Of Latin American countries decrying Morales his resignation it has allowed 20 Bolivian officials to take refuge in the Mexican diplomatic residence in the us Mexico's foreign minister says the events in Bolivia are worrisome and a step backward for democracy in the continent Carrie Kahn n.p.r. News Mexico City a court in the Netherlands is ordering the Dutch government to use all possible means to bring home children whose mothers travel to Syria to join Islamist extremist groups provided it's safe enough to do so in its ruling today the court in The Hague said the children should not be held responsible for the actions of their parents u.s. Stocks are mixed with the Dow up 12227692 this is n.p.r. . Well it's taken more than half a century but the u.s. Congress is now bestowing one of the nation's highest civilian honor is 2 women whose work in the fields of science engineering and math proved invaluable to the early days of u.s. Space exploration N.P.R.'s Trina Williams reports 5 congressional gold medals are finally being awarded the majority to 4 black women being celebrated as pioneers who helped raise the bar at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia Catherine Johnson Christine Darden Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vonn were called human computers their calculations helped put the 1st man on the moon and were instrumental in World War 2 aircraft testing supersonic flight research and sending the Voyager probes to explore the galaxy a 5th gold medal will honor all the women who contributed to NASA during the space race California senator Camila Harris one of the lawmakers who introduced the bill said these pioneers remain a beacon for black women across the country both young and old the stories of the medal recipients were widely recognized in the book hidden figures the basis for the 2016 movie I also read we can do the work over the summer NASA renamed the street in front of its Washington d.c. Headquarters hidden figures way Trina Williams and p.r. News Washington the chief executive of Hong Kong is vowing to spare no effort to put an end to months of anti Beijing protests signaling the possibility of an even tougher police response against future unrest Kerry last spoke to reporters today after another night of clashes between activists and police her remarks are electric to inflame opposition against Chinese influence especially after last week's death of a college student who was mortally injured during a protest this is n.p.r. News support for n.p.r. Comes from n.p.r. Stations other contributors include a little passports and their new science junior subscription for kids ams to inspire curiosity designed to bring projects to life while utilizing new science concepts more at little passports dot com. Ok r.c.c. Would like to thank Phil Long family of dealerships official sponsor of car C.C.'s vehicle donation program which helps k. Or c.c. Generate $50000.00 annually to long dealerships recognize the value k. Or c.c. Brings to the community and are proud to support Southern Colorado's n.p.r. Station serving the community since 1945 Colorado drives for a long. This is the takeaway I'm Tanzania Vega thanks for being with us on this Veterans Day this morning from presumption good to picture I'm going to speech unfortunately speaking of soldiers of the communist national army going up on the 2nd boundaries of all of these of armored cars and behind them by the 10s of thousands the workers militia in their sloppy brown uniforms and bodies are gaps burning an uncanny resemblance to the Stormtroopers of out on 50. 2000 years ago. The proudest boast was. Gee whiz Romana. A day. In the world of freedom. The proudest post is. Being I mean. We welcome change and open. But we believe that freedom and security go together. That the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable. Mr Gorbachev tear down this wall. Right. Now with a leader. There doing nothing but. Moments there from the life of the Berlin wall instructed in 1961 the wall effectively and ideologically divided the city of Berlin and half and served as the official border between West Germany and the communist government of the German Democratic Republic. During the years of the wall about 5000 people successfully defected to West Berlin the number of people who died trying to cross the wall is still a matter of dispute but most historians put the figure at about 140 people in 1909 as popular revolt spread through Eastern Europe d.d.r. Control of the wall gave way and on November 9th border crossings were officially opened and thousands joyously breached the border today on the show some moments of significance for our nation and its military starting with 1961. Andrew Nagorski spent more than 3 decades as a foreign correspondent and editor for Newsweek and covered the up peoples of 19091990 in Europe and he's the author of 7 books most recently 1941 the year Germany lost the war and I asked him to bring us back to the walls beginnings Berlin was in the Soviet sown but it too was divided in 4 ways and very soon huge numbers of people East Germans East Berliners and others from other parts of East Germany were crossing into West Berlin and that effectively got them into the west into West Germany because from there they could take slights and find other ways to to go into the western world and during that period of the from the time East Germany became a state and 148 until 961 when he started building that wall by most estimates about 3 and a half 1000000 East Germans had gone West many of em through to go to West Berlin and it was just the the place was it clothing and that's when they stood suddenly constructed this monstrosity that in effect at least surrounded West Berlin we think of the wall as dividing the city but it also says this was an island in East Germany it made West Berlin an island there that was surrounded by walls and barriers tell us about the different perceptions of the wall or how the wall was talked about on either side in West Berlin versus East Berlin. Well the East the East German government called it the anti-fascist barrier as somehow that they were keeping out that West German fascism as they called them of course that was nonsense West Germans refer to it as the Wall of Shame it became of course a very quickly the symbol of the Cold War and it was especially galling I think for many each juror East Berliners who were so close to an island of freedom in West Berlin but not to be able cross into it they could sometimes watch it on t.v. They could hear the radio as they could even hear the sounds across the Brandenburg Gate and other other places when there were concerts and so forth and yet life in East Germany and Eastbourne particular was as bleak Soviet style life shortages repression and so it became the embodiment of that whole conflict I remember watching news coverage when as a little girl of the fall of the wall and I think there are some folks that might assume that once the wall came down if you will that was it so did communism and that's not exactly as simple as it. Well it's not exactly a simple though that was because the images were so powerful a lot of people think that was that was the major event of $99.00 of course $989.00 was a series of that of events I call it a 5 act play where you had you had movements in other parts of the Eastern bloc that had had dislodged the system in particular in Poland the Poles had had the solidarity movement that had been revived and by by 1989 the economy the communist economy was collapsing popular protests regrowing and they forced the government to effectively negotiate with them and to allow for partially free elections which the government thought oh well we can keep this that will give them some token seats and the ends and remain in power but solidarity won everything and the and eventually they if they worried they got defectors and took over the government 1st non-Communist government so that happens 1st then Hungary next door which had always been you could said the communist government Hungary considers self relatively progressive head and had in fact let allow some of its citizens to go back and forth to Austria next door neutral Austria and East German citizens they cannot travel west but they could travel to what were called the fraternal socialist states in Hungary was one of them they discovered that the boys that on gerunds were taking down the border border barriers between Austria and Hungary and they started crossing into there and that really create the pressure on the East Germans to do something because they were then huge protest in East Berlin half a 1000000 people in early November proof were out there in the streets of of East Berlin there were huge protests in Leipsic and other cities and the East Germans thought well we can liberalize a little bit. They made up a somewhat ambiguous announcement about relaxing travel regulations it was unclear exactly when and then that's what happened on November 9th and everybody just said Ok we're we're going across we're we're not going to wait for clarification's We're going across Now let's talk about some of the other big players at the time Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet premier Yes What was his take on what was happening there were several new factors in the eighty's new leaders there in the Polish Pope John Paul the 2nd that in helped inspire the events in Poland You had Ronald Reagan who had of course famously said Mr Gorbachev tear down this wall Gorbachev believed he could reform the so what he called the socialist system the Soviet system and the but keep Communist Party rule and so he in the one thing that had prevented people of Eastern Europe from breaking away or Soviet tanks or the threat of Soviet tanks they have been numerous attempts in the past carrying uprising that the what was called the Prague Spring in the sixty's and each time Soviet tanks that put it down or local communist authorities as they did in Poland and various protests but Gorbachev basically said we will I'm going to allow everyone to make some reforms to try to make their people happier and no longer threatened them with massive force what he did not understand that once you began to loosen all that and the fear wasn't there then the momentum of these protest movements which had been organizing throughout the eighty's throughout the region became so powerful that it was impossible stop so I think Gorbachev's role in history is it he deserves credit for only there were a few smaller uses of force but not massive use of force but he did not understand the dynamic that he was unleashing. You mentioned that very famous moment Ronald Reagan saying Tear down this wall and at the time that the wall finally came down George Bush was president father Bush right. James Baker was secretary of state what was the United States' position on this I mean in theory you would think we're on board were we we were on board but what was interesting there was this euphoria in 88 especially that moment of the falling of the wall earlier in Poland when when when Solidarity won the elections and for the 1st noncom his government but. George Bush Sr was very cautious in his pronouncements and some people were saying oh why isn't he making a bigger deal out of this and James Baker his secretary of state was also very low key about it but he understood quite early that this was putting Gorbachev in a very difficult position and there were there was fear that if they had that the Soviet Union might move against the try to stop this whole thing and maybe not Gorbachev personally maybe there be military people but even Gorbachev was a bit of an unknown factor and in terms of this and he specifically told Gorbachev when he met him sure in in December right after the fall the wall he said My administration will seek to avoid doing anything that would damage your position in the world in other words we're not going to gloat but on the other hand he also is convincing him don't stand in the way of this Germany will become unified and you're better off with a unified Germany within NATO within Western structures then with some sort of maverick state it was Joe it which you are are semi semi fractured state which who knows what will come of it and that was a hard sell for Gorbachev internally but it but you but Bush and Baker very effectively lobbied for it and working also with Helmut Kohl the German chancellor West German chancellor who went also to Moscow to to try to reassure Gorbachev and the Russians to make this transition happen without any major confrontation so as you mentioned the German chancellor Helmut Kohl did move very quickly toward reunifying West Berlin and East Berlin but what was the ultimate effect of that I mean that couldn't have been a smooth as we anticipated might have been no you had 2 parts of that they were both German. Pretty Boy parts of the country but they were had been under totally different economic systems their standards of living or were radically different for instance one of the things who how did you merge the currency the West German mark at the time was the currency in West Germany very strong currency the East German. Currency like all of the Eastern European currencies were virtually worthless so one of the things Coles government did was say Ok we are going to allow East Germans to exchange their East German marks which are basically worthless on a $1.00 to $1.00 basis for West German marks So some quick fixes like that which cost a lot they ended up spending a huge amount of money on trying to integrate East Germany and a lot of it was clearly wasted too and not handled very well but overall it was a huge gamble that worked. Stay with us we'll have more on the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall but enter divorce I mean. Ask an astronomer Bruce or how Let him to answer your astronomy questions one of future episode send your questions to Mike at Keirsey dot org and listen to looking up every Monday at 9 am and 9 pm or any time at Care c.c. Dot org. N.p.r. On 91.5 k. Or c.c. Is supported locally by Planet granite now planning kitchen bar and bathroom remodels to help listeners prepare for the holidays planted granite offers a wide selection of countertops in the show room at $3020.00 north stone and online Atlantic granite dot us by urban egg now booking holiday parties options include urban egg after hours private dining in the restaurant during evening hours more info at urban egg eatery dot com. With you on this Veterans Day hits the takeaway I'm Tenzin of a guy. We've been talking about Germany and Europe 30 years after the fall of the Berlin wall engineer Gorski spent more than 3 decades as a foreign correspondent and editor for Newsweek and covered the up peoples of 19091990 in Europe he's the author of 7 books most recently 1941 the year Germany lost the war and I asked him whether today we've turned back the clock on European unification given backset Russian expansion and more I think that there were in their rush to expand we remember at the time of the night 91 Germany unified I think there were 11 members of the European Union expanded to 28 now and that's it's a lot to do and what's the balance between allowing states to make their own decisions they maintain their own traditions having some jurisdiction over key issues and and then trying to really squeeze some conformity into this rather disparate group and I don't think they they certainly have not always gotten it right I think we're seeing the backlash to that there's been the European Union has also developed a huge bureaucracy based in Brussels letters resented by many of its citizens as making decisions so often micromanaging various parts of the economy and regulations and I think we are seeing a backlash in both what was the full formally Western Europe informal Eastern Europe. And I think that this is an ongoing process it's not I think the European Union sell. Served a very positive role in a grading the country's drove in the that move or that were liberated from communism in 1909 but that process is far from over and it's not a linear process where it all goes in one direction there are people who are sometimes saying this is too much too much centralization too much control from Brussels we have to respect our national traditions as well and looking beyond the e.u. And the United States 1909 was also the year of the tenement Square protests. Tell us about some of the parallels there the connection between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Tiananmen uprising. Well one of the real jolting juxtapositions was. The Polish elections the 1st semi Free Polish elections for that great breakthrough the supporter can own as a solidary elections will happen on June 4th just as in the next then almost the same newscast shifted to the violence in tenements square and it showed just what a difference it made in terms of whether the Congress authorities were going to fight the those seeking a better life and they freer life or they were going to try to return to manage the changes and give way to the changes if they had to and that was the difference between China and and the Soviet Union. So I think it increased the fears of. I think again getting back to say to George Bush and James Baker about managing the Russians well so that we did not get a Tiananmen Square type reaction to what what was going on in particularly in Germany at the end of the year the only violent place in in Eastern Europe on a large scale in $89.00 was remained where they had a very very very rigid communist regime under Nicholai Cesco classic spot and it was no accident that was that was the one place where the revolution was violent and it was deposed and executed along with his wife. Andrew Nagorski spent more than 3 decades as a foreign correspondent editor for Newsweek thanks for joining us Andrew thank you . My name's Ashleigh and I live in Hollywood Florida it took me a couple years after getting out of the military to find my footing eventually we moved to Boston where I was able to really use my g.i. Bill I got a bachelor's degree from u. Mass Boston a not just out science in another interstate from Northeastern all this no doubt with the yellow ribbon matching from Northeastern on my house in faith and and tuitions payments from the g.i. Bill my total education benefits for just about $250000.00 now I'm getting a Ph d. In nursing at the University of Central Florida on a fellowship I feel like the military gave me so much more than I gave it I'm proud of the hard work I did in the Coast Guard the education cation benefits changed my life the veterans' coordinators of both of my colleges were so patient and always helped me stay on track with the paperwork dealing directly with the v.a. With a bit of a struggle but gusting until the boss and the advocate every veteran. Who probably doesn't remember me but I was a pregnant confused mass when I 1st walked to do with office I made it out the other side with some serious help from him and I'm driving is a registered nurse and mother I tell people all the time if you know a 1723 year old who isn't really sure what they're going to do what they're like 4 years in the Coast Guard can give them the time to grow while they're in and the education benefits to thrive when they get out at this time calling from long term Hayward like it's going to be very hard to jump into the real world especially. For a long service in the army ignorant or close on that life that's one of the reasons some guys don't let go well after service benefits low flying the v.a. Has been fine the real world not so good. 6 girl jobs in 4 years. Hi My name is Robin from Fort Worth Texas I've been out for 1000 years in my in my exit briefing that poor Gordon in December of 2000 we were told we didn't qualify for v.a. Medical care they said that only retirees and those with qualified service related disability at time of discharge were served by being medical care although I needed it I never even tried to get into the system managing my mental health took many years but I'm fine now I never sought help while I was in the Navy whether sure not there was a widespread belief that the n.s.a. Would revoke the security clearance of any service members seeking mental health assistance which in its capably meant last job one wouldn't be discharged but we all spent too much time learning our target languages and job skills to risk it as for work I didn't have any difficulty finding work later I had a job lined up with a defense contractor almost entirely 5 virtue of my Top Secret clearance it helped that the old dude that hired me came from the same tiny community with the military even after they had been out for to Katie 8778 My take is our number this is a takeaway. One time from an honest place to b.b.c. News out today with serious cuts betrayed by the us from President Trump announced he was withdrawing troops who told one of their leaders 50 years after the fall of the Berlin wall we'll examine the legacy of the former East Germany the b.b.c. News Hour today at 1 pm on 91.5 k. Or c c. Now you can tune into 91.5 k. R.c.c. Without lifting a finger just dance your smart speaker to tune in. Programming on $91.00 k. R.c.c. Is supported by Rick's garden center on West you went to featuring house plants succulents and gifts for the gardener plus trees greenery and holiday decor both indoor and out holiday hours and more information at Ricks garden dot com. Going back to the takeaway I'm Tenzin of a guy President Trump's relationship with military members and veterans has been contentious for his entire presidency is that a war hero is a war yours is a war hero presumes capture I like people at war and captured Ok I hate to tell you it's really. Because he was captured Ok More recently Trump has taken on Lieutenant Colonel Alexander vindication then been the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council testified to Congress about his concerns that President Trump pressured Ukrainian president Vladimir Selenski to investigate Joe Biden since then Trump and his allies have attacked bin men again and again questioning his loyalties and patriotism Trump even promised to release damaging information about van men current and former members of the military have become more vocal in their criticism of President Trump and his policy decisions renewing a debate over if and when military officials should break their code of silence for a look at morale in the military in the age of Trump I turned to Missy Ryan a reporter at The Washington Post covering the Pentagon military issues and national security and William Arkin an Army veteran journalist and author of more than a dozen books on the military and William told me trumps critique of the military actually goes back to his candidacy he glam bested Obama's generals in fact as candidate he got away with criticizing the American military in a way that I would think a normal candidate might not get away then when he became president he obviously reached into the ranks of the military retired military James Madison's secretary of defense John Kelly a secretary of Homeland Security Michael Flynn is national security adviser but he soon grew weary of all of them or they grew weary of him Donald Trump doesn't have good relationships with anyone and it seems to me that the military is. No exception I'm not sure I would actually argue that they are an exception there's lots of reasons why the military and Donald Trump are at loggerheads but I don't particularly think it means that the military is one thing or that there is bad morale within the military why do you think the president Mysie is so publicly alienate certain members of the military you know there has been a code in American political life to some extent although there certainly are numerous exceptions that current and even Austin former military officers try to refrain from getting involved in partisan politics what Donald Trump is doing is shrugged off those norms and what you're seeing because of that and because of that policy actions he's taken because of his style because of his erratic policy pretty much for announcements you're seeing this tension about whether or not military officers have a duty to speak out when they disagree with the president but you know I think that at the end of the day most officers well knowledge that you know President Trump was the elected civilian leader and he's in the White House and he's the commander in chief so as long as it's not an order that is unlawful that members of the military have a duty to to carry out his orders Wm the building on that you mentioned earlier and start talking a little bit about more Rao a lot of the officials that are speaking up are either retired or high profile What's your sense of what morale is like on the ground Well it's important that the listeners understand that the military is not one thing there's a Washington military and then in many ways there's the rest of the military the people who serve in Washington and who are in the fishbowl of political life are very different than those who are out there in the field then I think the military is fundamentally mission focused it's fundamentally process oriented and so the consistency to do the math. To soldier on to do it in a way that is following the rules and the and and the operational plans you know that's not being really interrupted out there in the field we'll have more with Missy Ryan and William Arkin on military morale in the age of Trump that's coming up stick with us. We've been talking about military more Raul under the trumpet ministration with Missy Ryan a reporter at The Washington Post covering the Pentagon military issues and national security and William Arkin an Army veteran journalist and author of more than a dozen books on the military and I asked Missy how does the military feel about Trump certainly there are things that Donald Trump has done for the military that are deeply appreciated starting with restoring a larger budget for the military than it's had in a while and you know that makes everybody happy in the Defense Department and the defense establishment but there are definitely a number of things that I think cause grave concern and I would start with as you said his style his policy pronouncements that sometimes you take 180 turns within days there is concern that that creates an appearance on reliability for America's partners and then the 2nd thing and I think even larger and more far far reaching within the ranks is the concern about what trumps attitudes are towards the countries that are America's traditional defense allies and this is when Trump questions the value of NATO when he suggests that the United States might not abide by Article 5 of NATO when he questions the need to keep forces and South Korea or Japan or Germany and more recently we saw this with the incident that you mentioned in Syria when he abruptly announced that he was pulling u.s. Forces from from northern Syria and the perception there of course was that the United States was a Bad to the Kurdish Syrian forces that had been fighting alongside the United States against the Islamic state and so the idea that the United States number one is seen as a bad partner and number 2 actually might not be able to recruit partners that the whole counterterrorism strategy for example is predicated on working with other countries and subnational groups and so that those. Things are it's things that I think are at the core of these concerns that we're that we're seeing within the military and also you mentioned recruitment Mysie I mean some of the critical recruits here are folks that are going to serve rank and file in the military and William you've written about the decline in those numbers and of course that's been happening for years not just under this administration but I wonder if you see some of the tensions that are playing out now between President Trump and military leaders at least the high profile ones the Washington military as you call them whether or not that will have any effect on recruitment efforts overall the irony here at a time when the military is getting an increased budget at a time when the military is being given more leeway where the rules of engagement in military operations are being loosened by Donald Trump is that they can't make their recruitment goals and we're not talking about something which is very big the military needs about 100018 year olds every year in order to replenish its ranks and that of some I don't know 20000000 plus 18 to 24 year olds in American society it can't not even attract 100000 people and that's because of a lot of reasons but the one that I think is most important is that America's youth is not behind the war on terrorism is not behind the American military and the American military as an institution is increasingly distanced from American society and so when I think about Donald Trump or I think about Barack Obama or I think about the future the real crisis is that the American public the American society is not with the American military the American military is increasingly an institution out on its own William Arkin Army veteran author and journalist and Missy Ryan reporter at The Washington Post thanks you both for taking the time to take you thanks. We want you to be part of the takeaways listener response network will send you a few text messages a week about topics we're discussing on our show to sign up just text the word start. $66.00 standard data and messaging rights apply and you can always text the word stop to opt out again tech start the 69866 to join our conversation every day you can also connect with us on Facebook Twitter and now on Instagram where at the takeaway. My dear friend Dr Lori Cohen was an avid listener and supporter of public radio in southern Colorado she made the decision to set aside an important gift for the 91.5 Care c.c. Legacy Fund Lori's legacy gift helps ensure that care c.c. Remains strong and ready to face challenges in the present and far into the future if you would like information about including 91.5 Care c c in your state plans please visit k r c c o r g sincere thanks from her friend t.k. . This is the take away. 40000000 people died in World War one when the world's 1st modern industrial war ended its influence on art and culture was just beginning Farah fish go is the producer and host of w. N.y.c. Shellshock 919 of the Great War changed culture and I asked her 1st why World War One doesn't seem to get the same attention or recognition for its cultural contributions as World War 2 I mean it's a very long time ago a 100 years is a long time and that generation is gone and in fact it was a lost generation even while it was happening so I think we feel more connected to World War 2 when we understand it better and what makes the aftermath of World War One special or different than the aftermath of other wars what I was looking for in the research I was doing about the aftermath was the cultural impact because what makes World War one different obviously is that it was the 1st world war it was big and it was shocking and it was more violent than anybody ever expected people were encouraged to go to war and the men were encouraged to go to war and be strong and powerful and I thought well you know it'll be over soon and then we'll sort it out it's only 4 years later and tens of millions of deaths later it was a huge impact made on everyone and it's been so interesting to look at the cultural stuff that came out of it and also the thinking that came out of it a lot of which seemed to be the roots of some of the thinks we think today. I mean given that it was our 1st global conflict how did it help shape global culture or at least lay the groundwork for what we would eventually call globalization it's certainly reminded people for the 1st time that there was a world and that led to all kinds of other things this of course was the Western world and I think thinking was different in the east than in than in the West but certainly for the Western world this was a defining moment and in addition to just the sense of globalization and the sense that what you do in one place can affect all the other places on the globe there was also this cultural focus on the body after World War One in all kinds of complicated ways and also on the mind and of course shellshock is the kind of combination of the 2 showing you how injuries to the mind can affect the body and not the reverse you know I mean they could happens both ways but this was really the 1st understanding that a traumatic thing could rob you of control over your body speech body movements and so on for example you see all kinds of things happening after the war in connection very specifically with trying to put bodies back together the artist and a Coleman lad making 10 masks for soldiers who were defaced in the war as an example. The takeaway We talked recently about how climate change is spring artists to respond and so we know that culture is affected by major global change and World War one was no different in fact it's spawned different types of art forms one of them was dies I'm what is dies I'm the daughter just or angry and they were not necessarily focused on what Donna is and was it started out as a cabaret act and then suddenly it turned into a movement and the movement was about finding a way to make statements that somehow equaled what they considered to be the shock and kind of dishonesty and difficulty and drama of the war and nonsense was a big word for the Dot It was so they did some nonsensical things created nonsensical art works staged nonsensical actions and so on and that grew later into surrealism So it was a whole long movement and it was directly in response to World War One in fact was started in Zurich which was neutral at the time and so a lot of artists and thinkers went up thinking about things in Zurich and one of the things they were thinking about was how can this be happening and what can we do to respond another movement artistic movement that came out of the shock of World War One was the Bauhaus movement what exactly how would you define that movement. The Bauhaus was more of a utopian strain it was an effort to start over after all the bad house started in Germany and that was not a country that was neutral and that was a country that after World War One was in a great deal of trouble the bathhouse was an effort by Walter Gropius and other architects and artists to integrate the arts and politics and culture in a way that had never have been done before and to participate in some way in the education of creative people they were basically saying we don't want to have anything to do with the forefathers who have created this mess we want to start over we want a clean break we want clean beautiful functional lines and furniture and buildings and we want to control it so we talked about Zurich's role in man and Germany's role in the buy a house movement following World War one but what about here in the United States how did we respond artistically to that moment there was a tremendous range here there was you know this one artist who decided to go to Paris and fix people's faces there were other artists who were much more escapist in the twenty's is largely seen as a very escapist and individual istic era which to some degree it was but there were still serious artist doing work there was also architectural boom certainly in the big cities that there were skyscrapers going up you know elaborate buildings going up in New York and all across the country so that was part of it and that was also part of a kind of utopian strain so there was a whole range from very optimistic we can turn this around we can do it by making beautiful things and then more discouraging movements. We'll have more with w n y c Sarah fish go on the effect of World War one on art and culture coming up stick with us. The takeaway is supported by Newman whose yellow green and red approach to categorizing food helps you make better meal choices with the goal of losing weight and keeping it off for good learn more at noon and 000 m. Dot com and at last whether it's keeping thousands of people on the same page or managing projects from start to finish at last and works to unleash the potential of all types of teams with collaboration saw more at last Ian dot com on the next fresh air we talk about the late comedian Garry Shandling with his friend Judd Apatow who's edited a new book about the comic The book includes photos scripts stand up material and journal pages that reveal the insecurities and emotional suffering the channeling turned into comedy join us today at noon on 91.5 c 7 n.p.r. Station. Programming on $91.00 k. Or c. C. Is supported by the bill in located in the heart of Beulah on Grand Avenue serving a variety of burgers and sandwiches made with natural hormone and antibiotic free beef plus daily selections like prime rib on Friday and French dip on Saturday more on Facebook. Welcome back to the take away on this Veterans Day I'm Tenzin of a guy and we're looking at how art and culture changed after World War one with Sara fish Co The producer and host of w. N.y.c. Is shell shocked 1019 of the Great War changed culture and one piece of that is how Americans change the way they spend money in the aftermath of the great war another one of the big revelations in this period is the idea of presentation that you know when the world becomes a world when there is a world war and it becomes global you realize that if you present in a certain way it has greater ramifications and so the the these 2 things moving in parallel this not this notion of presenting things in a certain way and Freud who was presenting his own ideas about psychology and about the relationship of the individual to the state and civilization as discontents and all these ideas were changing the way people thought about how they could manipulate people and so it really certainly Bernays was thinking about that when he created this thing called public relations and that really emerged as a major force and it's very tied to World War one because it was really in thinking about how to. Create an economy that might be equal to the war economy which ended at some point and then the industrialist didn't know quite what to do that Bernays thought well let's look to Freud Let's talk to my uncle Sigmund that was his uncle and let's see if we can sell people something besides a practical car or a practical item let's see if we can sell them dreams and Freud of course had been instrumental in producing the interpretation of dreams just about at the turn of the century so it all kind of came together in this explosion of ideas and manipulation and then a new thinking that really changed everything did the Harlem Renaissance factor into this or was that it part of an outgrowth of what happened in World War One the Harlem Renaissance is very connected to World War One it's kind of an extension of what started in the black migration and because of World War One a lot of the factories emptied out of men working in them of white men and those jobs could then be filled by people who came north then a lot of black soldiers went to France and when they got to France and were very successful there they began to feel for the 1st time as if they too could be considered Americans but when they came back there was a very unfortunate and terrible racist situation and of course in 1900 and the red summer of 1900 was part of that. So there really had to be the response in New York in particular there was a triumphal March you know with James Reese Europe and the Harlem Hell Fighters and . Everything seemed so united and so good and then this very negative response a very violent response happened and I think the Harlem Renaissance is connected to that in the sense that they wanted to use art. And that is writing and visual imagery to redefine the image of black people that was their goal their stated goal was they wanted to redefine it and so that and that became a very serious movement some of the trends outside of advertising and into film now in the United States that we noticed after World War One were adaptations of Frankenstein The Hunchback of Notre da the Phantom Of The Opera Why was there a demand for these types of stories Well a lot of these older stories from the late 18th and 19th centuries came back because again it goes back to this idea of the body and the face and having seen that much destruction and having lost that many bodies and having seen these these faces these defaced soldiers were very well known in those days they were very they were as widely seen as something could have been seen in those days there were books made with those images and so on I think it's not wrong to to feel that there must have been a reason there must have been a relationship to World War One in these stories being told in these characters defaced or deformed characters had wanted to see them redeemed in some way or wanting to see them play something out because so many of them had died so young so even though it's 20 years later it still seems related and that's one of the big ideas in a book David Luban who's one of the speakers in the program which is called grand illusions and it's about America. American Art in the 1st World War and he brings in a lot of these pop culture influences so that's one of his sort of big ideas is those horror films relate so closely. Why is it important that we remember the cultural movements and that they came from World War One in particular as the United States has now been in a never ending war The Forever War We've been fighting for now for 18 years why this war in particular why should it be remembered particularly for its cultural effect on society I always think it's interesting to know where things start because it tells you so much about that era and it tells you so much about how we understand things now so for me it's important because so many things have arisen and still that started then and to see them in context and to see why they happened and how they happened it seems inevitable that we should be able to understand this especially now we have everything at our fingertips so many books have been written about World War One so many films have taken it on so many people are still thinking about it so many scholars are studying it. And to look at the cultural output of it is just it's just fascinating. 'd is the producer and the host of. 1919 of the great war changed culture READY thanks for talking with us thank you so. Sometimes it's hard to feel good. So I follow the advice of the Dalai Lama and I'm right in line happiness. I try to do things for somebody every day in the hopes that some of. I'm it will come back to me sometimes what you used to expect to get gas. That's our show for today enjoy your Veteran's Day And as always thank you veterans for your service and thanks so much for listening I'm tending a Vega and this is the takeaway. Or are. Or are. 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Locally by John Broome and associates helping over 800 small to large businesses and nonprofits Colorado wide from start up and step up to ramp up or simply get unstuck details at moving innovation Forward dot com This is southern Colorado is n.p.r. Station. Colorado Springs. Woodland Park. From w.h.y. Why in Philadelphia I'm Terry Gross with fresh air today Judd Apatow who produced Superbad and girls and directed The 40 Year Old Virgin and trainwreck he got his big break from comic Garry Shandling who was Johnny Carson's guest host on The Tonight Show and creator and star of the groundbreaking comedy series The Larry Sanders Show Shandling is the subject of appetite his new book which draws on what Apatow found. Belongings after he died in 2016 Apatow didn't expect Shandling to have saved much because he wasn't sentimental for instance all of his awards were in a trophy case that he built next to his washer and dryer. Apatow found boxes of Shandling's diaries reflecting his dedication to practicing Zen meditation and letting go of his ego aspirations and conflict with his obsession to keep sharpening his comedy. Live from n.p.r. News in Washington I'm Lakshmi saying this is the 1st week that the u.s. Houses impeachment inquiry into President Trump goes public the 1st 3 witnesses testimony will be available on multimedia platforms one prominent Republican opposed to Trump's impeachment is the president's former ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley was among the few top aides to depart the administration on apparently good terms with the president he gave her a warm sendoff while others including former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and former White House chief of staff John Kelly got a far chillier exit Haleigh's new memoir raises concerns a Tillerson Kelly sought to convince her to help undermine the president believing it was for the good of the country N.P.R.'s Ron Elving talks about speculation surrounding Haleigh's long term ambitions to pursue the presidency 2024 or possible interest in being Trump's running mate next year she does not take on Vice President pence speaks of him only very respectfully she does not say anything about replacing him but she also doesn't say anything to scoff at that speculation while she does quite explicitly rule out any kind of a challenge to President Trump himself in 2020 so that's going to leave open both a vice presidential speculation and certainly do nothing to damp down the speculation about her ambitions in 2024 N.P.R.'s Ron Elving another House Republican is calling it quits N.P.R.'s Claudia the Seles reports that Peter King of New York says he will not run for re-election King said he's done with the commute to Washington d.c. The New York Republican said he made the decision to leave Congress next year after talking to his family he said he wants to spend more time with his children and grandchildren he'll join a wave of House Republicans serving their last terms in the house King said it wasn't an easy decision after 20 years on Capitol Hill he also made clear he won't be voting for president Trump's impeachment and will support his bid for reelection Clottey Salis n.p.r. News Washington a former British military officer who helped found the white helm.