And to many citizens as a result of these why spread disruptions and violence the great majority of Hong Kong people are now in a state of great anxiety some of them do not know whether they could still take some forms of public transport while others are right now being blocked on the way to where the government will be wrestle that in maintaining law and order in Hong Kong much of Hong Kong has been affected by this strike more than 200 flights were canceled Democrats in the United States have accused President Trump of inciting hate crimes with inflammatory rhetoric against immigrants and people of color their criticism comes after tumor shootings of the weekend in a person who takes his and Dayton Ohio John Sopel reports before leaving his golf club in New Jersey the president said there was no room for hate in the United States and he blamed mental illness but the murders in El Paso of being treated as a hate crime and the blog post the alleged murder left behind was full of white nationalists rhetoric the Democratic Party candidates vying to win their party's nomination to fight Donald Trump for the presidency have accused the president of the best contributing to this problem and at worst in labeling white supremacists with his own choice of language the Internet service provider cloud fares says it will no longer host Tran the website where the white nationalist argument justifying the El Paso shootings was published cloud fares said the government appeared to have been inspired by discussions are made Chan the glorified the recent massacre in Christ Church in New Zealand World News from the b.b.c. . Imports of Japanese cars have tumbled in South Korea as angry consumers continue to shun products from their neighbor amid a bitter trade dispute sales of Honda and Toyota cars are down about a 3rd from last year the 2 countries are involved in a bitter row over South Korea's demand for compensation for water and forced laborers that led Tokyo to impose restrictions on the export of materials vital to South Korea's manufacturing industries the Chinese currency has fallen to its lowest level against the dollar in more than a decade as hopes fade for a swift resolution to the of the trade war between Beijing and Washington the u. On has breached the level of serve and against the dollar Corish reversed Warney reports China's central bank said protectionism and tariffs are to blame for the current cease weakness without specifically mentioning the United States the Chinese currency is not freely traded the central bank there sets a guiding point for it every day signaling to the market where it wants that you want to go analysts say the weakness in the yuan could be China's way of fighting back against President Trump's latest terror some 300 $1000000000.00 worth of Chinese goods which are expected to start in September a week means that Chinese goods are cheaper to buy for American consumers h.s.b.c. Bank has announced the departure of its truth executive John Flint after just 18 months in the role saying in needed a change at the top the surprise announcement came even as age as b.c. Posted a 16 percent rise in the half yearly profit Mr Flint's focus as c.e.o. Was in growing the bank's business in China a United Nations break fact finding team investigating human rights abuses in Myanmar has called for a total embargo on arms sales and for sanctions to be imposed against companies linked to the armed forces the team recommend sanctions against Elise $45.00 companies including some of Mia miles largest b.b.c. News. Welcome to hard talk on the b.b.c. World Service with be sure so they've asked of the Dorrian of the world's natural history broadcasters rates 10 Flannery as in the league of the all time great explorers is latest exploration Europe's 1st 100000000 years and what the future may hold for that continent Tim Flannery's one of the scientists who makes complex ideas explicable for those who lack is understanding of the world around us it was he was called upon by a former Australian prime minister to convince his countrymen and women that climate change threaten their future yet this year the country's voters rejected the party promising to cut the country's emissions the u.n. Secretary general says just as things are getting worse political will seems to be fading does this planet have a future do we Tim Flannery welcome to heart talk we've seen this year certainly in Europe some of the most extraordinary temperatures and weather events that we've experienced in some parts of western Europe a 2nd heat wave in a matter of only a month Belgium the Netherlands Germany recording their highest ever temperatures globally the u.n. World Meteorological Organization says the last 4 years have been the hottest known to man and yet Antonio could tear ash the u.n. Secretary general says the paradox is that as things are getting worse on the ground political will seems to be fading why. I think that these big problems in our political system we've seen a rise of populists who are very policy lot and very nationalist heavy and for some reason the winning elections and I personally don't understand it I think at this moment we need strong leadership to deal with these issues instead we seem to be getting the weakest leadership we've seen for decades you've been writing about this subject for 16 years now has your attitude changed it yeah it has I watch the science and I see things get worse and worse and I see the predictions come true and I see the Time Standard run out so for me. It. It every year it just gets tougher when you say Time starts running what do you mean can you quantify that sure look I cheated the Copenhagen Climate Council back in 2009 when we were hoping for a global agreement that was just about the last time we could have achieved a good outcome just by cutting emissions today we know we have to do 2 very difficult things at once if you want to achieve that same in and that is to cut those emissions hard and fast and to draw very large volumes of greenhouse gas out of the atmosphere now if we fail to do that 20 years from now even that option will be off the title and then I don't know where we've got for solutions you've said that you've kind of slightly given up trying to persuade every climate skeptic you meet to change their minds and instead you focus on in particular working with business to try and get them to create the changes and some people are concerned certainly people who've got them says environmental is that the focus on growth in our economy is in the sense part of the problem that standing in the way of tackling climate change in a sense business is is geared up for something different and that it's just not complementary with the the ambition that you want to achieve actually mitigate the effects of global will look I don't believe that's true I think that what we do I measure success by the time right last year our emissions went up by 1.7 percent we had 3.5 parts per 1000000 of c o 2 to the atmosphere the highest on record over the last 12 months that is failure for me right if the economy grows or doesn't grow that's not what I'm looking at home looking at a different set of figures but even so you look into it doesn't one inform the other I mean let me put you what Wells Griffith who was advising the top of ministration all net International Energy and Climate said in Quetta feature in Poland last December when they had that big climate that we strongly believe no country should have to sacrifice their economic prosperity or energy security in pursuit of environmental sustainability and always that's the direct clash between if you lie. You talk about nationals in the nationalist self-interest of Make America Great Again could be any other country you could be talking about and the wider interests of the global economy and the global environment but that is just wrong what we need actually is a whole new energy sector to draw c o 2 down out of the atmosphere we need to transform almost every industrial process that will mean growth you say yourself it's wrong but I mean you writing on the Climate Council website when it says hell with every revolution would call for coal to oil and oil for all to renewables profits of increase that's just the way the world is science and that's what I believe so to try to hold that back and to say that's going to destroy our economy to do this even if that growth is what's contributing to the problems the clumsy experience celebrating not on the higher not the if you grow the old economy you will destroy the climate right if we grow a new clean economy and in the next 30 years go from carbon emitting to a carbon absorbing economy we will grow the grow the economy and hopefully head off the worst of the climate crisis between 190-2000 according to the intergovernmental science policy platform about diversity in ecosystem services back in May of this year published its report under the aegis of the un it's a $100000000.00 hectares of tropical forest last May be from cattle ranching South America palm or presentations in Southeast Asia contributed to that decline Meanwhile the population is going up international trade is increased 10 times over since 1970 to feed clothe and give energy to this burgeoning world forests are being cleared at huge rates especially in tropical Asia isn't that tension part of the problem here the reality is in this world that we will need to use the existing economy to build community one so every time you build a wind turbine or you manufacture a solar panel you're going to be using dirty energy at the moment right so part of the cost of the transition will be a grossly miss this dirty old economy in terms of food in Utah but particularly about cattle grazing in the struction of rainforest. I mean that is truly the old economy and the reason that that is growing as it is is because we are not exacting a carbon price on under Sorel undesirable practices so we need to make those changes in the carbon market hasn't worked no it hasn't worked it must work in future because you know that gas that sitting overheads now driving is exceptionally hot summer day in Europe and driving heat waves around the world that gas is not going anywhere unless we get out a quarter of it will sit there affectively forever by human standards unless we drop down the only way of drawing it down is by exacting a cabin price and use the technology there to do what you want to do at this stage and we still developing the technology it's a great question I mean no one can say which technologies will work at the gigatons scale we have we have some small industries groups like cabin engineering that for example Mike biofuels out of atmospheric c o 2 but maybe some forestry maybe some what I'm very keen on this is a seaweed farming I think we can see the the solutions in embryo are there but it will be some time before we know which of those are going to be effective cost effective an effective introduce difficult to appreciate the point you make about the difficulty of predicting this time which is that you went through this didn't you when you were pushing the arguing for geothermal power as a way of actually generating energy without the the price of adding to the emissions and the money was spent and was invested in mind that mine collapse because of an explosion and in fact the investment was lost That's right and look if I could just say the thing that I didn't see the I was wrong about and that a lot of the world didn't see was the power of the manufacturing process to drive costs out of production and so solar and wind which are both manufacturing based energy solutions have have really killed everything else so there hasn't put you off thinking that there are solutions that we just have to be prepared perhaps to invest in lots of things civil tenuously to see. Which one works that's right no one can see the future we know what the outcome has to be but we can't yet see clearly the pathway that this is part of the problem isn't it where we've had it to a certain extent expressed skeptically by for instance one British government minister who said you know people in this country have given up on experts don't trust experts anymore Actually that's a global problem is there any part it's because the dire warnings never quite come to pass as they are supposed to pass and in a sense that's good news but it then somewhat discredits the people who've issued warnings but I would just say people doubt the dire warnings look at what's happening happening around you to die heat wave records being broken across across the world in Australia we have looking at having the hottest winter in southeastern Australia on record so the warnings are coming true you know what we need is is action we need to see this transition of the economy really start gathering price in the next few years otherwise we'll miss the chance why isn't action forthcoming then why is it there's a mismatch between what the public says it excepts And I think the lowery a very respected Institute poll the most recent annual one in Australia found 60 percent of people saying Global is a serious and pressing problem we should begin taking steps now but when it came to the federal election in 2019 the voters comprehensively rejected the opposition Labor party's proposal which was to tackle it by imposing reducing emissions by 45 percent by 2038 lost badly its primary vote was doubt at a time when it been expected That's right and one of the. Government's primary vote was down to to be fish but you know this is part of this trend where we're seeing government or product potential prime ministers putting themselves forward without effective policy and this is dangerous and I don't understand and perhaps you can help us with this since you ran the country's climate organization got fed. The organization until it was abolished by the Abbott Government because it was skeptical about the arguments man made climate change why is it the voters can say on the one hand we think something must be done yes we think it's bad yes it's going to affect us and then vote. The reason for that in my view is that we are not bringing the whole community along with us so what we're saying is we want Chinese people in the cities people who are aware of the issues want China and yet you coal miners out there in the regions you'll have to look after yourself in future we haven't had governments come in with comprehensive structural adjustment policies as we've seen in Germany you see in Germany that the transition Spain been pretty flawless and not a single coal miners lost their job in Australia we haven't had that sense of social responsibility that slipped a spring everyone along to get a response but it is one thing but it's socialist policies an easy thing to have when you will or one bearing the cost I mean $1.00 of the economic models that you looked at that proposal from the opposition Labor Party in the run up to the federal election suggested that the cost would be about $181000000.00 Us $1.16 jobs it's not really surprising is it people who work in those industries look at those warnings and say Actually of course I care about the planet I care about my children my grandchildren but actually right now I care about the food on the table paying the bills paying the mortgage and it's somebody else's problem not mine look I've met coal miners who've said to me you know I'm working in a coal mine I've got 2 children tell me am I doing the right thing you know and of course even I say to them your 1st responsibility is to put bread on the table for your family and that's why I say we as a society need to move forward together doesn't matter if Australia gets its house in order or Europe for that matter the statistics suggest nearly half of the greenhouse gas emissions come from just 3 countries India the United States and China so the rest of the world can do its bit and that's not going to change so the argument is they're not well just because I see things being done wrong all the wrong things as well and that makes for a great world we all need to do our beat otherwise head of people have confidence that we all will act every country needs to do its proportion of the shares 193 countries are quite right that most of the emissions come. 3 But why should those 3 be a disproportionate burden Surely this is a collective issue. Because they're the ones generating the much that they should be and this is right they should be the report the proportion which relates to their contribution to the problem right and their contribution the big strike it's a large Exactly so they should do that but that doesn't mean a stroke should do nothing we you know with the 15th largest a meter per capita we need to do what's right I mentioned until you could tariffs start of this interview he's trying to get countries to come along to the un in New York in September with very specific providers He says I want to hear about how we're going to stop the increase in emissions by 2020 dramatically reduce emissions to be net 0 by mid century we had the outgoing British Prime Minister making a promise much the same reason may said the u.k. Will hit 0 emissions by 2050 these to say these things and their predictions it's very hard to deliver them it is and the delivery really is going to be down to industry and you probably saw b.h.p. Recently say you know this is a crisis we need emergency action and you can say look I've lived through twenty's of climate action where we have not moved the dial a centimeter we're still headed towards catastrophe we need something new so if I was the prime minister of this country what I would be doing is getting all of the industries together saying I'm watching you wall you're all scared to move 1st because you don't want to lose your advantage how can we move together collectively give me your pledges so that I can take them to the un and show that we are actually going to lead because when companies make pledges particularly short term ones they tend to stand by them more about governments I mean of some interesting remarks in Zardari as a member of China's national expert panel climate change last summer where he said China's number one emitter of greenhouse gases we hold our hands up so China will take more responsibility in its national cooperation to combat climate change he then declared China had already reduced emissions a tense state relative to g.d.p. By. 44 percent which is quite handy to promise to get it down to 45 percent I think by next year so he says our study suggests it's very likely we can achieve that target before 2025 In other words peak absolute greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 we can do it 5 years earlier these are political statements do you believe that. Look from China I'm encouraged by them the big issue for China as I understand it at the moment is a growth in the vehicle sector you know the number of new cars coming in are a huge so they seem to be making very good progress with their electric recall manufacturing. I'm hopeful they can do that by 2025 I mean that will be the single biggest contribution towards actually achieving what we need to do Stabler to try raise the question of whether you believe it because there is a lot of instances where we see the propaganda value of promising things and often is pledging when there's a natural disaster in the government's pleasure money and then the money never actually appears and I wonder if the if these Promise is a made and there's actually no objective way of measuring how we actually know whether we're making the progress we think we'll even help or mystical cherish it the un is going to know even if he gets all these pledges it's that year look no one can know the future and as a scientist I should say I don't really believe anything until I see the figures on the table you know so when we start seeing those declines there will be great at the moment we're going in the wrong direction in a very bad way. I want to ask you about the book that you published a few months ago has just been released in paperback Europe the 1st 100000000 years mostly nearly 313 pages you describe your not so much as a consonant but as an appendix justing out into the Atlantic Ocean yet what you say to an appendix with quite a lot in it's of learning for us now what is it about Europe's experience and its experience climate change dramatically change before all that informs your thinking now well look you're a piece has been a crossroads of the world. It's been where I sure Africa or North America have made over the millennia you know. It's it's always been invigorated by things from outside coming in it's climate has changed dramatically over time but what we see in the current Iraq is that we are seeing a China of such a large scale it is hard to find and then analogy to it in the in the previous fossil record and of such speed it's happening 30 times faster than the melting of the ice of the end of the last Ice Age So in any in any agenda or anything that's moving big and fast goes to the top of the agenda you know so climate change is big and it's moving very fast much more than the past so I think what we can say is yes your report of just about. The fragility of the human cultures that are there and the individual species that make up Europe today are really at stake because many of the critics of the emergency that some say we are now experiencing or climate change they're not the globe has experienced 2 or 3 to crease temperature rises in the past it has adapted to it's not the easiest So it's adapt it to them there's no reason to think the Earth can't adapt once again what you're saying is that that process is if somebody speeded up time this time around it's just very big and very fast moving and you and I know if we're crossing a road and you're getting a toy a boy on a bicycle coming toward you slowly it's not a big deal right we can get around it if you've got a huge semi coming towards you what 100 miles an hour you know you better get out of the wire right and that's what the current climate crosses sees and the skeptics quite frankly they need to stop threatening my children they need to get out of the way so that we can get some solutions in place when you say threatening your children you mean because they are standing in the way of progress yet they're standing in the way of my children having a bit of a future I'm afraid of our own children as well Well absolutely and that is probably where on the lawn that's I mean you talk to people all the time you try to gauge you're known as one of Australia's best communicator certainly one of its most experienced communicators of turning complex scientific ideas into understandable for the layman and I speak as a layman what is it that they're not seeing. I don't know I speak to them and it's as if they've barracking in a football match it's not as if it's a real world problem and they are blind to the reality of the situation in ways I can't I can't comprehend so I do just ask them just get out of the why you let me get on with making giving my children a better future you know we can do without you obstruction in your book you write that even if the aspirations of the powers agreement on climate change are realized Europe's coastline will alter some cities will be lost rising seas if the nations the world fail to honor the pledges they made empowers the climate could return to the policing conditions the ones where we saw that temperature rise and the Cappy like creatures and giant vipers. Lived in Europe it's fair but agricultural productivity political stability would then be in peril just a bit so it's not just about the change in the environment it's the change in species population as well that's right you know you've got to think of Europe as an appendix of Africa really in some ways and divisor things come into Europe as climate change you had hippopotamuses in the Thames 100000 years ago or you know and those changes will continue but the thing that worries me is the crops you look at what's happened in Northern Germany with extreme weather events and the impact on crops that you see seen around the world I mean a food security is at stake here and that political stability book illustrates very intriguingly some of that beast Yury that existed in Europe a few millennia ago when and there is still those connections the pig now used inside Nick turtles in Australia and once living here in the u.k. You've supported the whole of the woolly mammoth revival projects that could revive the mammoth on this continent why I'm an adventurer. And I think this is a wonderful adventure to be on but even more than the woolly mammoth The thing I would love to see back here is the straight talk there Wolf and you know because the European strike talked elephant basically it's a hybrid but it's and system species still exist in West Africa that the West African forest elephant Africa is going to have 4000000000 people in 80 years time where will the space be for elephants and lions Europe will have a stable lower population. Maybe we need to think about creating space for Make a foreigner in Europe and this and the rewilding as well as large of large tracts of land away trying to recapture something that has already been lost we slightly deluding ourselves where we think that somehow we can breathe while the environment and that will solve all problems on I've just been down to never you know and say more Charlie Barr was doing down there only 3 and a half 1000 acres and it's miraculous he's bringing back bar diversity at the same time he's creating economic stability and that's such and so. Unaided you know in a way that's the we need the new paradigm as it's expressing that way to succeed 66000000 years ago around the time Europe's land bridge with Africa disappeared not concept is what we find extraordinary to imagine now that there was a land directly connecting Europe and Africa and species were travelling backwards and forwards across that disappears under the sea the world you write was for war then that it is today even allowing for what we're experiencing right now are you optimistic that the Earth can survive this experience look the Earth's system is really fundamentally regulated by bacteria and microorganisms So it's a it's a robust system but as you go higher up the food food Chinee get to ever more vulnerable species so the large species tend to turn over and be more vulnerable the species that demand a lot from their environment like humans tend to be more vulnerable so I've got no doubt the Earth system will survive but I really worry for a civilization and I worry for our biodiversity in terms of the charismatic species that we see around us you know so those species could vanish if we don't take this more seriously much sooner and presumably there comes a point where we won't be able to prevent that that's right now placed up I think it's between 10 and 20 years from now we haven't significantly grained our greed and boarding electric vehicles and if we haven't at least taken the 1st steps towards a large scale carbon drawdown I think at that point I don't know what excited my children as a scientist I'm out of options the planet survives to humans in those circumstances . I imagine some humans would survive some way but our civilization is quite collective civilization with feel tight I struggle to see how we will survive because the resource requirements for my tiny at are just enormous and you need stability to deliver those resources to me Flannery thank you very much for being with us on the It's a pleasure thank you. Distribution of the d b c World Service in the u.s. Is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from battell counters that Microelectronics can cause critical systems to fail when we need the most Patel was developing advanced solutions for government and commercial clients more at potential daughterboard. You're listening to the b.b.c. . With. Some well and truly underway in the northern hemisphere. Was the hottest month ever recorded. Do we know. And it's always a good idea. To. B.b.c. News where Jerry Smit India is revoking the special status of German Kashmir removing its power to make its own laws the controversial announcement comes at a time of heightened tension in the state India's only Muslim majority one India and Pakistan are in dispute over Kashmir the Indian admin a supporting has seen a long insurgency over rule from Delhi The Hong Kong all authorities say they will restore law and order as a general strike continues to disrupt life in the Territory Police have already used tear gas to disperse demonstrators the strike is part of a movement demanding greater democracy President Trump has said Hague has no place in the United States after 2 mass shootings in Texas and Ohio that killed 29 people Mr Trump has been accused of inciting hate crimes with his rhetoric. As trade tensions between Beijing and Washington increase the Chinese currency has fallen to its lowest level against the dollar in more than a decade the drop follows President Trump's announcement last week of new tariffs on Chinese imports there's been a fall in the sales of Japanese cars in South Korea following a bitter trade dispute between the 2 the route was sparked by Saul's demand for compensation for water time forced laborers which prompted Japan to limit the import of vital industrial materials a u.n. Bag team says there should be a total embargo on arms sales to me Emma and sanctions against companies linked to the armed forces the team says the companies could also be prosecuted for complicity in the volunteer expulsion of the Ranger from the. 19 people have been killed in an explosion outside Egypt's National Cancer Institute in Caro officials say there are no indications that the blast was related to terrorism it was caused by a car travelling against the traffic colliding with others b.b.c. News. This is business daily on the b.b.c. World Service coming up on today's program with me Vivian newness sunscreen and why it's more controversial than you might think this damage just says Sunshine is vital for Skin Health So should we think twice before slathering on the sun block 1st presented my work with some lights at a big dermatology meeting on a friend of the phone and he said Richard what do I tell my patients I'm up to really difficult one meanwhile some regulators are asking what exactly it we rubbing into our skin recently we've learned that oxybenzone is also the number one most irritating ingredient business daily here on the b.b.c. . Sunscreen to be honest it's something I've never questioned until now growing up in Australia the message was drilled into me some screen prevents skin cancer it's not surprising then that today some screen represents a huge industry according to one us market research it'll be worth nearly $25000000000.00 a year by 2025 That figure has gone up and up as awareness has grown around the risks of some damage and that hasn't been lost on sunscreen produces the marketing of this product over the years tells us a lot about public education and how we think about the sun's rays. As you can hear from this t.v. Advert in the 1960 s. One product called bender so late used to tell customers that they could achieve the deep dark Sanch a pipe tanned they deserve. This ad from the 1980s tells us in no uncertain terms tans is something we should all aspire to. These days it's unlikely that we'd hear any sun protection brand advertising itself as a way to tan attorneys after all essentially your skin's reaction to some damage but who developed the 1st sunscreens and how did they shape our relationship with sun exposure I headed down to the Science Museum in London to find out well you might find me a ray of sunscreen products on the market confusing I certainly day to find out a little bit more about the history of this product I've come to the Science Museum in London and I'm he would associate curator at repeat call and we're standing in front of a glass cabinet with many old bottles and some relatively new looking bottles as well group but how did we get here when did we 1st start using sun protection materials on our bodies so some protection really goes back to antiquity mention Egypt they would use fings like clay on their skin desire to actually deliberately Sunday expose yourself in the sun is actually a relatively recent phenomenon I know it was from the early 20th century b.c. The 1st song creams really as a product going out into the sun was very much seen as a helping run the fashionable thing to do initially this was to serve various reasons one it was seen as a cure for to back you know service and it was quite effective there are also some baby leaks in Britain and these are actually taught in a lot of nudist camps so nudism in some Beijing was synonymous initially by the 1920 s. And thirty's escape weights and more but fashionable idea of sunny oneself as it was called then and get into town so we went from going out into the sunshine because it was seen as healthy in the early 20th century to a little bit later on going out into the sunshine to get a tan which became fashionable and desirable Yes So this tied in with holiday meridians of leisure coacher and particularly around speeches the most fashion of which in the twenty's and thirty's was the French Riviera and one of the early influences of Richie's. That contempt was a coker she now here on a cruise ship towards inadvertently caught the sun and really so did much to remake the fashion when she was seen to be this broad figure coming off the boat. Into this sort of Mediterranean Classico idea of bronze ficus as well and you can see we have an amber solar project here I'm a celeb was the 1st commercially marks of products launched by L'Oreal's found. In 1036 and it's hired into this especially. Of course h. And at the time right so the bottle itself that we're looking at is and brown with a big yellow top so surely himself said it was a good product at the good time and 1000 person 6 that he launched it coincided with strikes in the end the French government sanctioned the 1st 2 weeks paid leave because. Now you can stay in the sun longer because I'm so man has a special new frontier to help protect to moisturize your skin deep tan before. Anything maybe. Exhibition is here about the sun we do and this is an ambassador of us of from the early 1950 s. Who says suntan oil no mention of some protections Yes I can see a very practiced 941950 s. Type woman here telling him that she is looking very wrong the message really is use this product and you can be turned bronze god esses Well Ok so we may then later in the century take with very different kind of sun protection product we go from these brown oil that I'm looking at here to the white sunscreen that we know today how did we make that late so. In the 1970 s. The language in the products of Songkran really made a massive change on this so their voice will be a few different things such as some protection factor which became a sort of international standards for determining how effective the sun cream was against a new v.p. Radiation report called associate curator of chemistry at the Science Museum most sunscreens on the market today display their s.p.f. Ratings in big ledges that's the level of protection Sun's great office from sunburn it's not the only rating system though some sunscreen bottles also display a Uva protection right Uva being the part of sunlight that causes aging and skin cancer creams that do but a labeled broad spectrum and that's what health experts generally advise we buy in Australia as summer temperatures frequently reach over 40 degrees we're also told to cover up with clothes as well as creams. When he. Slipped on a shirt slip on some sunscreen and slap on a hat an easy message aimed at children but the ingredients in some screen can be anything but simple. The American Food and Drug Administration announced it was asking sunscreen money factures the more information about 12 commonly used chemicals the agency hasn't said the ingredients Sayf but there is some evidence that components such as Avery bends aren't oxybenzone could cause healthy she's such as hormone disruption or even cancer it says more research in this area is vital. Exactly what goes into sunscreen is a question faced by many factors like Holly thank God who founded. She told me how she got into the business of sun protection post-college I was a 3rd grade school teacher and it was later when a friend of mine was diagnosed with skin cancer and I was having a conversation with a good friend of mine who was going through her residency in dermatology and I learned that you know his skin cancer was likely the result of many many years on the playground as a child and that daily exposure that's cumulative when I looked at the script some care industry I saw a really sleepy industry and I and I saw you know that if we were going to encourage the habit of every single day s.p.f. And if we were going to change the way the world thinks about sunscreen we really had to disrupt the category and create some innovation most recently we launched shimmer shades which is the 1st ever eyeshadow with broad spectrum s.p.f. And it's really a solution to how do we get s.p.f. On to people's eyelids you know the skin that's particularly vulnerable to sun damage it's much than our on the eyes and if you think about it you know the eyes are the 1st place we see signs of aging but yet no one's wearing s.p.f. On there I'm so sure a shade was that fun solution to really allow the world to get us p.f. Onto their eyes and when you say a clean chemical formula What do you mean by that has so in 2005 every chemical formula in the market contained in creating it called oxybenzone and for selfish reasons my mother is a breast cancer survivor and at the time it was there was research out there saying that oxybenzone was an ingredient that was found in breast cancer tissue more recently we've learned that oxybenzone is also the number one most irritating ingredient hence the reason that s.p.f. So often it's your Vernon irritate the eye or you. But we were the 1st chemical formula ever in the country in the United States to develop and achieve broad spectrum s.p.f. Protection sans oxybenzone So since then we have a list of over $100.00 in gradients that we will not formulate with and sunscreen has come under the spotlight in the u.s. Lately because the Food and Drug Administration there is looking into sunscreen ingredients and he'd recently as you know did it small size test the Ben zone was one of the ingredients it tested and found benzene and 3 other chemicals in common sunscreens exceeded the testing threshold for the f.d.a. For sunscreen and it also contributed to concentrations of chemicals in the blood Now you say you don't use oxybenzone And but some of those chemicals you do you tell us about that it's really an exciting time in the country in the United States right now because the f.d.a. Is perspective has never been that they've had a perspective on the sun care industry it's just simply hasn't been of interest or priority for them but we feel very strongly that we do need access to clean chemicals to formulate with because without the access to a handful of ng gradients and chemicals and we actually advocate for looking beyond those that are today used and looking at some of those that are used in Europe and some of these ingredients that the f.d.a. Has never even considered usage and we can create s.p.f. For every skin type color and tone because if we're going to change the way the world thinks about sunscreen we have to think about the world skin and what's right for your skin may not be right for mine and what's right for mine may not be right for my brother or my mother or textures that work for very dark skin tones or you would never want to use a mineral formula if you're an athlete because it actually sits on top of the skin and it prohibits your pores from sweating Well athletes are. Are meant to sweat because that's how we get rid of toxins in our body so what would you say it's fair to say the idea behind c bigger is to almost sell it as a beauty product part of a daily routine to encourage people to use it every day rather than just the hottest day of the year absolutely 365 days a year off 4 seasons unlike things if you think about lung cancer you actually have to take away cigarettes skin cancer is something that is primarily preventable Holly thank God it's super good daily sunscreen application is certainly encouraged by many dermatologists but not all of them Dr Richard Weller is a dermatologist but he argues sun exposure also has health benefits so where does that leave us should we use sunscreen or not I called him up for some clarification Well I think sunscreen is important to prevent the damaging effects of sunlight so that is as a dermatologist that skin cancer. And then also skin aging so sunscreens we know who are effective at reducing your risk of skin cancer and skin aging but of course there is a good side to sunlight as well and where as in my role as a dermatologist we we tend to think of the damaging effects of sunlight skin cancer in particular there's a growing body of evidence that sunlight has beneficial effects and we've shown that a substance called nitric oxide which the work leading to the discovery of my cock slide won the scientists the Nobel Prize for Medicine back in 1098 and those Nobel Prize winners showed that nitric oxide is vitally important for cardiovascular health to to lower your blood pressure and reduce heart disease and unexpectedly I found that the. Skin has stores of microcosm had some light releases nitric oxide from its stores in the skin into the circulation and we know that people who have more sunlight seemed what seemed to have less heart disease and low blood pressure and it looks as if this is caused by the fact that sunlight releases nitric oxide from the stores in the skin into the circulation where it's really good for you and that puts you in quite a difficult position because ironically your dermatologist on the one hand telling people that yes sunscreen does protect from skin cancer while on the other your own research has been that actually maybe there are other benefits that I want to say equal or greater detail of it having our skin exposed to sun exactly I mean it was really summarize for me when I 1st presented my work showing these benefits on reducing heart risks with sunlight at a big dermatology meeting and a friend of mine phoned me up at the mythology a friend of mine and he said Richard what do I tell my patients and that's a really difficult one we absolutely know that sunlight is a risk factor the skin cancer it looks as if sunlight is beneficial for heart disease but less research has gone on there that really led me to unexpectedly seeing if we could improve sunscreens you know could we develop a sunscreen that would block the harmful effects of sunlight but at the same time release this beneficial nitric oxide and you took them of what you found and presented that to various sunscreen manufacturers that believe yes to my surprise we found that sunscreen manufacturers weren't interested and here I was having developed this nitric oxide releasing stuff that you can put in which we call my trusty in sunscreen going to the sunscreen manufacturers and they just weren't interested. And the reason for that is they have over the last 20 years and understandably built a very robust business on a simple message some white pant wear sunscreen and they spent 20 years and millions of pounds developing their technologies which are very good very effective at reducing u.v. Hitting the skin which is a real and correct message but I was coming along saying actually it's rather rather hard it's not just some light bad wearing sunscreen it's some light bad yes course of skin cancer but also some light good it seems to have beneficial effects on heart disease and it's not that I'm in the side and that's a hugely more complex message from businesses point of view so that led you to develop your own sunscreen line I'd understand indeed that I'm looking for I suppose to sing on the beach one day and finding staring back at me I think my children of it what I would say a sunburn in childhood is the major risk factor for melanoma and absolutely with children you know you cannot work hard enough at stopping them get getting some banks that looks like the big risk factor for the most serious skin cancer but being outside and doing exercise and probably being in the sun and enjoying yourself is also good for you Dr Richard Weller who's nitric oxide releasing something green has just come to market that brings us to the end of today's Business Daily It was produced by Sara Trina I'll be back at the same time tomorrow reporting from that a while to on why having women in government Matt is to join me then. Hello now here on the b.b.c. World Service it's time for witness history I might lunch him and today we go back to the summer of 1962 when hundreds of thousands of French people who'd been living in Algeria for generations fled the North African nation and sought safety in France it was during the violent last days of Algeria struggle for independence and was one of the largest mass migration seen in Europe since the end of the 2nd World War I've been hearing from one woman about her family's experience. Michelle hen so was just a small child when her family arrived in France fleeing the violence of the civil war in Algeria but it wasn't long before the little girl encountered hostility from her new classmates. Songs are usually limited on appeal and you know when I was about 5 or 6 years old and we moved to the Peyronie's where I live now to a little village I used to come home from school with lots of questions because the other kids used to hit me and call me a dirty. And I didn't understand what they meant I was always asking my parents why am I not like them that was a question that for a long time was left unanswered. P.-n. While literally Blackfoot is the term that was applied to people of French origin who were born Algeria during French rule prior to its independence from France in 1962 many were 2nd or 3rd generation settlers originally from France but Michelle's family her mother and maternal grandparents had been born in France before moving to Algeria in the 1930 s. These European Algerians as they were also known typically kept close links with mainland France more. Over the borehole my father 1st worked on the family farm in Algeria but later in order to improve the family situation he went to France to study the Civil Service exam and then came back to work for the p.t.t. The telephone and postal company he considered himself French a Frenchman from Algeria. Algeria had been invaded by France back in 830 and until independence in 1962 it had been ruled as if it were part of France like another department of Jewish majority Muslim population were not considered French and so didn't own most farms or businesses there and they had little or no voting rights in contrast the piano are despite the fact that they made up only about 10 percent of the total population for the political and economic elite in the country Michelle's family were farmers and she says that for many years they had good relations with their Arabic speaking neighbors though. In the countryside I think it was easier to mix but that said my dad told me that young European men knew perfectly well that it was forbidden to chat up young Arab girls they couldn't even think of it the Arab families also forbade it so for young people it was hard to mingle. It was in fact never an easy coexistence and there were always simmering tensions not far below the surface demands for independence from France spilt over into violence and then in the early 1950 s. Into what would be a brutal civil war. But you know millions junior and there was a general atmosphere of fear that spread across the population everyone was wondering if they should stay or if they should go there were explosions bombs in the street which worried my parents a lot from the very start piano our civilians were targeted by the rebel National Liberation Front the f l m but it was one particular brutal act of violence in the early 1962 against Michelle's family that call shock and outrage in the p.-n. War community. My grandfather had a farm with his brother one day the Arab workers didn't turn up to help in the fields and the local villagers told our relatives not to go into the fields I think they must have known something was going to happen but my father's uncle went anyway with his 3 sons there was a brigade of young French soldiers in the area to protect them from the f.l.n. But at one point the soldiers left and the rebels arrived one of the sons went off to alert the villages but by the time they all came back they found my father's uncle and the other 2 sons debt their bodies chopped into pieces that was the type of terror used to chase the Europeans away. Within 2 weeks the village was empty all the European families had left. The 8 year civil war some 250000 people were killed many of them civilians murdered by the f.l.n. But also by the French military and by pro French paramilitaries supported by some in the piano our community by March of 1962 the war had come to an end as French President shoulder goal and the f.l.n. Signed a cease fire and agreed to hold a referendum on independence. Art I don't hear your heart nor so involved in announcing the historic deal de Gaulle spoke of the multiple connections between Algeria and France and said that our 2 peoples must understand that they were not made to fight but to walk together on the road of civilization you're all I want in our cities as your the ceasefire in the referendum infuriated many in the piano our community who felt betrayed and it hastened the exodus by the end of the summer of 1962 as many as 800000 people had left for France in numbers far greater than the French authorities had been expecting Michelle doesn't recall much about her family packing up and leaving with her mother still heavily pregnant but she does remember those 1st weeks in her grandmother's house in France as a strange and unhappy time since reunions on this reunion is all I have memories of the house where I always wanted to play outside of people crying a lot and often events that was explained to me later which was the death of my little brother. He was born in August and died 4 days later how the newborn baby actually died isn't clear but Michelle's mother later told her that after a difficult birth the French doctors had wanted to take care of the baby since he was the child of a pm Why are they treatment at the hands of the French doctors was perhaps indicative of the hostility among many French people towards these outsiders who arrived in such great numbers Michelle says that getting used to their new lives was especially hard for her parents and grandparents and they rarely spoke about their former lives now dearer control I don't repeat. It was when we got older that we could talk more to them and my father told us how he hadn't liked it when other people were rude about the piano and that when French people used to tell us we were piano he actually embraced it and said Yes I am so what as if to say I am as French as you are Michelle still lives in the French Pyrenees close to where she lived as a young child but in a country like France that prides itself on its secularism and its shared French identity how does she now see her own identity Oh click on pics really it's very complicated nowadays I don't say that I am a piano or any more I say I am French from Algeria because that term. Doesn't mean anything as a matter of fact we don't know where it comes from my uncle recently told me we didn't ever call ourselves piano Our So what I say is that I'm French born on Colonial soil because I think that's exactly what it is also Michel hence was speaking to me my clan Shem for this edition of witness history and if you're interested in hearing more unique voices from history just search online for b.b.c. Witness history. This is Capital Public Radio 90.9. 913. You can find our complete schedule of on air programs plus audio streams radio. Also easy to donate to the station that brings you. On Saturday it was El Paso Texas Saturday night it was Dayton Ohio this weekend there were 2 mass shootings in just 13 hours 29 people are dead It's Morning Edition from n.p.r. News. Authorities in El Paso say they will treat the shooting there as domesticity terrorism I'm Rachel Martin in Washington d.c. And I'm David Greene broadcasting from El Paso this morning the gunman here allegedly posted a screed on the Web site a chance to see. Also this hour a hospital in California takes a creative approach to treating pain in its youngest patients It is Monday August 5th the birthday of Neil Armstrong the 1st person to set foot on the moon. The news is next. Live from n.p.r. News in Washington on trial Snyder to communities to mass shootings the shootings in El Paso Texas and Dayton Ohio killed 29 people and wounded dozens and date in the popular nightlife district where a gunman killed 9 people or early Sunday has been cleared of crime scene tape and it was open to the public for a vigil last night N.P.R.'s Bracton Booker has more hundreds of people gathered in Dayton to who are going district something he evening for a vigil that was here in the wee hours of Sunday morning a gunman opened fire killing 9 people injuring 27 others during the vigil musicians sang songs to uplift mourners 10 dives were released one for the survivors get the 9 to represent those lives lost politicians were here to recruiting Ohio Republican governor Mike the wide as he began his condolences many in the crowd began to do something do something in an effort to urge him to tighten the state's gun laws Bracton Booker n.p.r. News you know Heigho and the ongoing investigation into Saturday's shootings at a Wal-Mart in El Paso that killed 20 people at the ice Special Agent Jeanette Harper's says it appears the suspect had no contacts in the El Paso area but that investigators have collected evidence from 3 of locations in the Dallas area where the suspect lived we have members of the hate crimes domestic terrorism fusion cell working on this investigation as well we did mention that we had 3 search warrants that were served in the Dallas area agents collected several pieces of evidence from each location and the forensics processing and review of that have begun already say they are treating the shootings in El Paso as a case of domestic terrorism officials say a racist as a posted online shortly before the shootings may have been the work of the suspect Mexican officials say 7 Max Mexicans are among the dad President Trump expected to speak about the shootings in Texas and Ohio later this morning he has said.