And the fact that it was filmed and you can see him on the ground being pinned down by offices has made it even worse there's been unrest in Bolivia following the resignation of President. Buses have been set on fire there are reports of looting on the outskirts of the main city Lappin as Mr Morale is says he's the victim of a coup your thirties in Australia have declared a state of emergency in New South Wales and Queensland as dozens of bushfires continue to burn with high temperatures and strong winds predicted the situation is expected to deteriorate over the next 24 hours the New South Wales premier Gladys Berejiklian announced the measures were you know the way to forecast for tomorrow is that question struck levels and based on that plus the conditions we've experienced in the last few days of accepted the advice of Commissioner Fitzsimmons and declared a state of emergency across New South Wales mains that Commissioner Fitzsimmons has authority to undertake what is decision he needs to take to ensure that we protect life and property as much as possible tomorrow. The b.b.c. Has found the aviation industry routinely uses a practice which is intended to cut costs but has the effect of increasing greenhouse gas emissions the process known as tanker ing involves loading up with fuel to save money at destinations where refueling would be more expensive it's thought that by adding tons of extra weight to many flights airlines add significantly to gas emissions Justin Rose that reports British Airways says it is common practice across the industry to carry additional fuel for operational safety and price reasons and says tanker it applies may need to short haul destinations where there are considerable price differences between European airports it says it's responsible for just 2 percent of the additional emissions tangling generates in Europe stopping it would raise costs a little for European airlines but could cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as $900000.00 tonnes a year while news from the b.b.c. a Judge in Malaysia has ruled that a huge corruption case against the former prime minister Najib Razak should proceed to the next stage the trial is linked to a multi-billion dollar scandal involving the State Investment Fund one m. D. Mr Najib who has pleaded not guilty to charges including money laundering and abuse of power he told the court he would take the stand in his defense. The campaign group Human Rights Watch says thousands of mentally ill people in Nigeria being abused and kept in chains in care facilities by any Jones reports Human Rights Watch a visit to 28 mental health care facilities across 8 states over a year in which one its researchers found evidence that patients were being chained to facilities ranged from Stay tuned properties to Christian and Muslim private centers patients were often physically abused and for to live in a hygienic conditions stuff a distance is a device that didn't have to be chained to prevent them from leaving or harming others to report comes as the forty's in Nigeria have carried out a series of raids on private religious centers they found over 1000 young people in chains who claim to be abused by staff the government of Chile has announced plans to draw up a new constitution one of the main demands of those behind weeks of protests the interior minister made the announcement after talks with leading political figures hosted by President Sebastian Pinera the Constitution was drawn up under President dinner Shay who seized power in a coup in 1973 Spain's acting prime minister pederast Sanchez said he'll call other party leaders on Monday to try to form a government after a 2nd general election this year failed to end the country's political deadlock the socialists led by Mr Sanchez again won most seats with the right wing popular party coming 2nd to a big gains for the far right Vox party b.b.c. News. Hello this is the history hour with max prison coming up a truly horrific case of police brutality in the Indian state of Bihar a visit to the American hostages held by Iranian students in the Terran embassy in one $179.00 plus a breakthrough in breast cancer treatment and David Bowie's role in the fall of the Berlin Wall but we begin this week with fake news however this is not about President Trump's persistent complaints or allegations against the Russians or even the suggestion that something less than the truth was peddled in the run up to the backseat vote no this is about deception jazz and sex Ok fictional sex during the 2nd World War and its lust tells the story of how Britain set up fake German radio stations to undermine the Nazi war machine. If you'd listen to the radio during the 2nd World War might just have come across the sultry voice. Is Dickie made and I could. Eat putting it in a museum Vicki was a German radio star introduced to music request program on a German radio station broadcasting to the German armed forces the thing is this was no normal radio station and Vicki was no normal radio star the radio station was actually fake set up in Britain by the British and as for Vicki Well she was in fact the actress and singer Agnes Byrne l. Then a young German refugee to Britain whose Jewish father had once owned a cabaret club in Berlin before he'd had to flee the Nazis and the 1970 s. She told her story to the b.b.c. I was speaking German forces Tad The Girl with the 3 kisses deceived by the standard German was Wilkens my millions of German listeners believed they were. Listening to a genuine German radio station and swallowed as like propaganda all this was the creation of a top secret department the political warfare executive it was set up at a time when Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe its covert mission was to coordinate British propaganda aimed at undermining the German war effort in striking resistance to the Nazis the political warfare executive was formed in 1941 and $8.00 responsible for the black propaganda activities subversive propaganda activities Professor j. Fox of the Institute of Historical Research is an expert on wartime propaganda that included leaflet drops and included fabricating and spreading reinvents across Europe and it was out of the hat that these kinder stunned radio stations were born 40 of them all designed to destabilise the Nazi war and the lady who was he chain port and their insect mobile because for the 1st time enemy propagandists can be directly to your population I for the airways perhaps the most famous example of British black propaganda were the radio stations set up by Dennis Sefton Delmer system Delmar had grown up in Germany and in the 1930 s. It worked as the Berlin correspondent for The Daily Express newspaper he knew the Nazi leadership personally and he put that knowledge to use Sefton Delmas 1st radio project was called g s one to stop Siegfried and the main speaker if you happened to tune in was a man simply known as the chief a top pro Hitler Russian army officer but it did not sound like a normal radio station it was far more calming it was designed to sound like the listener had stumbled across a frequency carrying secret radio traffic between a network of top German offices 8 invests the listener with a sense of importance of being in the eyes of. Tuning in of eliciting into information that they are not supposed to hear Delma could we into that narrative really mess designed to disturb and disrupt but it pretended to be some officers off a secret society the German officers leave talking to each other we never said that this was the case we merely allowed the listener to infer it and they never talked against the euro was still what they believed in but that they didn't prove all of the bad people surrounding the fair but perhaps most controversially Sefton Delmer decided to use pornography to attract listeners to g.s. One they had the fictional chief broadcast a lot of detailed sexually explicit gossip something unheard of in the 1940 s. And not everyone was happy with this a British government minister for one was outraged when he happened to hear about one of these fake German broadcasts which involved a particularly graphic story about a German admiral an orgy and a helmet this is thought to be distinctly on British There are those in government who think and in the propaganda ministry in Britain do not like certain elements of Delmas behavior pornographic element the loot stories the explicit nature of some of his pool cost the coarse language that down is using is just too big a underhand climb to stand on disgusting behavior of which the British $1.00 none none of this some in government may have been unhappy but soon it became clear that people were listening to g.s. One in Germany even if that came with some unintended consequences for instance the American military Attash a invalid and he fell for it and he was pushing it through in dispatches to Roosevelt which eventually came to us and I just thought that this that they were. Being charming and providing evidence of reception and that we were indeed being hugged and then gradually the penny dropped with the chaps in charge and it was decided that we could not allow Roosevelt at any rate to go on thinking that this stuff was genuine because in that case danger that he might think the johns were going to collapse from internal discord which would have been too bad because we wanted to get America into war yes one was just one of many radio projects among the longest running with the sole doesn't send the stations where Vicki was the star which pretended to be broadcast from within occupied Europe and were aimed at the German forces and you buy Cruise Yes there's no doubt the best sport I don't think so I think if you're going to say. He was small group. Pianist and sound effects expect from Hollywood we gave them jazz a Biton jam in place decadence talks and genuine news. This is a stoppage this relationship you can just drop in nuggets of information that night he stop and question these can be these can be fabricated it doesn't matter all the time it's intended to disrupt. Once and I announced that allied sub the 10 is in s s uniform were dropped in a 2nd city as a result all the s.s. Men in the district set about arresting each other. In one of my broadcasts I sympathized with the captain of a sudden new boat for not having been home on leave for more than 2 years and I paid for him the German version of Yes that's my baby and congratulated him on the birth of a son. Of course that that he hadn't been back for 2 years this could only the end of a cut by infidelity that really is going to mess with the or didn't it was too much for the captain he had lain submerged off the coast of Scotland undetected but now he's surfaced and surrendered. He ended his war in a prison camp. Despite these stories it's impossible to know the broader impact of all this psychological warfare which of course is aimed at undermining those who are wavering not committed at the end of the war these radio stations were shut down but says Dr j. Fox the work of the British propagandists is still remarkably relevant today we are cool but in a panic I think about this information and we feel that this is the 1st time that this is ever happened to us it is most Lee not a new phenomenon and black propaganda is now all of the same techniques the difference now is scales and speed and. The nature of that propaganda is. Professor Joe Fox ending that report from Alex last you can see the sultry Vicky a Ignis Bendel on our website and the story of that wartime black propaganda effort will be added to our now comprehensive 2nd World War collection of 1st hand memories just search online for b.b.c. Witness history. Now I suggest you brace yourself for our next item for this we're going back to 980 when police in a small city in the Indian state of Bihar were revealed to be torturing petty criminals by deliberately permanently blinding them it became a national scandal in India ignore car has been talking to several people with 1st hand experience of the bug poor blind ings and to those who risked everything to expose what was happening I should warn you this does contain some disturbing testimony once on my way to school in 1980 I saw a man crying for help and some people. Just watching him suffer. The men added holes in his eyes and fresh blood was coming out of them. The man was dumped by the local police just opposite the police station after blinding him by a seat. And that man in fact was one of the 33 victims of in famous. Case that happened 1981 I'm a thought process would lead to make a documentary film about the blinding at 980 he was just 13 years old he lives to get what he saw at that time I had no idea about the seriousness of the issue really as good as a kid were told that the police had done a great job by blinding and in famous that they thought that if you and in fact. They're enjoying enjoying his 1980 the crime rates and the Harvest rising and the police involved or had assaulted 206 bomb exits disciplines meant using acid to permanently blind criminals they wanted to send out a stern message to a community of petty criminals. To as the courts I was there in the code and I saw 2 persons they had my eyes not blinded and doing I swear unshared and they had bowed a sheet in the eye is drunk one messiah was a young lawyer in particular at the time he had. Not been nudged those victims I saw their red holes in the eyes and fresh blood actually trickling from their eyes and. They said that the real doctor he used to. Spoke in there are used by punching and David confirming by putting a seed that with there they have come. Between playing the not not after seeing the wounded criminals in court Michel visited all the police stations involved they found other victims victim described it and I rented a hand and I phoned them during February. $1008.00 just all the belongings and then Mr decide to represent $33.00 victims pro bono fun of the 1st criminals to be blind was a me shot of a resident of the area who was arrested on charges of theft wish them very be sulky. I was 20 years old and I was going home I saw a police van coming and I started following I left my cycle and run a policeman along a bullet. The police finally caught me and they beat me into a semi conscious state then they took me into their custody where the deputy superintendent of police 1st made holes in my eyes and then poured acid in them I kept screaming and shouting until I was completely unconscious after being arrested the criminals in North Dakota jail the boggart police it set up a camp on the outskirts of the city with a designated doctor on site to carry out the findings no question was blended in say did you only Bunch unshared blinded I'm trying to jail in different police stations and there was a can to bring them in with a can in a matter to blank them all out of the beam say are all from the dead that I was blinded they continue doing this to others around 9 people were taken to another camp a little away from the city shortly afterwards cycles book was used to puncture their eyes after which acid was poured in them the police called what they were doing up race and gun they took the name from the holy water of the Ganges in order to present the daughter as a purification process police and I just if somebody's eyes were completely blinded police would say no way we will give you holy water but it used to be acid. And they would keep saying no no we are giving you Ganga jal on and just like that it would treat criminals on par acid in their eyes to completely blind. They used to say the holy water will cool down the burning sensation in the ice but they were thoughts of the acid as Ganga jal with this bill of blinded all of us. Try to sing the 5 by calling it as operation. And functioning as a holy water to cleans even from society drunk alarmists let's to the Supreme Court in mean 1980 was initiated cds of investigations in the case in 1800 full more than 30 police officers that sought but it wasn't an easy fight for Misha I was taken on so by the police officers they said ended me and and bashed me too. And I put the runner Ok Mr Me said I will kill you and I asked Ok get me if you can my wife was very she was very upright and he appeared she was only saying what you're doing while you're doing this but my father Ok whatever you're doing you're doing of your own will so if you're really low then you do go wrong come our Miss us is that the police weren't doing this all on their own they had support from senior local authorities the cheaper. The judiciary the police they all are very in leadership and they named the in dad. Operation when the case came to light the issue was hotly debated in the Indian parliament Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave an emotional speech on the floor of the house where she exclaimed that the herd of sick incident made a physically sick she said What has this country come to how can anybody do this to the fellow man but the people of God Poor had a different opinion for them criminals deserve to be taught a lesson when I was coming along in the market everybody was pointing me well look here is that you know yes he he is spoiling dad c.t. The police was blinding. Him notice so he would later to the Supreme Court so are you most in that Lisa group did and I was the one upset but in my father eventually only 15 police officers have prosecuted and suspended from the official positions the court ordered compensation the $50000.00 bees to be given to each victim along with the happy a decent training and a lifetime pension of $750.00 of these each month but did this put an end to the horrors in Bihar after 98081 in fact London did not stop it still continues on its up process made his documentary about the pocketbook blowing things in 2017 after so many of us I'm still. Not too far good to be moved back thing from my memory that still haunts me that scene I can so that was in fact imagine Mencia push what you say inspiration to make thoughtful eyes of darkness I'm a type Russia who won an award for his film the eyes of darkness. I was talking to ignore Karl who also heard from the campaigning lawyer Rahm Kamau Mishra and ignore is with me now in the 1st thing to say is that the testimony that we've heard is quite horrific how widespread and deep was the impact in India when that story emerged in the eighty's Well it was definitely a story that shocked a lot of people even though most Indians were of that of the fact that there was extrajudicial punishment that was being meted out to a lot of criminals by the police nobody had ever heard of something as horrific as this on top of that I think what really shocked the Indian public in general was the fact that it was the C.D.'s that went on for several months it was not just one act of police brutality What was the atmosphere at the time that made the police think that it required the sort of horrific response Well the State of Law and Order was extremely poor not just in Bihar but across the country however in the state of Bihar there existed a situation where the police was not able to control the crime rate it was increasing the public in general was always complaining about how that happened a criminals on the road how that teens gnashing how their robberies how their tests that are taking place in broad daylight and there was a point when there was pressure that was obviously being put on the police force for coming up with some kind of method to stop these criminal activities the police decided that something of this nature could actually be a deterrent for the criminals their effect and clearly totally justifiable but who were the people who were the victims how were they selected if they were even selected Well most of these victims were people that the police suspected to be criminals they were picked out mostly on his say there was one awaked him who was accused of murder other than that most of the victims were basically accused of very very petty crimes. And none of these crimes were actually true and at the end of the day did cost play a role in the selection of the people who were picked up by the police yes but the one thing that all of these victims have in common is the fact that they belong to the same cost so it's not like the police picked up suspected criminals who were from a slightly upper caste and tortured them every single suspected criminal that was tortured was of the same cost the oil belonged to the Congo truck asked and that is something that they all had in common and I think there was a lot of play in the background that led to what happened because there was a pall of a tussle between the landlords and the Congo tribes who lived by the River Ganges because these people had been living there for decades but there were people who did not want them to live on that land anymore at the end of 30 and the landowners would have had a degree of influence over police tactics Yes definitely because the one thing that the lawyer who actually campaigned for these victims he clearly mentioned that there was a clear nexus in terms of the police the government the higher authorities the bureaucrats it seemed like everybody on the top was against this entire issue coming out in the open It seems from the reports that the police activity was not necessarily roundly condemned by everybody in Bihar Well yes definitely in fact the public looked at it as an extremely good thing that somebody blowing people like that because according to them it was something that would stop the criminal activities from happening so for them it was not about oh this is a human rights violation or this is something that should not be done for them it was like oh they're criminals and they deserve it whether they have been convicted of the crimes or not was not something that matter to them at that point and it's extraordinary that extra judicial punishments meted out to suspects or whatever flimsy evidence or evidence continues to this day and. Includes blinding Well yes in fact I think one of the most shocking aspects of this story is that the public in general old still adapted that as something that is acceptable to do that with bullets and stories that have come out of bad people have themselves taken law in their own hands and gone ahead and conducted these gangs in fact that was just caught it in the process document itself and in 2017 when that documentary came out it was quite an eye opener for many people which is why he went ahead and won that national award because people actually saw that this is still happening it was on camera it could not be you know just swept under the carpet anymore and it is truly horrific story the cow Many thanks I should add that 18 of the victims of that deliberate brining in the 1980 s. Have since died in poverty while the remaining 13 still struggle to survive on their meager pensions more from the history in just a moment. Tradition of the b.b.c. World Service in the us is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio contact a.p.m. American Public Media with support from Avalanche businesses of all sizes choose Apple or of the simplify their sales tax compliance with real time rates an automatic filing learn more at Cavalera dot com Cavalera CACs compliance done right . Coming up in part 2 of the history of the u.s. Embassy hostage crisis in Tehran a cancer treatment breakthrough and David Bowie at the Berlin Wall. Knew the city and he knew how it was I mean having written that song Heroes and playing that right in the center for learn actually when I recall that moment it's still hits me 1st a new summary b.b.c. News with George McIntosh police in Hong Kong have shot a protester at point blank range during the latest pro-democracy unrest video footage shows the mast demonstrator falling to the ground after being hit in the upper body he's reported to be in a critical condition in hospital police have complained of extensive illegal acts by rioters there have been overnight disturbances in Bolivia's main city led powers after President Evo Morales announced his resignation buses were set on fire on the road been reports of looting Mr Morale is stepped down shortly after the army chief urged him to quit following widespread protests sparked by a disputed election last month Chile's government has announced plans to draw up a new constitution one of the main demands of those behind weeks of demonstrations the current constitution was drawn up under the leadership of General Pinochet the Australian authorities have declared a state of emergency in New South Wales and Queensland as the bush fires continue to rage officials have warned of a serious risk to lives and property in areas around Sydney a judge in Malaysia has ruled that the corruption trial of the former prime minister Najib Razak should go ahead to the next stage Mr Najibullah has pleaded not guilty to offenses linked to the multi-billion dollar scandal at the State Investment Fund one m d b. The campaign group Human Rights Watch says thousands of mentally ill people in Nigeria being abused and kept in chains in care centers researches visited nearly 30 private and state run facilities across the country in all but one they found patients who were in chains the b.b.c. Has found that airlines routinely use a practice which is intended to cut costs but as the effect of increasing carbon emissions the process involves loading up with fuel to save money at destinations where refueling would be more expensive b.b.c. News. Welcome back to part 2 of the history hour with max prison still to come a life changing breakthrough in the treatment of breast cancer in the 1970 s. And Bowie at the Berlin Wall but before that an event which has marked a sea change in America's relationship with the wider Middle East region but principally with Iran on November the 4th 1979 revolutionary students overran the u.s. Embassy in Tehran and took everyone inside hostage a few months later in February 1980 the students invited a humanitarian delegation from the u.s. To visit Iran they were also allowed to meet some of the American hostages Rabbi Hershel Jaffe was a member of that delegation and muscle may ebb to car was the spokesperson for the students as part of the B.B.C.'s crossing divides season Rachel Gilman has been looking back at this crucial moment in the relationship between the u.s. And Iran. In Iran several 100 students have broken into the American embassy in Tehran and holding a number of the staff hostage issued a statement is demanding the Shah is sent home to stand trial in Iran. The Shah the royal ruler of Iran had been forced out of power June the country's Islamic Revolution and the students were furious with America having supported his regime and according to their students they've given him refuge. The Iranian government seems by no means and barrenness by the scenes at the embassy in Tehran and it appears that revolutionary guards and police did nothing to stop the students take over the last week has seen a series of strong verbal attacks on the United States including several statements on the Ayatollah Khomeini when I spoke by telephone to one of the students inside the embassy he stressed that their occupation was not just to press for the return of the Shah who's being treated for cancer in New York the students are also looking for a change in the United States as a trip to Iran the. Student went on to say that he didn't know what would happen if the shot isn't returned but he implied the disk was merely a shoulder strength and of the hostages might be released in 2 or 3 days. But the hostages were released within 2 or 3 days by January 980 they'd been imprisoned for the 2 months at this point the Iranian students decided to invite a delegation of American civilians to see the real Iran the students started making contacts with their their friends in the states other Iranian students who were there they started actually constructing a delegation of American people who would be invited to come t.v. On by the Muslim students following the line of the a mom to visit Iran for about a week and to see the different dimensions of what is actually happening at the cost speaking to the b.b.c. In 2009 was a translator and spokes person for the students were trying to make that human connection by inviting the American people to understand and telling the American people that we have no particular animosity with them we don't hate them but we think that they're not well informed about the consequences of the actions of their government in Iran meanwhile 10000 kilometers away in New York members of the delegation were preparing for the high profile visit to Rabbi Hershel just a was one of them I remember saying goodbye to my wife or my and my daughters Rachel and name I'm kissing them and they said they were scared and I said Don't worry I'm going to be foreign militants for hurt us were there on a humanitarian mission and then we all gathered of Riverside Church and Riverside Church in Manhattan is known as very proactive the social causes that's where I met the other members of the delegation and we were taken to kind of the airport the delegation heading for Iran was a multi-faith creep the I. Being the hostages of any faith could take comfort from the different representatives once the prepared arrived at the airport the students transported them to the hotel from that they were shown around a cold and bleak to Rom are a member of the slums are member of the people periodic as it's for look like hearts they really looked almost like they were despairing and I felt how terrible poverty is in this world and it was our justified the Iranian people I really felt for them the students had hoped to show the delegation just how bad conditions were in Iran thanks they said to the rule of the Shah they were taken to visit different sites we went together to visit a local factory intifada and the workers there started speaking about the problems that they had during the shah's regime because an important issue was to give them a proper image of what had happened during the shah's regime to this country the Shah had wanted to modernize Iran spending his oil wealth liberally but not Muslim at the cost says on the countries well because the Shah was always speaking about these doorways a civilization but these doorways were nowhere in sight for our workers over shocked by the difficulties ordinary Iranians were experiencing Rabbi Jeff a was not convinced about the new regime the bit of skepticism kind of entered my mind because I was wondering if the revolutionaries would do a better job of the Shah You know they talked about rebuilding the nation of the economy it was early on but I didn't see any signs of it but of course the American delegation the most important element of the visit was the proposed meeting with the embassy hostages days passed with visits to the hospital to the cemetery in the slums finally on the 14th of February the students took the delegation to see the hostages. Remember having the presence of mind as the driver to stop and we bought arm candy and flowers to bring to the hostages then here we are in front of the embassy there were the students they look like 11 year old students doing their homework but they had machine guns we were I guess searched and checked out and so on and brought into a room the hostages came in and Paul Lewis and Bill guy goes and they looked nervous how did they know we were exactly maybe it was a set up maybe they were told we were visiting clergy but maybe we're not so I remember breaking the ice with them and say hey guys I guess you bought a new one the World Series and you must Miss McDonald and they sort of relaxed and I remember I brought 3 books and I asked the students would I be able to see the Jewish hostages and they lied to me they said they weren't interested or they were tired or sick or something the meeting came to an end and as the delegates got up to leave the atmosphere changed again suddenly the militants said you clergy people will not let you leave that fast we have to detain you because we have seen one of you receiving a secret message from one of the hostages and they were staring straight at me but sometimes the best defense is a good up and so I said this is an outrage to my clergy person I depend to be searched and they took behind the interior you know the the American embassy is 23 acres they took me way apart from the other Americans and search me real good and I'm thinking of I going to be the 53rd hostage as I left with the sense of you but that the Jewish people have over the centuries you know we laugh in time of sores and trouble and I picked up my yarmulke said you forgot to look under here boys having been allowed to leave the u.s. Embassy seen up to it's the. Back to the us leaving both sides with time to reflect on the visit if we intend to confront violence if we intend to confront war in today's world if we intend to establish and restore a just world order for peace for justice for the betterment of humanity before all we need to engage in dialogue dialogue that would promote a profound understanding between the east and the West I just love people I think it's so important that's one of the reasons I was there because I believe we live in a very troubled world that's descending into one sidedly and we don't talk to people as if they're human so that was very important for me to relate to everybody on that mission and eventually the hostages person to person and that's what I think is the most important thing in human relations the hostages were eventually released after 444 days Rachel Gilman Incidentally we've got an Iranian history collection on our website and included there are other 1st hand stories surrounding the embassy hostage crisis just search online for b.b.c. Witness history collections next a moment in modern medical history which has changed the life prospects for thousands of women in 1905 the Canadian oncologist Dr Viera Peters released groundbreaking data to prove that breast conserving surgery could at times be as effective as having a radical mastectomy her findings got lukewarm support and even open opposition from many of her colleagues in the male dominated medical profession Michelangelo's been hearing from Dr Peters daughter Dr Jennifer Ingram about her mother's determination to improve the wellbeing of breast cancer sufferers we started Mr Gray's treatment in December baby or for drugs I think get worse treatment every 3 weeks premature This is Canadian on colleges Dr v. . Repeat has speaking to one of her male patients in the 1970 s. Documentary about council treatment having completed the drug therapy we're now starting Dr Peters devoted most of her professional life to treating people with Hodgkin's disease like the patient we've just had to speaking to this cancer of the lymphatic system was previously believed to be incurable but Dr Peters was able to prove that it could be completely cured in its early stages with radiation me in print and form and in the cure I try to see it as being really dramatic I think of my mom as being very feminine with a sharp and lovely wit that often she used at times of distress or challenge she also had a strong backbone and was a woman of great resolve this is Dr Peter's daughter Jennifer Ingram who's also a doctor she remembers how her mother took a special interest in how cancer patients even going to see them on her way to family holidays I remember Herb visiting people along our car route up to our cottage 3 hours north of the city we live in and Tronto. And stopping along the way to visit various patients who had become friends who were living through some of the difficulties and recognizing the impact of the treatment on the patient and the family and was very much a part of what drove her to always try to do things better also Dr Peters own mother had died from breast cancer so the interest in breast cancer evolved for a whole variety of reasons issues of being very disturbed by some of the outcomes that she would see from radical surgeries. Trying to help people through that and also by a fascination with the potential curative ability in radiation therapy Dr Peters work to the own Terrio radiotherapy Institute of Toronto's General Hospital the majority of the patients she saw there had already had an often disfiguring and emotionally upset ing mistake to me but the oncologist wasn't convinced that it was always the best course of action and she began arguing for less radical surgery combined with radiation therapy There was however no clear statistical evidence in terms of patients survival rates to back her up so Dr Peters went about compiling the data herself so she worked arduously probably for the better part of 2 years finding the cases that would match the cases that she had treated with this breast conserving surgery and if there was a eureka moment it came from her study in the home we were living in I can picture her to this day she would keep on going back redo the figures one more time and replot the figures by hand one more time and she was able to demonstrate that there was an improved survival with the breast conserving surgery in early breast cancer and it was. Statistically significant armed with her research results Dr Peters then prepared to present them to the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at a meeting held in 1975 Jennifer went along to support some other so was she nervous she was very nervous she. And I shared a room and her presentation was on cue cards. Again it was before the era of rampant use of computers she wasn't a particularly strong speaker so it wasn't surprising to me that she wanted to practice it again and again and I remember sitting in the hotel room listening to her speak to a mirror that tended to be the way we were taught to give a talk to me it looked like a sea of dark blue and black suits all of the men I don't remember seeing a woman there may have been a sprinkling of them throughout and I sat at the back something I in retrospect probably shouldn't have because she looks like a very small figure at the very front. She ran through it and then there was this hushed silence why silence do you think the audience felt threatened by her findings well to that audience I think the more threatening issue was that they would not be encouraged by their patients to continue to do this that their patients would be questioning them and this was an era where physicians surgeons in particular did not broker questioning from patients easily it wasn't the days that we live in now where you talk about the pros and the cons I think the surgeons couldn't help but understand that they were living in an era where women were pushing the boundaries in all sorts of areas whether it was in dating or are social constructs in marriage and fertility and birth control and education all across the board how was it how do you remember her that evening did she come have to fit in all school staff during goes on. Well I don't remember that part and if I did I'm not sure I'd say but I would say that she was relieved to have it over with Dr Peters wasn't the 1st to suggest treatment other than radical mastectomy for breast cancer a number of doctors in Europe and the u.s. Had proposed more localized surgery but she was the 1st to prove that it could lead to similar or better survival rates in 176 Dr Peters retired just a year off to her study had received such a lukewarm reception from many of her Canadian colleagues she was very frustrated with the reception that surgeons got who wanted to practice breast conserving surgery I think I think that was the shocker for me that some of the surgeons were threatened with losing their hospital privileges if they. Dared to do press conserving surgery so I think she was frustrated by how the delivery of medical science to that person is short changed in some cases Dr b. Repeats as has since been widely recognized for her contribution to breast cancer treatment like luncheon finally this week a moment when music helped to make history alongside the concert of Bangladesh in 1971 and the Live Aid event in 1905 which helped to raise money for good causes there is at least $1.00 event which is regarded as having played a role in one of the most dramatic events of the 20th century but this we're going back to a concert in Berlin in 1987 which some suggest was one of the cultural stepping stones on the path that led to years later to the full of the Berlin Wall as Louis said I'll go now reports among those headlining that night was the former resident David Bowie you know fired for thought a lot from what I thought was there's a video statement Bowie. The 3 day concert was held to celebrate 750 years have been playing some of the biggest names in pop music theory is makes Genesis as well of course as David Bowie performing beside the Reichstag building and the 10 foot move that by then had divided and Germany physically and politically between east and west communist and capitalist for more than a quarter of a sentry rock and pop music has an incredible power and the concert for Berlin this may be one of the very outstanding examples for how strong the power of music can be we're talking about freedom here treated of expression journalist Christophe Lentz worked for the only radio station allowed to beam the concert life across the barbed wire and watch towers of the Berlin wall into communist runs. Emily. The concert was big for spotless even it was big and the place was packed with people so if I would have been an East Berlin youngster I would if maybe try to get close to the award and the 1st evening we didn't hear anything when David Bowie played but during the Genesis concert somebody said there were riots and East Berlin and friend of mine told me in East Germany that was the 1st time young people got so sick off their circumstances of living and that dictatorship in East Germany that they started to shout the war must go. Home at one point during his concert David Bowie actually addressed the people of the spending didn't he said in German greetings to our friends on the other side of the world is if he he wanted them to because I guess you want to go back so it was that it was not a good day I doubt that it was 2 years and 3 months after that concept the Boleyn Will did finally full on the van by the Knights 989 polish of the wave of revolutions that led to communism collapsing in East and Central Europe and when David Bowie died in 2016 the German government actually sang to him did it for the PAs he played Yeah yeah that was a treat from the foreign ministry admiring his role he played it and and passed through the drum reunification and I think that's well listen I think I. Was back in 1087 however because of lenses there was little sign that the men to change was coming in the Soviet Union East Germany's main backa there was a new leader. Rituals talking for the 1st time about love dies in the economy and politics and they're going up to the West but in east but live in the old God was still very much in power you used to cross quite regularly into East Berlin Didn't you to meet musicians you had friends there how did it differ from the West East Berlin still looked like a black and white picture there were not much colors in the streets so it was grey dark and almost every building still had the impact of the bullets from the 2nd World War and there was not many buildings that were in good shape and West Berlin was this sort of island inside East Germany was it was that like wherever you drove to there was suddenly a wall right in front of you there was the end of the street that's at and when you wanted to get out of the city you either had the money to take a plane or when you took the car you had to go through in very fortified places where the East Germans were checking your car once when I returned from East Germany and friend of mine gave me it was shot before Christmas and he gave me a cake that his mum has backed as a gift so going across the border back these tremendous x. Rays that cake would you to take that went through a Russian x. Ray machine but the hassle and small injustices that West Germans in counted crossing from west to east pales compared to the barriers that East Germans faced the Berlin Wall you know the figure maybe 170 people died trying to cross and I don't know how many got caught it was just a real fortified trance the radio station that Christophe learns what for Reus the been set up by the Americans at the start of the Cold War by the 1980 s. The station was broadcasting mainly pulp music the target audience was young East Germans and even though it was dangerous to listen listen they did we did not know that during the time when we broadcast the 2 is permanent. How enormous our writings were how could you after the fall of the wall we understood that almost everybody who listened to our station and also listened to that concert the station was determined that East but it should be able to hear the concert life just like West Berlin is could 1st day they had to get permission from the band's Genesis agreed at the 48 hours before the concert but Christoph says David Bowie understood immediately and David Bowie was one of the strongest popular rock stars not allowing any concerts to be broadcast on radio but in this case he knew that made sense he'd spent 3 years in Berlin in the seventy's he recorded 3 albums while he was living that too it is studio that she looking out on to the wall the title song of the album Heroes talks about a couple kissing by the yeah so you know he knew what it meant to. Do the city and he knew how it was I mean having written that song Heroes and playing that's right in the center of Berlin actually when I recall that moment it's still hits me and David Bowie by the way and says that on going to learn I think the day before that. The concept of birds took place on the north side the Reichstag building one of the Linz most important monuments next to it was the Berlin Wall and immediately across the wall the Brandenburg Gate which East Germans would famously preach 2 years later the day off to the Bowie concert you crossed into East Berlin to visit a friend didn't you yes it was his birthday and it was right on the day Genesis play and where you celebrated to spur stay in the afternoon and. Had a cup of coffee and some birthday cake but then that maybe 5 o'clock in the afternoon I had to say that I have to go over to West Berlin in order to emcee the 2nd day often concert and I said to him I wish you could come with me and he said well I have to listen to the radio that's was so absurd that I can cross easily the border and can enjoy things that he can't enjoy that night 1000 East but it is tried to get near the wall to listen to the concert there were clashes with the police trying to stop them and arrests Crystal's friend talked about trying to escape which he didn't do because actually he was so afraid that he would get caught and would end up in jail but then in November 1909 the wall came down what do you remember. What happened as the wall felt in the evening of tonight's the morning of the 10th early in the morning it was like 630 my dog bell rang and. My friend was standing in the door and said. Now we can meet. Yeah. Yeah Christophe lands who still lives in Berlin and is head of the board at Thomson media Germany was speaking to Louise it I'll go and you probably won't be surprised to learn that as it's 30 years since the fall of the Berlin wall we've got a wealth of eyewitness material relating to those events for you on the Web site just search for b.b.c. Witness history that's it for this week though until the next time. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service on k.s.u. Team 4 Corners Public Radio and Southern new tribal radio thanks for joining us this is key as you tick now she Ok you again she oh t.n.g. Durango the farming 10 k. U.s.w. Flora Vista n.k.p. G.s. Pagosa Springs we can also be heard in Cortez make us Silverton and online at k.s.u. . You can stream our signal right there on the website also on the n.p.r. News app i Tunes radio and on to news. 2 2 alone welcome this is news day from the b.b.c. World Service but aren't a lot of clinical. Unknowns demonstrators shot at point blank range during process in Hong Kong in the morning less out. There. But I like. Follow their demands for an independent inquiry into police behavior and Australia a state of emergency declared in the state of New South Wales and quick schemes will sorties prepare for an unprecedented fire danger threatening Sydney. Post. A new study that says airlines could do more for the environment if they didn't carry more fuel than they need for the journey and instable shoes are also asks Who can stop Liverpool now as it takes clear control of the English Premier League he has a theory about the 21 seconds that have determined the season we will put that to the test in about 50 minutes time and the business with will be an all up to the later stories. They be seen use Hello this is Gerry Smit police in Hong Kong have confirmed that they shot a protest during the latest clashes with pro-democracy demonstrators footage widely shared on social media shows an officer firing a pistol at a must man from point blank range activists disrupted transport during Monday's morning rush hour blocking roads and attacking metro stations say McDonnell is there have been clashes throughout the city to die tear gas fired the police say that heavy objects have been thrown down on them from flyovers that protesters have used petrol bombs and they have responded with tear gas rubber bullets and all of this is confirming people's concerns that the conflict here is becoming ever more violent and also we're seeing these when new calls for an inquiry into the police force there's been the unrest in Bolivia following the resignation of President. Several buses have been set on fire and there are reports of looting on the outskirts of the main city Love Her us where opposition supporters earlier attacked the streets in celebration 37 members of the country's election agency including its head have been detained on suspicion of electoral crimes a judge in Malaysia has ruled that a huge corruption case against the former prime minister Najib Razak should proceed to the next stage the trial is linked to a most.
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