weeks of life, but actually add years, like gleevec. It treats c. M. L. , one of the most common types of blood cancer that used to be a death sentence, but with gleevec, most patients survive for ten years or more. Kantarjian this is probably the best drug we ever developed in cancer. Stahl in all cancers . Kantarjian so far. And that shows the dilemma, because here you have a drug that makes people live their normal life, but in order to live normally, they are enslaved by the cost of the drug. They have to pay every year. Stahl you have to stay on it. You have to keep taking it. Kantarjian you have to stay on it indefinitely. Stahl gleevec is the top selling drug for industry giant novartis, bringing in more than 4 billion a year in sales 35 billion since the drug came to market. There are now several other drugs like it. So, youd think with the competition, the price of gleevec would have come down. Kantarjian and, yet, the price of the drug tripled from 28,000 a year in 2001 to 92,000 a year in 2012. Stahl are you saying that the Drug Companies are raising the prices on their older drugs . Kantarjian thats correct. Stahl not just the new ones. So, you have a new drug that might come out at a 100,000, but they are also saying the old drugs have to come up to that price, too . Kantarjian exactly. They are making prices unreasonable, unsustainable and, in my opinion, immoral. Stahl when we asked novartis why they tripled the price of gleevec, they told us gleevec has been a lifechanging medicine. When setting the prices of our medicines, we consider the benefits they bring to patients, the price of existing treatments, and the investments needed to continue to innovate. Kantarjian this is quite an expensive medication. Stahl dr. Kantarjian says one thing that has to change is the law that prevents medicare from negotiating for lower prices. Kantarjian this is unique to the United States. If you look anywhere in the world, they are negotiations, either by the government or by different regulatory bodies to regulate the price of the drug. And this is why the prices are 50 to 80 lower anywhere in the world compared to the United States. Stahl 50 to 80 . Kantarjian 50 to 80 . Stahl the same drug . Kantarjian same drug. American patients end up paying two to three times more for the same drug compared to canadians or europeans or australians and others. Stahl now, novartis, which makes gleevec, says that the price is fair because this is a miracle drug. It really works. Kantarjian the only drug that works is a drug that a patient can afford. Stahl the challenge, dr. Saltz at sloankettering says, is knowing where to draw the line between how long a drug extends life and how much it costs. Where is that line . Saltz i dont know where that line is, but we as a society have been unwilling to discuss this topic and, as a result, the only people that are setting the line are the people that are selling the drugs. Welcome to the cbs sports update presented by pacific life i am james brown with scores from around the nfl, dallas and houston in the nfc east. And big fest road comeback in nfl history, the colts survive for the third in the row. The saints score 17 unanswered to sink. And Peyton Manning throws four touchdowns including 500. For more sports news and information go to cbssports. Com. Are almost inseparable. R she lifts her calf to its first breath of air, then protects it on the long journey to their feeding grounds. One of the most important things you can do is help the next generation. At pacific life, we offer Financial Solutions to accomplish just that. Ask a Financial Advisor about pacific life. The power to help you succeed. On my journey across ame if they want on my journey across ame its a bit l if they want. scus on my journey across ame its a bit l. Or a if they want. scus ico. Fiftee ico. Fifteen perc fiftee 4 hundred million Vacation Days go unused every year. Thats the stupidest thing ive ever heard. Theyre paid Vacation Days. If you guys agreed to travel more well all do better in school. Well have a better understanding of other cultures. I will learn to parler francais. Oui oui. Were not asking for much we just want one more day. One more day for help planning your one more day, contact mastercard Concierge Services or download our new app. Because one more day is priceless. With tom corbett, things keep getting worse. September 16th. Budget deficits force pennsylvania to borrow 1. 5 billion dollars just to keep the lights on. Three days later, pennsylvanias Unemployment Rate goes up for the second straight month. Under tom corbett, weve fallen from 9th to 47th in job creation. And on september 25th, pennsylvanias credit is downgraded for the fifth time in two years. Why would we give tom corbett four more years . Cooper human beings have lived with dogs for thousands of years. Youd think that, after all that time, wed have discovered all there is to know about them. But it turns out that, until recently, scientists didnt pay much attention to dogs. Dolphins have been studied for decades, apes and chimps as well, but dogs, with whom we share our lives, were never thought to be worthy of serious study. As a result, we know very little about what actually goes on inside dogs brains. Do they really love us, or are dogs just licking us so they can get fed . How much of our language can they understand . Before you answer, we want you to meet chaser, whos been called the smartest dog in the world. John pilley yeah, we are going to wofford. Hup. Good girl. Good girl. Good girl. Cooper 86yearold retired psychology Professor John pilley and his Border Collie chaser are inseparable. Pilley we are almost there. Almost there. Can you speak . Speak . Speak chaser barks pilley good girl. Good girl. Cooper do you view chaser as a family pet, as a friend . How do you see chaser . Pilley shes our child. Cooper shes your child . Pilley shes our child, a member of the family. Oh, yes, she comes first. Cooper many people think of their dogs as children, but john pilley has been teaching her like a child as well. By assigning names to toys, pilley has been helping chaser learn words and simple sentences. Pilley take k. G. Cooper hes been teaching her up to five hours a day, five days a week, for the past nine years. Pilley my best metaphor is this is a twoyearold toddler. Cooper thats how you think about your dog, a twoyearold toddler . Pilley yeah, she has the capabilities of a twoyearold. Chicken, chicken, chicken. Wheres chicken . Yes. Good girl. Cooper hes not kidding. Most twoyearold toddlers know about 300 words. Pilley figure eight. Figure eight. Good girl. Thats figure eight. Cooper chasers vocabulary is three times that. Pilley to tub. Cooper shes learned the names of more than 1,000 toys, and all those toys add up. Pilley wheel yes, bring it on. Cooper to show us chasers collection, pilleys brought us to his back porch. So, these are all the toys in here . Pilley yes. Cooper got a chicken in here. Is it all right if i dump them out . Pilley please do. Please do. Cooper there are 800 cloth animals, 116 different balls, and more than 100 plastic toys 1,022 toys in all, each with a unique name. So chaser could recognize the names of every one of these toys . Pilley thats true, thats true. Cooper to prove it, pilley catalogued the toys, and then, over the course of three years, gave chaser hundreds of tests like this. Pilley chaser, find circle, find circle. Cooper in every test, chaser correctly identified 95 or more of the toys. Pilley find circle, chase. Yeah. Cooper the results were published in a peerreviewed scientific journal, and a star was born. How are you . Im so glad to see you. Cooper chaser even landed a book deal. But john pilley didnt stop with the names of toys. Pilley nose, k. G. Nose k. G. Nose it. Nose it. Good girl. Cooper hes taught chaser that nouns and verbs have different meanings. Pilley paw it. Paw it. Cooper . And can be combined in a variety of ways. Pilley chase, take wheel. Do it, girl, do it. Okay. Out. Out. Chase, take k. G. Do it. Good girl. Good girl. Cooper so shes actually understanding the difference between take, paw, putting her paw on something, and putting her nose on something . Pilley right. And thats what we are demonstrating. Cooper all this learning has been possible, pilley says, because of a breakthrough chaser had when she was just a puppy. Cooper at a certain point, she realized that objects have names . Pilley right. It was an insight that came to her. Cooper how could you tell that shed suddenly had that insight . Pilley well, it was in the fifth month and shed learned about 40 names. And the time necessary to work with her kept getting shorter and shorter. Cooper she was starting to learn words faster and faster . Pilley yes. Brian hare its the closest thing in animals weve seen to being like what Young Children do as they are learning words. Cooper brian hare, an evolutionary anthropologist at duke university, believes chaser is the most important dog in the history of modern scientific research. Hare this is very serious science. Were not talking about stupid pet tricks where people have spent, you know, hours trying to just train a dog to do the same thing over and over. Whats neat about what chasers doing is chaser is learning tons, literally thousands of new things by using the same ability that kids use when they learn lots of words. Cooper hes talking about what researchers call social inference, a capability humans, like hares son luke, acquire around age one. To demonstrate the concept, hare hides a ball under one of these two cups. Hare hey, lukey guy. Where is it . Can you get it . Can you get the ball . Cooper luke doesnt know which cup the ball is under, but when his father points, he makes an inference. Hey, nice job. Hare you got it. Cooper so what does that show you . Hare so, when kids his age start understanding pointing, its right when the foundations of what lead to language and culture start to develop. Cooper it might look simple, but when hare tried the same test with bonobos, great apes he studied for more than a decade, look what happened. Hare oh, you chose the wrong one. Cooper bonobos, our closest genetic relatives, cant do it. But hare discovered dogs can. Hare you ready . So im going to hide it in one of these two places. Cooper this twoyearold labrador named sisu has no trouble understanding the meaning of pointing. Now, she doesnt know for sure which place youve put it in . Hare thats right. There is no way she could know. And im just going to tell her where it is. Okay, sisu. So, thats really hard for a lot of animals, and thats what is really special about dogs is theyre really similar to even human toddlers. Cooper thats a level of thinking that people didnt really think dogs could do . Hare right. I mean, there was no evidence until the last decade that dogs were capable of inferential reasoning, absolutely not. So, thats whats new, thats whats shocking is that, of all the species, its dogs that are showing a couple of abilities that are really important, that allow humans to develop culture and language. Cooper its not surprising that dogs share characteristics with humans. After all, weve evolved alongside each other for more than 15,000 years. There are now some 80 million dogs in this country, more dogs than children. But for all the playing and petting, the companionship, we still know very little about their brains. Dr. Greg berns, a physician and neuroscientist at emory university, has studied the human brain for more than two decades, but three years ago, questions he had about his own dog inspired him to start looking at the canine brain. Greg berns it started out with the desire to know, really, what does my dog think of me . I love my dog, but do they reciprocate in any way . When they hear you come home, you know they start jumping around. Is it just because they expect you to feed them . Is this all just a scam by the dogs . Cooper are dogs just big scammers . Berns yeah. Cooper to try and answer that question, dr. Berns is doing something scientists have had a difficult time with. Hes conducting brain scans on dogs while theyre awake and un sedated. Inside the fmri machine, theyre trained to stay completely still. How hard is it to get a dog to do this . Berns this represents probably about three to four months of training. So, most of the dogs take that long. Cooper whats around tiggers head here . Berns the scanner makes a lot of noise. Its quite loud. And because dogs hearing is more sensitive than ours, we have to protect their hearing, just like ours. So we. We put earplugs and earmuffs, and just wrap it all to just keep it in place. Okay, now we can go up. Cooper tigger certainly knows the drill. Once in the machine, he lies down and doesnt move. These scans are giving dr. Berns the first glimpse at how a dogs brain actually works. So these are slices of tiggers brain that youre seeing . Berns yeah, exactly. So were slicing from top to bottom. We analyze them later to see which parts increase in response to the different signals. Cooper while in the scanner, the dogs smell cotton swabs with different scents. First, the underarm sweat of a complete stranger. Next, the sweat of their owner. As dr. Berns expected, when the dogs sniffed the swabs the part of their brain associated with smell, an area right behind the nose, activated. It didnt matter what the scent was. But it was when the dogs got a whiff of their owners sweat that another area of the brain was stimulated, the caudate nucleus or reward center. Dr. Berns believes that means the dog is experiencing more than the good feeling that comes with a meal. It shows the dog is recognizing somebody extremely important to them. Its the same area in a human brain that activates when we listen to a Favorite Song or anticipate being with someone we love. So just by smelling the sweat of their owner, it triggers something in a much stronger way than it does with a stranger . Berns right, which means that its a positive feeling, a positive association. Cooper and thats something you can prove through mris . Its not just. I mean, previously, people would say, well, yeah, obviously, my dog loves me. I see its tail wagging and it seems really happy when it sees me. Berns right. Now, were using the brain as kind of the test to say, okay, when we see activity in these reward centers, that means the dog is experiencing something that it likes or it wants, and its a good feeling. Cooper my takeaway from this is that im not being scammed by my dog. Berns did you have that feeling before . Cooper yeah, totally. I worry about that all the time. Watch youtube videos of dogs welcoming home returning service members, and its easy to see the bond between dogs and their owners. Brian hare says theres even more proof of that bond its found in our bloodstreams. Hare we know that when dogs and humans make eye contact, that that actually releases whats known as the love hormone, oxytocin, in both the dog and the human. Cooper it turns out oxytocin, the same hormone that helps new mothers bond with their babies, is released in both dogs and humans when they play, touch, or look into one anothers eyes. Thank you very much. Hare what we know now is that, when dogs are actually looking at you, theyre essentially hugging you with their eyes. Cooper really . Hare yes. And so, its not just that when a dog is making a lot of eye contact with you that theyre just trying to get something from you. It actually probably is just really enjoyable for them, because they get an oxytocin, or they get an uptick in this love hormone, too. Cooper all these new discoveries about dogs have led brian hare to create a science based web site called dognition, where owners can learn to play games to test their dogs brain power. So youre allowing people to do an intelligence test for their dogs . Hare thats exactly right. And the idea, though, is that theres not one type of intelligence. We help you measure things like how your dog communicates, how empathic your dog is. Is your dog cunning . Is your dog actually capable of abstract thought like reasoning . Cooper so, there are different kinds of intelligence for dogs, just like with humans . Hare absolutely. And so, just like some humans are good at english, and others are good at math, its the same for dogs. Cooper when hare tested his own dog, a mixed breed named tassie, he was surprised by what he learned. Hare what i found out was that i had someone sleeping in my bed that i didnt even know. Cooper really . Hare and i didnt know my dog doesnt really rely on its working memory. So, if im saying sit and stay, i no longer have to wonder why my dog wanders off. He, like, literally forgot. Cooper so, youre dogs not the sharpest of dogs . Hare he did great on communication. Hes very communicative. Cooper so he can basically be a tv anchor . Hare yes. Pilley fetch shirt. Fetch shirt. There we go. Cooper if youre wondering how chaser did on brian hares intelligence tests . She was off the charts on reasoning and memory. Not surprising, perhaps, considering chaser is a Border Collie, dogs bred specifically for their ability to understand how farmers want their sheep herded. Is chaser just like an einstein of dogs . Hare so, thats really fun. Is chaser somehow special . And i think the idea, actually, is that no. I mean, when dr. Pilley chose chaser, he just randomly took her out of a litter. Pilley drop. Drop. Hare whats special is that he spent so much time playing these games to help her learn words, but are there lots of chasers out there . Absolutely. Pilley on your mark, get set, go cooper theres going to be a lot of people who see this and are jealous of your relationship with chaser. I mean, i now think about my own dog and kind of think, wow, ive missed the boat, i havent sort of helped my dog live up to her potential. Pilley well, start working with your dog more. Yeah, youre so sweet. Does your dog really love you . Anderson cooper talks about molly at 60minutesovertime. Com. Welcome to the new cricket wireless. Just how big is our 4g lte network . Bigger than tmobile, sprint and metropcs. phone rings. plans start at just 35 dollars a month. After 5 dollar auto pay credit. Cricket. Something to smile about. Go on a first date. My passion is puppetry. Here . I think were done here. Hate drama . Go to cars. Com research, price, find. Only cars. 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Tell your doctor if youve had guillainbarre syndrome. Side effects include pain, swelling and redness at the injection site; muscle aches, fatigue, headache and fever. Other side effects may occur. If you have other symptoms or problems following vaccination, call your doctor immediately. Vaccination may not protect everyone. So if you hopped around the clock, ask your Health Care Provider about fluzone highdose vaccine. Fluzone highdose vaccine. Pelley in the mail this week, viewers wrote about steve krofts interview with president obama. And it was as if we had broadcast two different conversations. Some writers accused us of being rude, even bullying the president i have never seen such a lack of respect for the president. Other viewers watched the same interview and came away with an entirely different impression. Nothing but softball questions. Im scott pelley. Well be back next week with another edition of 60 minutes. 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