Day and night as the activists step up their campaign against the Beijing back to authorities Gabriel Gate tanks is at the scene after an initial and intense storming by police at the main entrance of the campus with rubber bullets being fired and lots of fire itself the police now seem to have vanished from the streets and the sound that you might be able to hear in the background is firemen putting out the fires that have consumed 2 of the main entrances to the campus here effective this has been that the police have cleared the protesters away from 2 of the main roads that they're century occupied but the campus itself is still held by the protesters the former Republican mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg says he is sorry for the backing he gave for the stop and frisk tactic used by the city's police under his tenure the billionaire said he believes the policies save lives but that it disproportionately affected black and Latino residents Chris Buckley reports for years Michael Bloomberg publicly supported stop and frisk which gave police in New York City broad powers to search anyone suspected of criminality he even backed the policy after a federal judge said it violated the constitutional rights of some minority groups but in a speech at a black church in Brooklyn Mr Bloomberg city not accepted he was wrong to supporters the timing of his apology won't be seen as an accident there's widespread speculation that he's considering a bed to challenge Donald Trump in next year's presidential election thousands of opposition protesters in Georgia have padlocked parliament demanding that the government quit the opposition parties are now in a united front against the government from Tbilisi Randi metering a crowd of several 1000 field the street outside the parliament earlier this week the ruling party. M.P.'s voted down a law that would have introduced proportional representation ahead of next year's parliamentary elections this was a key demand of opposition protesters in the summer which the chairman of the ruling party promised to introduce the opposition says the government has deceived the nation and called for early elections Bolivia's interim government has had to fly basic provisions into the biggest city law passed as supporters of former president Eva morale is continue to block highways food and fuel stocks are low with long queues outside shops the non-Indigenous protesters want the return of Mr Morale has resigned last week amid allegations of electoral fraud and b.b.c. News the president of Haiti says his country urgently needs international support to tackle a potential humanitarian disaster as months of anti-government protests hampered aid distribution juvenile Maries told the Reuters News Agency that he had no intention of resigning in the face of sustained demonstrations against fuel shortages poverty and perceived government corruption he said he was holding talks with unnamed opposition groups in a bid to create a unity government and end the unrest. Protesters in Lebanon are celebrating what they see as their 1st electoral victory since anti government demonstrations began a month ago an independent candidate has won a landslide victory over one supported by other political factions to become head of Beirut's Lawyers Association Sebastian Usher is there supporters of the protest movement in Lebanon have taken to social media to celebrate the victory of Mohammed health as the new president of the Beirut Bar Association lawyers who backed him chanted revolution revolution while demonstrators welcomed his win as a 1st step towards what they hope will be an overturning of the electoral system that is ensconced a dynastic and business elite in power for decades the American rapper and singer Will I Am is accused of flight attendant on and history and airline of racism the front man for the black eyed peace of the Quantas employee was beyond rude when he missed an in-flight announcement to put his laptop away in a treaty said she had called the police who were waiting when the plane landed will I am said he believed he was targeted as a person of color Qantas has denied that race was a factor the Greek tennis player Stefano since the passes won the season ending a.t.p. Finals event in London beating Austria's dominant team sits a bounce is the 1st ever Greek to win the title and claims prize money of more than 2 $1000000.00 b.b.c. News. And welcome to World Business Report I'm Russell Padmore in a program today Saudi Arabia puts a price on shares and its oil company Aramco but interest from foreign investors is limited turbulence that loss making South African Airways is starved threaten another strike and the tourism legacy Fidelis decades after the assassination of President John f. Kennedy in the sixty's and in the seventy's the general population believed at least 80 percent and conspiracy that there was more than one person involved and assassinating the president and today it's about 60 percent more about the infamous grassy knoll in the Texas Book Depository shortly but 1st Saudi Arabia is a step closer to selling shares in its oil company around Co On Sunday the kingdom announced the price range for the stock which put a value of $1.00 trillion dollars on the world's most profitable company that significantly though below the target of 2 trillion set by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman around Co's i.p.o. Or initial public offering will take place at the stock exchange in Riyadh it seems foreign investors have a limited appetite for the firm and the Saudis are only selling one and a half percent of the company but why float such a small stake a question I put to Julian Lee the oil strategist at the financial data service Bloomberg they haven't been able to drum up the interest from international investors in a bigger tranche they were hoping initially that they would attract investment from North America from Europe and from big Asian buyers and that really hasn't happened because I think that the pricing of the i.p.o. That they were looking for just hasn't been attractive to foreign investors but that is the point a lot of foreign investors seem to be shying away the deal is also rife with political risk the Saudi government does rely so much on around Co for the bulk of its funding. Still control the company the important decisions on production levels taxation and things like that those will be outside the control of the company itself and I think that is a concern for investors I think other concerns are the fact that really all of Saudi Aramco significant assets are in Saudi Arabia there is no very diversified portfolio they have some storage operations overseas some refining operations but the bulk of their assets are in Saudi Arabia and if you look at their dividend policy their dividends are less generous than some of the other big multinational oil companies Royal Dutch Shell Exxon Mobil for example this initial public offering of shares is going to be restricted to the financial market in Saudi Arabia Aramco won't be trading shares in New York or here in Europe was the company and Saudi Arabia shying away from these biggest stock markets there's a number of issues I mean I certainly think stricter rules on transparency are one of the issues I think there are potential problems with the listing in the United States relating to the passage of laws in the United States that would allow victims of the 911 attack on the World Trade Center to seek restitution from Saudi Arabia or I think that would put any shares listed in the United States at risk also this is again a reflection of the fact that the international interest just isn't there well the price range for the shares values the overall company below $2.00 trillion dollars And that just has to be a blow surely to the credibility of the defacto Saudi leader Crown Prince Mohammed bin Solomon he wants to create employment and diversify the world's top crude exporter am I right in thinking this might be a little blow to his plans the 2 trillion dollar valuation that he set on it was. Always very aspirational and I think it's a lesson in publicly announcing a price that you would like to get perhaps without sufficient analysis of what the market believes the company is worth do you think Saudi Arabia by carrying out this flotation of shares or actually recognizing the future the world's turning away from oil it's trying maybe in Saudi Arabia Anyway the government and the crown prince thinking of trying to cash in on or around Co before it's too late One of the prime objectives Mohammed bin Selman put forward when he came to power was that he wanted to diversify the Saudi economy at something that I think is long overdue the economy is far too dependent on oil it was far too dependent on oil when oil was the go to commodity now that it's coming under increasing pressure from environmental reasons I think it makes all the more sense the big worry of course is that they've left it just too late Julian leave from Bloomberg a lot of speculation this could all lead to liquidation of the. Airline s. a Pain I'm talking about South African Airways because trade unions are threat to shut down the entire aviation industry in South Africa after grounding s.a.a. Was grounded for a couple of days over a strike South African Airways is flying again but without agreement with the staff they've been on strike while more industrial action does seem likely s.a.a. Is deep in debt it hasn't made a profit since 2011 and that crisis is blamed on mismanagement amid claims of corruption now its plan to axe almost a 1000 jobs has provoked the staff to strike amid these fears that maybe the airline is headed for liquidation Alan pay for the editor in chief of African aerospace has been telling me how the strikers damaged the airline revenues it's cost them rather a lot of money over the last couple of days and of course there is a risk of ongoing strike action I think the unions are pushing to go a little bit further that surely would alarm the government with the threat to. The overall economy I would imagine it would terrify the government because it will make such a big difference obviously aviation is incredibly important to South Africa and if they went further to involve the Civil Aviation Authority or even the air traffic management systems then that could be really significant for the economy of South Africa can the airlines have only if it suffers huge losses through a strike I think the airline is already in some trouble with in terms of its long term debt I mean it's something around $2000000000.00 now but there are solutions and I think the challenge for South African Airways is that they've come up with some solutions but they've hit problems with the government there's been so much instability in the airline in recent years I mean I think it's the 9th See I think we've seen now in about a dozen years and so the uncertainty in leadership and really the problems with the government in terms of interference stops the airline working effectively there's no problem with the government owning the airline it shouldn't be involved in the management of it and I think that's the trouble when you get government interference in running the airline the airline can only go one way and that's downwards is reviving South African Airways just impossible I don't believe it is impossible I think the current management team and. The acting c.e.o. Has been with the airline for more than 20 years I was talking to her last week and she's fairly confident that actually there is a solution I know she's not going to be there very long and we'll be seeing the the 10th see in 13 years I would imagine by the early part of next year but it's possible to do it but I think it needs to be allowed to do the things it does they do have too many people there they were real legacy airline and when needs to be you know meaner and leaner they could do and they could turn this around what should be done to revive the airline they could increase the level of. International ownership at the moment it's blocked 25 percent but there are a number of people interested we know Ethiopian airlines would be very interested in a stake in South African I suspect there could be people in the Gulf interested in as well and apparently even Virgin's Richard Branson that would take a stake in it so people don't just look at that as a huge loss making thing that's always going to be like that. The thoughts of Alan pay for it from African aerospace. Gems Let's turn our attention to the diamonds industry. Where every. Big. Diamond. Well they may be all famed in songs for years diamonds are using expensive jewelry as you know was one of those processes in industry but in certain parts of Africa diamonds are linked to conflict illicit sales funding rebel groups now the battle to stop the trade in blood diamonds did lead to the establishment of the Kimberley Process That's a body that monitors gems to make sure they're not being used to finance conflict next year Russia takes over as chair of Kimberley following Moscow's recent controversial call to lift the ban on selling diamonds from the Central African Republic Sebastiaan pan diamond experts at 11 sources have been telling me watch difficult to trace the source of gems diamonds and like gold or tin or thanks than all the minerals used in very different industries from the space industry or drilling industry to Jiri and even in jewelry there are very different outlets between pixel size then means that you put on a watch to good biggest in most beautiful diamonds that the princes in Queens of this world where there are many layers and intermediaries from the producer to the consumer much more than any other minerals and finally dying is a cut if you produce a rough diamonds well you can cut that Diamant into many pieces and one piece will be used for the industry another piece would be used for pixel size diamond on the watch and a 3rd piece would be used on an endangered ring so it really makes it very complicated to. Check it from the source how is the Kimberly process working is it being successful it's been relatively successful it effectively banned diamonds coming from every coast during the years of the seal war it had could get now or Zimbabwe and their temporary ban when there were you shoes in those countries and governments cannot asserts where the diamonds are coming from the problem of course is the definition of conflict diamonds because now the customers have become more demanding on responsible sourcing So now the customers don't only want the diamonds do not farms rebel groups they also want that they be no child labor in the mines that no human rights violation either by rebel groups or by governments whatever the Kimberly Process does it forces member states and the industry answers to say the organization to sit down around a table and discuss the geopolitics of diamonds twice a year it can do much better and should be reformed to address the more general issues of human rights valuation Russia takes over the leadership or chair of the Kimberly process from next year what kind of reforms do you think driven by Moscow can we expect to this Kimberley body the recently commission of must go about lifting the ban on the Central African Republic of diamonds and Bargo is both shocking and at the same time it addresses the gorilla in the room Central African Republic is the major issue to the Kimberley Process these days because it's really the only country in the world where they are actually conflict diamonds as described by the Kimberly Process definitions so it cannot be lifted as such the fact of the matter is that that ban is not working at all 95 percent of the diamonds produced in the Central African Republic are smuggled out. So what kind of change is all reforms is Russia likely to drive to the Kimberley process once the country takes over the chair of the body all decisions must be made out of a consensus now the chairman said the agenda and of priorities of discussions saw based on the recently to ration their will wants the process members to address the issue of the embargo in c.r. And it has the potential to divide the members Russia itself cannot conduct a reform without the approval of all of the members analysis from Sebastien pens that Levin's sources now cue the dramatic and scary music *. In the best traditions of the entertainment industry this dramatic music has probably primed you to be on alert for a skit. And I do have a warning for investors in the last week 2 ominous patterns of trading have emerged at the Nasdaq technology led financial market which previously signaled a big fall in shares these patterns even have worrying names the Titanic syndrome has signaled every crash since 1907. And the Hindu gomen has been viewed as a signal to sell since the 1960 s. It's time to worry then Peter John Cowles because it Oprah investments in Chicago dismisses these ominous signs saying investors should focus on the facts revealed in economic data these sorts of stories pop up frequently every once in a while one of them by coincidence lines up with an actual market movement and for a brief period of time whoever developed that will have some notoriety but realistically there's no fundamental link between these sorts of price movements and what's actually going to occur in the market sounds quite frightening when you talk about the Hindu illumine all the Titanic syndrome the kind of thing surely that might make some investors thing well I shouldn't really believe him but maybe it sounds so evil I better look carefully Well certainly it does 'd grab one's attention to talk about those 'd events but there really isn't much sense to be paid looking into those you have to remember of course the history does teaches lessons those lessons often ignored it you'll peril that is true but I would argue that those lessons are generally based on the fundamentals of the market and where those move rather than any particular pattern in prices that one sees the market recently has been on a good run everything has to come to an end it's possible that these are all signals of maybe problems ahead even though those problems are ahead because the market is looking at many challenges such as the trade wall between Washington and Beijing worries here in Europe as well indeed there certainly are legitimate reasons to be concerned about the market the ongoing dispute between China and the u.s. Being a lead one and as you indicated certainly issues in Europe as well principally Breck's it but also just the general state of weakness in the European economy and then on top of that of course you you also have. Situations in the Middle East with Iran lashing out from time to time there's ample ample things to be worried about but there's also 'd an old saw in Wall Street that bull markets climb a wall 'd of worry you know bottom line is that there are always worries out there the question is when do they latch on and really have a meaningful drag on the economy so investors need to ignore all these terrible omens like the Titanic syndrome all the Hindu gomen signals maybe of the past of future problems if you look at things like for example Germany just a few days ago now really escaping recession it's those signals about the market that count then absolutely absolutely You really have to look to the fundamentals that's really why people are so concerned about the u.s. And China squabble because it is showing up more and more in the economic data certainly within China and from time to time here in the United States as well I do know the historians look back at particularly the American stock market and to draw in lessons from the past which apply today never mind these great warnings about omens and syndromes there are lessons that need to be learned from that which is very valuable from our most recent bubble here anytime the credit gets extended too far there's always a chance for that to reverse itself and versus quite dramatically people are seeing signs of those sorts of extensions now not in the market for real estate but I've seen some stories lately talking about how extended individual consumers are with their new car purchases that's something that warrants attention and continual looking at monitoring pieces so when you see warnings like. Ohman on Titanic syndrome appear on your screen is your 1st thought look for the x. Box and yet. Yes Very much so very much so. At least we may be warned maybe yes maybe no pay to Jankauskas in a book investments in Chicago now let's take a walk through history in general 961 President John f. Kennedy took office in Washington a young leader starting an era that promised to reshape America and oh my fellow America and ask not. What your country can do for your care what you can do for your country. Less than 3 years later in November 963 the man dubbed j.f.k. Was seeking reelection and the campaign took him to Dallas and tragedy but the moment you know where you're from Dallas the room the emergency room where President Kennedy why after being taken from the dollar recorder where he would say that he you know. Well the assassination of John f. Kennedy shook the world and of course the city of Dallas in Texas will be Harvey Oswald the man suspected of shooting the President was killed by a gunman with links to the Mafia and the drama took a new twist to a case later we've come to know the Texas Book Depository the grassy knoll and Dealey Plaza and sites like these are still attracting tourists this week a stylus marks the anniversary of the death of John f. Kennedy the city's expecting many visitors which does bring a boost to the local economy they call along for this the chief executive of the 6th Floor Museum which is in the building where the fatal shots were fired from well fascination in 1963 had a devastating effect on the city of Dallas it was known as the city of hate and for many years it has tried to erase the stigma of being the city where the president was killed Dallas has been a very progressive forward looking city and has grown enormously since 1963 it's changing rapidly it's a painful reminder constantly as Dallas has grown on to bigger and better things it was a tragedy but how is Dallas taking advantage of the continued interest in this tragedy through tourism there's a natural interest in the subject from all over the world so they have embraced what the 6th Floor Museum does as a place where visitors come and springboard for them to explore other aspects of the city. So they can get deep cultural exposure to historical events then wander around the city as it's continuing to evolve and is truly multinational where do the visitors come from who go to the 6th Floor Museum there in Dallas are they probably from elsewhere in the United States maybe there are a lot of foreign troops as well about 15 percent of our overall attendance which is over $400000.00 a year about $15000.00 international mostly from Canada Mexico Australia and many from Europe from Germany Belgium France and sometimes Japan and China what events are being arranged to mark the anniversary of the death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy this week. The 6th Floor Museum is doing for special programs called 4 Days in November and were bringing a wonderful lady called Ruth Paine who took in Marina Oswald up and which is just north of Dallas a suburb of Dallas and she has spoken out very rarely of the yeahs and believe it or not after all these years we're still capturing new stories and memories and perspectives for future generations Maureen rosewater of course is the wife of the man who was accused but never got to try the killing of President Kennedy we live in a much more modern digital era today does the museum attract a lot of visitors on line as well as in person actually not most of our visitors are on site we have a robust website with lots of content but most people prefer to come and experience Dealey Plaza and the insides of the Texas School Book Depository and our exhibition is the sort of feeling among visitors and other people that a coverup took place and the United States government was involved in some sort of conspiracy to kill President John f. Kennedy. I think there are many people that still believe in conspiracy we don't go into conspiracy very much beyond. The most popular all of which have been debunked but as far as the general population in the sixty's and in the seventy's the general population believed at least 80 percent and conspiracy that there was more than one person involved and assassinating the president and today it's about 60 percent that's interesting isn't it is still people doubt what really happened Nicola Longford chief executive of the 6th Floor Museum in Dallas now if you missed any of the program in the last hour you can still catch it again without podcast just type b.b.c. World Business Report into your change and to find the Podcast. Today more here in London that's where we close this business report. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the u.s. Is made possible by American Public Media with support from Baird celebrating 100 years of financial partnerships with individuals businesses communities and institutions more information at Baird 100 dot com and Cronos providing solutions for the modern workforce and the people who support them learn more at. H r swagger. Coming up on the b.b.c. World Service with me via aria is the compass documentary series on the Cold War legacy 30 years on from the fall of the Berlin wall countries around the world are still feeling repr questions in this program from India I'm finding out about the fight to stay independent from both superpowers by forming new alliances the Cold War legacy from India is up next after the news b.b.c. News pro-democracy activists have been forced deeper into Hong Kong's Polytechnic University after a night of clashes in the streets around the building protesters set fire to the main entrance as officers tried to force their way in those fires have now been extinguished Haiti's president says his country urgently requires international support to tackle a potential humanitarian disaster as months of anti-government protests aid distribution in the country just now Moyes said he was holding talks with opposition groups in a bid to create a government of national unity. The former mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg has apologized for the strong backing he gave to police stop and frisk tactics the billionaire who might run for the Democratic presidential nomination said the policy disproportionately affected black and Latino residents and was a mistake protesters in Lebanon are celebrating what they see as their 1st electoral victory since anti-government demonstrations began a month ago Malcolm hollar for an independent candidate has won a landslide victory to become head of the Beirut Bar Association beating a rival supported by the political factions thousands of opposition protesters in Georgia have padlocked the entrance to parliament in Tbilisi demanding a snap election opposition parties were angered at the decision of deputies belonging to the governing party to vote down legislation to introduce proportional representation the American rapper and singer will I am as accused a flight attendant on an historian airline of racism he said the Qantas employee had overreacted by calling the police following a route that had begun after the singer missed an in-flight Tannoy announcement to put his laptop away and the great tennis player Stefano sits about says when the season ending a.t.p. Finals event in London. I am this is the b.b.c. World Service and you're listening to the compass on the Cold War legacy of 5 bought C.D.'s taking the site please glance at the Point One from countries you may not have thought affected 30 years on from the fall of the bulletin board. I'm Viviana Avia examining the delicate interplay of diplomacy that India navigated during the Cold War India tried to not because side between the superpowers moving close to the u.s. They at times and close to the Soviet Union at other times. Indian cinema depicted friendly relations between a Russian circus troupe and screen I can draw in this classic film made on Joker released in 1970 and man. Oh. Man hollow Masa audiences in both Soviet Russia and India Albert exposed to each other's language for the 1st time in this now famous exchange. That you. Do With 100. Russian trapeze artist Marina says this emotional goodbye to the main character Raja asking him in Hindi are you crying and then explaining in Russian that we say that's with Anya and look this is the Daniel we shall meet again today it was a visible effort to promote in do so with relations during the Cold War There are lots of clues pointing to this historical friendship dotted around India Today I'm looking for another one of them at a park in new to. I don't know it's such a huge park and I can't see it anywhere I don't know where it is. We've asked a couple of people and no one really seems to know where it is so it's clearly not very popular. It is as solitary or had imagined just nobody around just a few crows I'm in front of it all brawn statue of Lenin. Lad emir Lenin the Russian revolutionary who had it the Soviet Union when it became a one party communist state in 1922 he is known both as a champion for the poor and as a leading in a quarter dating regime responsible for Moscow leagues it says Lenin in English and then blame it on in Hindi script and of course we see Lenin in his trademark creepy sort one hand on his hip. And looking straight ahead. I can see a group of young people just a few feet from me I'm going to try and find out if they know anything about him and if they care. Of you from the b.b.c. We just wanted to speak to you about the statue that you know anything about it. Have you heard of Lenin. No not John Lennon. Yeah Ok your bottom line in. Every word you've heard of and what you're talking about do you or do you not read doctor and everything boggled by helping people up and what do you what do you think of him I support his view it's do or certain experiment the good about him is that I love the fact that where he more or less is to be put against something that you know was wrong clearly wrong but. I think his intent and his views were coming from a good place and the foundation of his belief was correct and if it would have been perpetrated in the right manner things would have changed for the better and what do you think of the Left parties in India right now the Left Party or is very much misunderstood because I have seen anybody would left abuse automatically stormed the nationalist So I feel the left view or the Left ideology is not understood at all in this country I am covered that Krishnan and I am a member of the political bureau of the Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist I was born in 1073 and I was born in which was the steel plant steel township This is in central India so this isn't the state which is now called took these girls the steel plant is still there but it was set up with Russian collaboration so in fact there were a lot of Russians in the Dollman when I was brought up the would regularly come to live in for quite a long while to sort of help with the plant and so we my parents learnt Russian The attended Russian class they learned Russian We had children's books which beautiful wonderful quality in the book literature as well as signs they would have these book gaps and I still have many of those books even now at home I'm talking to Governor offices in one of the back streets of bustling Delhi the left have recently self. Electoral defeats in India but this does not deter hope belief that they will one day come back I became a communist in the early 1990 s. Immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union I felt as though one has to be concerned about what was happening to India's workers what was happening to India's women we didn't think that Marxism and communism was only about the Soviet Union the media propaganda declared that capitalism was entering India globalization was entering India the Indian youth only wanted jobs and they have no interest in socialism communism is dead capitalism has won it's the end of history that was what we were full of I was among the young people who would attracted to the left precisely in that period but the current state of the left is a far cry from the huge popularity it enjoyed in the past this stretches back to the birth of India itself in 1948 in the Independence Day was also a day overjoyed comedy was crowds filled the streets celebrating singing about India's 1st prime minister. Speaking on one of his little trips to England have come now and the love that was a long job in the last 5 weeks have been public about various parts of Europe and Asia. I'm glad Nehru had a strong socialist regime for this newly independent country. Welfare thank you so much we've come to the beautiful courtyard home of a man who actually worked with many as one of the 1st intakes of Indian diplomats in 1049 he was also foreign secretary from 1902 to 85 serving and in that advantage. At 95 years old now a frail but immaculately dressed and looking striking with his full head of white hair Maharajah Krishna still amazingly has to shop the stuff. Memories of those times and of names himself that time we were only about 90 percent in the Indian diplomatic service I saw a great deal of him the man of that nobility sort of perception of the world which I don't know how he gathered it how he got it he was educated of corporate average but his thinking was governed by old Indian thinking traditional. Which laid great emphasis on the necessity of peace looking at the entire world as a home common home of all humanity and he wanted to help for those ideals the national government of India spearheaded a new movement during the Cold War known as the policy of non-alignment they brought together over $100.00 countries former colonies and developing countries including Cuba Iran and South Africa which decided not to take sides but draw the bush for their own autonomy while maintaining relations with both the Soviet Union and the u.s.c. So as not to be dictated to by either of them he was a man for independence is he 12 year old in British jails. Then he become prime minister of this country and the spirit of independence was also working on a mine or why should I be bound to another country or group of countries policy India's he thought was essentially against Weiland and wall he was Gandhi's disciple worked with them the best part of his life he was what does a scholar say that wasn't meant to make up. It was a policy of not neutrality not taking sides in line with India you taught right and also India's president their interest with your development in a choice between guns and butter India during narrows dime through the fifty's and early sixty's was formally focused on bottom as the country faced famine and huge poverty. My thought I'm ripping the cover from a newly published book My is a rubber doll a thing. So that the book power and promise the India's foreign policies during the Cold War very recent and you've got this really nice Indian checkered plot on it. So that's actually quite interesting it's really a metaphor for this is an old engine came apart cheesy it's called the Indian equivalent of chess so to speak so the metaphor here is that the dominant image we think of the superpowers battling it out on the chess board and India is one of those pieces but here it's India's sort of also in its own small way playing some sort of a game and this book is really a story about how that game played out over a 2025 year period that I took into Zurab or took a research interest in India's game playing during the Cold War and explains how the policy of non-alignment that is not taking sides was no easy feat in fact it was a tricky interplay of diplomacy carefully playing one superpower off against another to achieve the best outcome for themselves and their own club of countries India after 200 years of colonial rule is finally Corus liberation got its sovereignty and it wasn't going to let the Cold War Just suppose that completely because the choice being given to India and many of its peers was you have to join us that if you don't join us you simply cannot survive important archives were used in sort of Us research So India has a rather archaic and disappointing process of declassifying historical documents in fact for the most part they don't really do so the reason why we do know much of what happened in the 1950s is because of the Jalan arrow papers which are housed in the Timor the museum and library which is one of the. A mere archival institutions in India he recommends we go and see the narrow papers for ourselves to show the stance that never took to stand up to pressure from the Soviet Union. Inside the National Library amongst the musty you will books and manuscripts there are all letters of to fall to recently made available for the 1st time to reveal some of the power dynamics that went on behind closed doors during the Cold War era take this top secret telegram I'm holding now written in Old typescript on yellowing paper it's written from India's ambassador to Russia at that time he's responding to a meeting the ambassador had with Stalin with Stalin inquires about India's position in the world to which NATO states. Stallion's questions about India's independence sure lack of understanding of a completely independent status in regard to everything foreign domestic political military economic and trade we have no commitments of any kind which bind us. Never was determination to maintain India's independence to peace and coalition building made before his successors more forthright approach to world security following his death in 1964 in that are Gandhi Nehru's daughter served 4 terms from 1966 until her assassination in 1984 under her leadership guns took priority over bottle what happens is many of those balance of power ideas that it lead sort of dormant in the fifty's surface quite strongly in the night in sixty's and India is able to or does exercise a lot more strategic options the people with Moscow particularly to build up itself militarily because many of the modern arms that were coming in. Offered by the u.s. Block were coming with either strings attached which were insulting to India's identity or they weren't even on very good terms as well in 1971 there was a war between India and Pakistan which led eventually to the creation of Bangladesh we can only say that you know we have been doing and we will continue to do everything possible to ovoid and frankly India asked the u.s. For help but it was not forthcoming the us with keen to keep Pakistan as a close ally has to also. Look to articulate Krishna to school tried remembers the crisis India feast at that time as millions of refugees boarding from what was then East Pakistan Russia stepped in to offer support to India and it led to the signing of the in the Soviet treaty of peace friendship and cooperation when Pakistan that's Pakistan was. Darting out of genocide and he's been more United States ally of Pakistan ignored the genocide he was pressuring us 10000000 East Bengal you had come in to India I was in Washington at the time I was told to see India traditionally has taken great migration so what with 10000000 people you could take it will help you financially. But the well go thing to say at the time when we were under the pressure up so what did we do with with an old we forded it passing a law on through this all good union and that must have angered the United States it came in Washington as a bombshell I returned that door bell foam and water that happened. And Nixon the reaction was Well he used to call new a secret common if you think that these people scoundrels and if you're. They're called India all kinds of names and all schools under libel fellows we know why tolls. So. We sort of quietly. I must say I enjoyed that situation that induce away a treaty leaves a legacy still to this year a deal was signed for Russia to open a Kalashnikov factory in India and Russians are still supporting India's military infrastructure also the Cea India has been hosting this event I think the 1st edition of Moscow's competition over. The army games are usually held in Russia but this year India have been hosts for part of the competition which saw 6 other armies including Russia Belarus Kazakhstan and his biggest fan come to India to compete in events such as never gave Shannon survival skills the obstacle course there is competitions mounting the helicopter to infiltrate behind the enemy lines Hello develop I am a man and I am this box person for the ministry of defense and they're going to learn and what are these games and which games or which skills do you think India is going to excel at I think this is the most competent of event I'm going to return as between these countries in my professional career of 25 years yes but we had a home team so there would be we have an advantage being the home team we have an advantage 3 I'm not saying that we have an advantage but I think generally speaking any pm who is playing at the home of would understand the place. Better So I think this is generally. Don't think so that this seems to be really elaborate exercise why is it important for India to host a part of the event what is there to gain in that and is that a diplomatic move or is it a military move to that help the army or does it help the diplomacy there is a definite. Advantage because you learn good practices you work in different range you interact and get with other armies of the world is like up your heart and soul put into a competition at the end of the day you have your certain cases you have bled together and then you retire together do you know common activities and there is a lot to gather from there and we are engaging all major countries and neighbors in such military activities so are there other events organized by other countries in the United States which we participate in and therefore get a chance to interact with their military and you know see all of these skills and test them so we participate in in military activities exercises we call them with America with us for all 3 services Army Navy Air Force we engage with them at different times I will not be covering that So who are the favorites to win these games. I think you're asking a serving military officer of the Union Army you have to still answer the question . Who's been who's been in the past so Russia has always been this even in the past . So far we've been hearing about diplomatic links between India and the Soviet Union what about the United States well after 11 years of hardly any dialogue between the 2 countries relations between them started warming up in the 1980 s. 11 years after the 971 war according to Christian out of school but the medical but the kid of moment Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger was very keen to find reconciliation with India. I thought infected Reagan was the president he was invited in the Gandhi to bury state with the 2 Washington the so the 1982 in the on the wall brilliant guy thing to do that but the advisor their own. Other than me said you shouldn't go for the insult you abuse your the started. I told her I was our foreign secretary was to meet her every day more I said normal because they will adore you you go there and the day that the Reagan walks to make up with India and we should respond positively She overruled outgrow the 3rd wiser except preventive detention and staged a visit with event of beautiful on u.s. Indian relations have continued to go from strength to strength another turning point followed the fall of communism in 1991 which going sided with an important date in Indian history the start of market liberalisation. In a ring brief from the scorching heat of Delhi. We take a tiny lift up to the 4th floor of these newspaper offices to meet an experienced commentator of India's current foreign affairs policies I am Science in the header I am the diplomatic editor of The Hindu as well as its national editor look at its national editions and I worked in television before this for about 25 years but a focused mainly on Indian foreign policy particularly in the subcontinent in the recent past where the Nonaligned Movement has become more or less you know especially with the collapse of the Soviet Union non-alignment essentially became synonymous with anti Americanism that was never the original idea but was in the Nonaligned Movement about not taking sides Well let's put it this way sometimes history turns out differently from the way it is in vision and certainly I think if you look at most of the Nonaligned Movement members at the forefront These were essentially countries that did eventually come closer to the Soviet bloc now the truth is that non-alignment as an idea lost a lot of its dillema in the early 1990 s. And that was because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and more and more people were saying there is a new sheriff in town and that's the United States India is reforming its economy needs to go much further with the u.s. Than it has ever gone before and Indian foreign policy changed and India's economic policy changed as well so we had a little whole round of liberalization and we opened up the economy did that bring us closer to the United States what warmed the 2 countries up Absolutely I mean the truth is what did the collapse of the Soviet Union show us it sure does the Soviet model of economy was not going to be seen as a success story and we had our 1st big crises with the gold reserves having to be sold and you know so India internally began to see that its economy. Would just be a reason for it to fall apart and the sudden realisation that India would not grow without energy in today's New World Order the u.s. Sees India as a stabilizing force in the region but currently there are a number of sticking points including on trade tariffs and India's oil imports from it on the United States for example has told India don't buy Iranian oil don't allow the Chinese telecom major highway into your country for the 5 g. Network don't buy s 400 from Russia you have Russia making it very clear that if you cancel your defense deals with Russia because of pressure from the u.s. They will also have issues with that in the recent past we've seen Russia actually causing up to Pakistan for different deals so you're seeing this happen again and again there on various issues nobody is saying take this from me and take that from the other they're saying you're going to have to come to the goofing on this side of the movie on that side so India once again finds itself trying to negotiate between the u.s. And Russia while strength to fight for its own interests covered that Krishnan from India's left wing sees this as a major problem facing her country India is a huge potential market right let's be very clear that what does an Obama what does a trump see when they look at India they look at India with the Big been focused on as a market for their companies they are not looking at India as an emerging political power so these same nice things of course about deserving a place at the u.n. Or you know u.n. Security Council and this and that but that's very different from what the reality is there for for India to be taken seriously on the global stage and to sure real influence and power so Hosley Heather believes that India will have to once again show leadership as NATO did during the Cold War and form new alliances. Navigate current power dynamics if it wants to achieve the best outcomes for India and fight the wars of the future is India going to have to choose one over the other or is India actually going to have to reinvent some version of the nonaligned movement to build a coalition of like minded countries like Germany or Japan or Korea and say hey I don't want to have to choose and I don't like the idea of a world where everybody is going to have to go into blocks once again as they did during the Cold War and choose their sides that would be very ironic and I do would be but the fact is that India today is once again in their position because it's the us on one side and Russia and China on the other are essentially beginning to square up for another fight for the next century the fights are over technological issues you have a situation with data for example these are all fights for the future artificial intelligence once again cyber warfare you are going to see a whole series of new age areas of contestation in a situation like that India is really going to have to look once again and see where its interests lie India schoolboy legacy was presented by me the aria and the producer was Nina Robinson the next program in the Cold War legacy series will be coming from where Andrew Harding will be visiting Africa's largest battlefield during the Cold War. You're listening to the b.b.c. World service whereas that Brophy is in Cameroon. That the cell was a quarter of the plant that is made by foreign Sudan one of the most successful pointers in mixed martial arts. Was having spent 14 months on the market rose a year we followed him back to his village in Cameroon where he's inspiring the next generation Cameron's champion at p.c. World Service dot com slash documentaries. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Washington Post Antony So as more our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports from Brazil Well our Europe regional editor Mike Saunders is here in the studio America's editor Countess peered began by telling me about on air online on the smartphone smart Speaker this is the b.b.c. World Service the world's media station. It's 2 o'clock g.m.t. I'm Jacki learned this is the news room from the b.b.c. World Service a tense standoff is continuing at the Polytechnic University in Hong Kong where police have surrounded pro-democracy activists they have all control doesn't it in this huge cordon so protesters even those who wanted to leave those who haven't been participating in any of the 5 nights they were unable to leave the winner of Sri Lanka's presidential election guitar Rajapaksa says he will be the leader of all regardless of religion or ethnicity but for many he remains a divisive figure pretty at the lead over them but we see we feel very angry he's destroyed in the many families our children learning to see their disappeared fathers also in the program and as you draw by restoring the sword to Senegal from celebrates of the same time its own greatness as well as the and dignity of a fighter France returns the saber of say to tell to Senegal. Hello this is futile McDonald at the b.b.c. News pro-democracy activists continue to occupy parts of Hong Kong's Polytechnic University after a night of clashes at one stage the protesters set fire to 2 of the entrances when police moved into the campus from the scene here's Gabriel Gate House after an initial and intense storming by police at the main entrance of the campus with rubber bullets being fired and lots of fire itself the police now seem to have vanished from the streets and the sound that you might be able to hear in the background is firemen putting out the fires that have consumed 2 of the main entrances to the campus here the effect of this has been that the police have cleared the protesters away from 2 of the main roads that they're century occupied but the campus itself is still held by the protesters. He's president says his country urgently requires international support to tackle a potential humanitarian disaster as months of anti-government protests hampering aid distribution in the country juvenile movie said that he had no intention of resigning in the face of sustained demonstrations against few shortages poverty and perceived government corruption. The former Republican mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg says he's sorry for the backing he gave for the stop and frisk tactic used by the city's police under his tenure the billionaire said the policy had disproportionately affected black and Latino residents Chris Buckley reports for years Michael Bloomberg publicly supported stop and frisk which gave police in New York City broad powers to search anyone suspected of criminality he even backed the policy after a federal judge said it violated the constitutional rights of some minority groups but in a speech at a black church in Brooklyn Mr Bloomberg city not accepted he was wrong to supporters the timing of his apology won't be so.