And from hostile attacks from abroad the sovereign Internet law gives the government wide theoretical powers to restrict Internet traffic but experts say it's unclear how these powers might be applied or how effectively they can be implemented potentially the Kremlin may be able to switch off connections completely to the worldwide web a spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Communications however so that users won't notice any change the impeachment investigation into President Trump has moved to a new more public stage after a vote along party lines in the House of Representatives Democrats won the vote by a margin of 36 Republican said the inquiry had been undemocratic with more details from Washington here's Chris buckler behind closed doors congressional committees have been gathering evidence and hearing testimony nor the process to investigate allegations against a president has been given the formal backing of a majority of the u.s. House of Representatives and that vote moves this inquiry into a new much more public affairs Donald Trump is accused of trying to pressure Ukraine into starting an investigation into his potential presidential rival Joe Biden purely for domestic political reasons the president denies that and his alter what he called a witch hunt by the Democrats a mystery International says it is evidence that the Iraqi security forces are using far heavier tear gas grenades the normal against protesters leading to several deaths in recent days in Baghdad a protester was killed and Thursday by tear gas canister With more here's our Arab affairs editor Sebastian Usher horrifying videos have circulated during the mass protests in Iraq this month of people hit in the head or chest by tear gas canisters Amnesty says that scans made by doctors in Baghdad have showed fatalities caused by entire canisters embedded in the skulls of protesters the canisters have been identified Amnesty says. As modeled on military grenades and up to 10 times heavier than standard protesters have also said that the smoke committed is different and more toxic than normal tear gas North Korea says it has successfully conducted another test of super large multiple rocket launchers the North Korean news agencies of the tested verified that the rocket launchers were able to totally destroy a group of targets earlier the South Korean military said Pyongyang and find 2 short range projectiles towards the Sea of Japan b.b.c. News u.n. Agencies are calling for urgent help for a record 45000000 people in southern Africa facing severe food shortages in the coming 6 months they say immediate help is vital this report from Alexander Schlichter the top official for the region at the World Food Program says the drought is the worst in 35 years adding that meeting the pressing food needs of millions is not enough what's needed is long term investment in building the resilience of those threatened by ever more frequent and severe droughts floods and storms the u.n. Agency has warned that climate change is an existential threat to southern Africa which scientists say is warming at twice the global average a Gambian beauty queen is accuse the country's former president of raping her because she refused to marry him giving evidence to Gambia is truth reconciliation and reparations Commission found 2 giallo said Mr John May had assaulted her in a locked room to punish her the commission was set up to examine the alleged abuses by Mr John during his 22 years in power. The Brazilian Navy has sent more ships to try to prevent the pollution of scientifically important coral reefs in the a brawl your stock you pal ago marine park by huge spill of crude oil to frigates have been deployed a few 100 kilometers north of the islands off the coast of by a estimate to join a task force of 10 ships scientists say the thick sludge of oil that's washed up along 2500 kilometers of coastline would have a devastating impact on the 5 small islands of a brawl Yost's. A 50 kilometer long wildfire is advancing over across Brazil Southern panda Now tropical wetlands the area is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and a major tourist destination officials say more than 500 square kilometers of land have been burned b.b.c. News. For. Ok. Ready. Well I could have saved that exercise really test your core doesn't it now is quite possible that you have done a bit of a workout already today. But have you had a healing electric lights bath no how about your good enema or perhaps a cold water wrap or some vibrate therapy Well these were actually some of the many alternative health images that were available at the Battle Creek sanitarium I once world famous medical center and Grand Hotel in the u.s. State of Michigan pulling in Hollywood stars wealthy industrialists inventors and presidents no less it was quite the celebrity magnet. It was the brainchild of a man named John Harvey Kellogg who used it to introduce a concept that today we're very familiar with wellness believe that good health and a virtuous life could only be achieved by eating a vegetable based diet avoiding alcohol cigarettes caffeine and meat and getting plenty of exercise and fresh air it's accepted wisdom now but in the 19th century United States this was a positively revolutionary way of living. And if you're thinking his name sounds a little familiar it's because you may be among the hundreds of millions of people around the world who wolfed down one of Kellogg's specialist health food inventions this morning for breakfast Yup a bowl of corn flakes but more about that later I'm Rajan data and on today's edition of The Forum from the b.b.c. Will. Service We're going to be looking at the remarkable life of John Harvey Kellogg and the way in which his novel approach to food and the body paved the way for the natural food movement and many of the holistic health ideas we now take for granted We'll also discuss some of his wacky health ferries that fell by the wayside and the darkest side to his life story when he got involved with eugenics I'm joined by 2 guests who are both from the state of Michigan not too far from the small town of Battle Creek where our story takes place they are Howard Markel professor of the history of medicine at the University of Michigan and author of the Kellogg's the battling brothers of Battle Creek and Brian c. Wilson professor of comparative religion at Western Michigan University and author of Dr John Harvey Kellog and the religion of biologic living and I'm also joined by Laura j. Miller professor of sociology at Brandeis University in Massachusetts and author of building nature's market the business and politics of natural foods so welcome to all 3 of you let's not go back to the early 19th century how it tell me what was the typical American diet like at the time and what effect was it having on people's bodies. Well it was quite horrible you know there was no refrigeration so meat was often cured or brined or salted sometimes it was kept in syrup sugary syrup of molasses there was a lot of fat vegetables were almost always creamed and or fried fried foods were really quite common and breakfast was actually potatoes or rice that were often fried in the grease from the meal the night before and so as Walt Whitman said America suffered from a stomach ache they were constipated they were had dyspepsia they had gas because the ate a heavy fatty salty sugary diet the kind of diet as a physician I would tell my patients to avoid at any cost of a lower I believe it was Christian groups who 1st started promoting the idea that healthy food was needed for a healthy body Yes that's right in the United States it was actually a group that migrated from Britain called the Bible Christian church they came to Philadelphia in 817 and they brought with them ideas of vegetarianism and abstention from alcohol they were considered completely odd to an unconventional by those times and then along came someone called Sylvester Graham Ogram as he would say yes that's right in the $830.00 Sylvester Graham who was previously a Presbyterian minister began lecturing about temperance that is giving up alcohol eating a vegetarian diet and he also advocated the importance of brown bread rather than the very refined white bread that was so popular at the time now there's one group that we should talk about who were influenced by Grandma Graham and were very important in the story and that's the 7th Day Adventist accused Tell me about them yes the 7th Day Adventists grew out of a movement in the mid 1900 century that was call. The Miller writes After the founder who believed that the world was going to come to an end in $843.00 and then $844.00 when it didn't there was a spiritual crisis and some people gave up their beliefs but the 7th Day Adventists took it in a different direction and while keeping some of the original ideas they also added to it a belief in holding the Sabbath on Saturday and started to integrate ideas about a healthy both spiritually and physically diet as well as other kinds of health practices that meant not following the instructions of physicians but looking to nature not going to go into too particular counts as from that movement in a minute but just explain to me why did people like them think that meat should be avoided at all anyway. Well for a number of reasons one was that many of them looked to the Bible and especially passages that related to the Garden of Eden saying that the original diet given by God to human beings to Adam and Eve were fruits and vegetables and therefore animals should not be part of a spiritually pure diet they were also concerned about the suffering of animals and there were also concerns about the health effects of the idea that you take in something that is dead and putrefying into your body and it will do terrible things to you and it can also have effects on your libido which they didn't like as well as. Yes The idea was to avoid anything that was stimulating alcohol spices meat and the concern was about a loss of control and that could include a loss of sexual control and brawl and let's talk about the 7th Day Adventists then and the 2 people who established to confirm about them. Well the founders of 7th Day Adventists them were James and Ellen White and Ellen was a very interesting character she was a visionary who was given to trances and in these trances she would communicate with God and His angels and receive a variety of Commandments that were later written down and published as her testimonies and these largely became binding on the 7th Day Adventists themselves and she had a couple of what are called the Health prophecies beginning in 1963 where she basically was told by God that the 7th Day Adventists should look after their health and one of the ways of doing this was to adopt essentially a gram might diet a vegetarian diet. So the Seventh-Day Adventists settled in the small Michigan town of Battle Creek in 1955 which by that time did have a reputation for religious tolerance and welcoming fringe Christian groups John Harvey Kellog who was born in 852 came to Battle Creek with his family as a young boy and was raised within the Adventist Church now Brian despite being one of 16 kids in the household and receiving barely any schooling he does seem to have stood out from nearly a dozen in oh even as a child he exuded a kind of charisma and energy that people noticed and he was lucky because despite his lack of education he was almost adopted in a way by James and Ellen White and given employment in their printing facility so they put out a paper and they also had a printing press so it was there or that John Harvey Kellog really learned how to write learned how to read critically read just all sorts of things everything that came to it into his hands so he became a powerful autodidact and just loved reading and learning about the world but then how would he got into medicine 1st from an alternative perspective and then as a mainstream Student What influence did this have on his way of thinking about health. Well you know his initial goal was to become a teacher but the whites basically Hansa lectured him to run the health arm of their 7th Day Adventist Church they had at that time something called the Western Health Reform Institute which was a precursor to the Battle Creek sanitarium but not terribly well run by some quickie doctors with a very minor facilities so they sent him off to medical school he 1st went to a rather alternative medical school the trial hijo hygenic Institute in Florence New Jersey Russell trial was a vegetarian and had some similar idiology as to the whites John Harvey realized this was not good enough and convince the whites to send him to what was then the best medical school in the country in 874 to 5 the Bellevue Hospital Medical College part of Bellevue Hospital in New York City you learned a great deal of good medicine as it was practiced in 875 but he always kept up to date as Brian said he loved to read he read many languages and read the medical literature extensively and always shoehorned what was new and revolutionary whether it was germ theory or later eugenics or other issues into his world idiology of health and spirituality so we've mentioned that the 7th Day Adventists set up their health institutes and in 1906 they must John Harvey Kellogg who had recently returned from the medical training that you mentioned to be in charge of it he was just 23 years old he very quickly changed its name to the Battle Creek sanitarium was the new wood he adapted from sunny Tory m to denotes a place where people go to learn how to take care of themselves now Brian this is where Kellogg got to implement his own notion of biologically living up can explain what that is well today we call it by. Logic living in holistic health his idea was that in order to be a healthy human being you had to have a healthy mind body and spirit and so there is a close connection between our moral health and our physical health and so the idea here was this goes back to people like Graham and the Bible Christians is that underlying a good moral kind of character is a strong physical character and so again he promoted vegetarianism exercise fresh air good sleep ventilation in rooms all these things that we now associate with holistic health he also rather revolutionarily really insisted that women as well as men exercise which given the fashions of the day and given the kind of attitudes towards women was really something fairly new and if women came to the sanitarium and they didn't have the proper clothes to actually exercise there was a special seamstress who would basically take your size and give you a kind of very modest gym suit so that women could exercise just like the men could and just think with that trend let us today with Jim gay that you can get but let's go back to those times and how it can you take us through some of the treatments that were available at the cemetery and I've seen similar footage and photographs he had some pretty experimental ideas in the he did I mean it really was a medical spot a medical center and Grand Hotel now some of the treatments would be rather recognizable to a 21st century person particularly some of the surgical operations he was actually a very good surgeon he performed many thousands of surgeries in his career they delivered babies they did x. Rays they did laboratory studies but of course there are also some very interesting exercise machines that Dr. Kellogg invented massage therapy s. He believed in electric therapies and like bass the notion that if you were bathed in a certain type of wattage of lights you might feel better which might be recognizable to people today with seasonal affectations order he believed in hydrotherapy and the notion was to give all sorts of Bath treatments different types of sprays wrapping the body with cold wraps or wet were wraps and on and on and not and so some of the treatments would be considered today quite wacky as you used or certainly not recommended in some were just benign and probably didn't have much effect at all and some as Brian was saying particular the exercise therapies and the notions of moving your bodies no matter what your age would be considered quite rational now Brian he. Also had a special enema room and this was a big of a treatment regime wasn't it can you explain what that's all about well Kellogg was convinced that good health really began with having clean bowels and one of the fastest ways and surest ways of cleaning the bowels was of course introducing liquids through the anus into the Kallen in the bowels and using that to basically mechanically clean you out but you would take him out and as with water but they also used you'll get. Yes Well he got very excited about yogurt and there was this idea that people who ate yogurt lived longer lives than people who didn't and it was assumed that there were bacteria in the yogurt that were contributing so the idea was not only to consume yogurt but also to introduce yogurt into the body through enemas and essentially to change the bio of the bacterial content of the gut and this he thought would again promote good health and of course these are treatments now that have come back and are done in different ways now but this whole idea of seeding the body with good bacteria is an idea that is quite popular well on that score and talking about more conventional management of health done it was a key part of a stay at the Battle Creek sanitarium So Laura tell us what was own and not on the menu. Well the menu would have included that stables and pure clean water and also some of the products that Kellogg and his associates helped to invent probably the 1st popular item there were actually 2 of them that became so popular that Kellogg decided to go into business outside the sanitarium one being granola Kellogg did not actually probably invent granola Kellogg was known for taking Sometimes the ideas of others and then popularizing them but granola was promoted as a breakfast cereal which would have been a very different kind of food than most breakfast says at the time Kellogg also Or perhaps his wife Kellogg it's somewhat unclear who is responsible for these foods but came up with the cereal based coffee so as not to have the kind of stimulating coffee that he disapproved of there was a product called Somo this was and followed by many different kinds of cereal products and also meat substitutes because meat substitutes were a big thing I mean how did he come across those. Well he and his wife and his brother Will did a lot of experimentation and Kellogg was very interested in making sure that people were cheating the correct nutrition that included protein and to all the other kinds of minerals and elements he thought were needed for a balanced diet but doing so without meat so he created scores of different products that were meant to be meat substitutes that were usually combinations of nuts of beings a exe and grains as well the most popular by far was called Pro toasts they were processed and then packaged often into cans so that they were among the very 1st heat and serve foods that were sold in the United States in a way or this is a forerunner isn't it so what we have today in terms of meat substitutes Yes absolutely and in fact there are actually very direct connections between 7th Day Adventists businesses that were selling these kinds of foods and the businesses that exist today that are developing meat substitutes now I mean it's not an easy journey for any patient to get to this kind of diet but they were motivated to bodily health by education let them choose which to kill gave and apparently he was quite inspirational and inventive Spica he was he was remarkably charismatic he was remarkably bright and he was a showman he always dressed in a 3 piece white suit he liked wearing white because of any dirt got on him he would see it immediately and could change or get the dirt off and he would have on certain nights of the week something called the question box hour and there was a box where patients could submit any question they had about the body or diet including very embarrassing questions. And then on Thursday night he would with a grandiose show of display would take these questions out in answer them and you know if you see photographs of the room it was just filled with captivated people hanging on his every word and of course Dr Kellogg lectured all around the country and all around the world so the sanitarium was a University of Health it was where you came out only to get healthy but ways to stay healthy and this prevention of disease was really revolutionary at the time because most medicine was focused on treating the disease after it occurred rather than preventing it from occurring at all which is a far better way to go I think we'd all agree today just one more thing about his speech is is it true that he sometimes brought a caged Wolf along the wolf. You know he had almost a zoo of animals exotic birds and what have you and he had a wolf that he fed only vegetables too and the wolf became quite silent and very nice and his children he had 40 odd adopted children would even play with this vegetarian Wolf and he would bring the Wolf in in a cage to setting to the audience that he had just fed a steak and then the wolf became wolf like a snarly going to gradually and he would say See this is what comes from eating meat and he even wrote that all of the wars of mankind could have been prevented if we all ate a vegetarian diet because meat was so animalistic and excited Tory that it brought out our worst qualities well guess flux in their families in this to the Senate hair in with hundreds of new patients arriving each day at the peak of its success so how it can you describe what the place looked like perhaps starting with what guess would have seen as they entered the lobby Well they would see this beautiful lobby with beans and decorated with all sorts of beautiful plants there were dozens of orderly s. And ushers and bellhops and nurses and the Seuss's to take you to your beautiful room and would then give you a list of the things that you were going to do the next day you would get a prescription pad once you make your doctor who would examine you very carefully and take a history and physical not filled with drugs or medications but with baths or enemas or exercises that you were to do during your stay as well as the diet that would be hand tailored for you and in the evenings of course there are all sorts of entertainments not just lectures but an orchestra theatrical events sleigh rides in the winter horse riding bicycling and so on so it was really just a miraculous wonderful place and bro. And as the Senate's hymns reputation grew I believe the track to some of the most famous people of the day can you take me through some of them yeah the Battle Creek sanitarium became one of the best known kind of health and wellness destinations not only in the United States but in the world it had an international reputation and some of the people who showed up either as guests or as patients were people like Amelia Earhart she's a famous aviator isn't she I mean that's correct and Henry Ford would come by a couple of presidents came by Warren g. Harding and William Howard Taft were gas and the man who played Tarzan Johnny Weissmuller Yeah the you know screen symbol of robust vibrant masculine health and of course he was a great advertisement for the sanitarium Well there is so much move we could talk about but it's time to take a short break for the latest news from the b.b.c. World Service but stay with this because we'll be back to discuss Kellogg's most famous creation cornflakes and the Great Rift this product cool was between John Harvey Kellogg and his brother will Keith whose name by the way is the one that ended up on the packet. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service of the us is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from Forex dot com helping traders find opportunity and currency trading for over 18 years Forex dot com It's your world trade it forex trading involves significant risk of loss. Still to come on the forum John Harvey Kellog may have been a health pioneer the co-inventor of cornflakes and a devout Christian but he had a dark and bullying side to in part 2 we'll find out more about how there was a little fraternal love lost between him and his sibling will and how it was the latter you had the last laugh then there's his rather unsavory conceit of a superior human race so join me on my 3 expert guess after the news as we assess his legacy b.b.c. News a lot to introduce new controls on the internet has come into force in Russia the sovereign Internet law gives the government wide ranging powers in theory to filter and restrict traffic on the Russian Internet the u.s. House of Representatives has decided to move the impeachment investigation into a new more open phase the Democrat controlled chamber decided that the hearings will be televised Republicans have denying the inquiry into allegations that the president tried to get Ukraine to investigate his political opponents. U.n. Agencies are calling for urgent help for 45000000 people in southern Africa facing severe severe food shortages they also say the international community must support long term measures to ensure food security. North Korea says it has successfully conducted another test of super large multiple rocket launchers the North Korean news agency said they tested verified that the rocket launchers were able to totally destroy a group target Spanish laws are under renewed attention after a court acquitted 5 men of raping a 14 year old girl and convicted them of the lesser crime of sexual abuse the court said the girl wasn't raped because she had been so drunk the men didn't need to use violence or coercion again the in beauty queen is accused the country's former president Jaeger germy of raping her because she refused to marry him far too giallo was giving evidence to Gambia as truth reconciliation and reparations commission the Brazilian Navy has sent more ships to try to prevent the pollution of scientifically important coral reefs in the Abro use archipelago by huge spill of crude oil and to balance moping and restaurants and bars has entered into force in Austria b.b.c. News. What's more American than Car Play this 4th of July that. Was Welcome back to the forum from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Roger data and today we're discussing John Harvey Kellogg one of the early pioneers of wellness and Holistic Health who along with his brother will Keith change the way the world ate breakfast. World. Still with me our professor of sociology Laura j. Miller professor of comparative religion Brian c. Wilson and professor of the history of medicine Howard Markel And don't forget if you're interested in hearing about other characters from history there are lots more episodes of the forum to discover via our website where you can download past programs as a free pod cast just search online for b.b.c. The forum so we've been hearing about John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek sanitarium the most popular American medical spar of the late 19th and early 20th century where patients went to experience his theory of biologic living healthy vegetarian food fresh air and exercise and a range of novel treatments. We discussed the Kellogg brothers attempts to create new food products for their patients and initially flake cereals was just one of them many experiments right Laura what did the process involve Well Kellogg was by this time interested actually in an even larger market then the people who were staying at the sanitarium and he and his associates would come up with often just very minor variations on the same food substances and marketed under a new name so he one of the things he did was to invent a flaking process for grains his 1st product was called Gran nose which was a flate wheat product it was not especially popular but he used the same kinds of techniques on both rice and corn and the one that ended up being very popular was cornflakes did they have it with milk how it yes and it coincided with a remarkable other food point in history and that was the national distribution of cold refrigerated pasteurize clean milk because when they created flakes cereal 995 before their time you got your milk from a can you didn't really know if it was adulterated or if there were germs swimming in it Brian a little bit later in the twenty's when Kellogg's began experimenting with soybeans soya milk was also used right because Kellogg actually advocated not only a vegetarian diet but his goal was to get rid of all animal products so he was a vegan before that name was even available now Laura how did John Harvey Kellogg square the high degree of processing that way into making these new foods like corn flakes with his strong belief that food should be as natural as possible. Well it was this interesting philosophy he had that the body needs to digest food quite obviously and in fact raw foods were really not easily digested and therefore he said What is the most helpful kind of food would be something that was in a sense pre-digested so he had cooking processes that he said would start the body along its way so that when the food was actually eaten it was already partially digested and therefore it actually was mimicking the state of nature and he did not believe that processed foods the kinds that he was creating and selling were processed foods in the ways that we often think of and such as adding adulterants But the fact is we now know the foods that are very quickly digested not necessarily the best for our bodies and especially at breakfast time or that is correct but of course the kind of processing that Kellogg was doing with something like corn flakes would not really compared to the very technologically sophisticated kind of processing that we are doing today I think that the more important analogy is his use of canning techniques and packaging much earlier than many other food manufacturers as a way that food could be preserved for a very long time they could be kept on shelves for a long time they were easily transported and this helped him to sell to a much wider market now cold Lake's proved very highly popular at the sun as it was called and as would go out about why the businessman quickly realized that the kilo brothers were on to something big umbrella and we then started to see a huge blue for a sion of cereal companies actually in Battle Creek that's right there was the great cereal of late 890 s. And ever. Really began with c.w. Post who was something of a failed businessman who came in and was a patient at the sanitarium for a while. Absolutely hated his time at the sanitarium and didn't have good things to say about John Harvey Kellog but was fascinated by the various food products that John Harvey Kellog was creating through his health food companies and he really saw the commercial possibilities of these breakfast so he goes off on his own and begins producing a series of knock offs of Kellogg's products and make cement and of course he was also a genius at advertising and so others saw this and wanted to get it on the cereal boom as well so for a while there there were dozens breakfast cereal companies in Battle Creek most of them went out of business of course were not successful but a few did and changed America's dietary habits for the 20th century and getting close and I want me to a key part of the story which is the relationship between John Harvey Kellog and his younger brother will Keith Kellogg they both had very different ideas about the way forward for their corn flake products didn't they how it yes and we'll worked for almost 25 years and as the administrator of the sanitarium but John Harvey was such a controlling dominant man that he often humiliated an underpaid will but it in his forties he saw that there were a lot more healthy people who needed a nutritious cheap breakfasts in the form of course flakes than there were invalid people who needed a food that they could easily digest and so he saw that people like c.w. Post were stealing their recipes and making a fortune on it and told John Harvey look we've got to market this now John Harvey like selling to 7 Day Adventists or his health food fans but he was fearful of too much commercial. Zation because at the time the American Medical Association really looked down on doctors who tried to market their wares in fact they prohibited that and so he didn't want to use his name and get nailed but will started in administered many of these companies under Johns to religion and then in 1906 he paid for the recipe for cornflakes and started the Battle Creek toasted cornflake company which became Kellogg's and he too was a genius not only at creating new ways of making cereal of the tway cereal should taste adding a little bit of salt and sugar not the amounts that we had today but to make it taste better and creating ways to keep the product fresh Now you alluded earlier on to how John Harvey treated his younger brother perhaps going to give me some examples of how he kind of humiliated him really it was horrible he talked down to him Will never had an office of his own when John Harvey rode his bicycle he had one of the 1st bicycles in Battle Creek he would make will run alongside him and Will was a pudgy 40 year old at the 5 and taking notes of his latest lecture and my favorite humiliating act at least to write about not to experience is that when John Harvey had one of his 5 daily bowel movements he he ate a whole grain and rice diet and learned from watching gorillas at zoos that the optimal number of box movements were 5 but it would make will come into the bathroom with him again to take dictation or notes of his latest greatest idea so there was a lot of see the resentment there long before they actually split up and there was endless litigation I understand as well between the 2 bodies but in some ways will did get the last laugh on the conflict front at least after he split from his older brother because he developed as you mention careless Kovacs and want to become a. $1000000000.00 business which revolutionized the American breakfast and quickly spread around the world now one of the thing that he did tap into was the change in lifestyle was and the fact that convenience foods were useful people had less time yes I mean it's one of the great features of the 20th century and to have a cheap nutritious and very easy to serve box of cereal was very attractive you know mothers before the advent of cornflakes and other box cereals had to get up early and start a fire if it was a wood burning stove and cooking raw greens like oats or mush took an hour or more so it was really convenient the notion of processed foods of convenient foods of foods that came right out of the Can were actually a sign of progress in the early 20th century and well into the post World War 2 era as opposed to the way they're looked at today well let's switch from Will the hugely successful businesswomen back to Dr John Harvey Kellogg who continued to be in charge of the Battle Creek sanitarium for several more decades despite being kicked out of the 7th Day Adventist Church in 1000 a 7 because of his increasingly different theological ideas and his lady is his desire to create the healthiest humans let him into a dark chapter of his life when he became a prominent voice in the movement of the early 20th century So Brian want views that he held on this subject so Kellogg was very concerned that human beings were essentially degenerating both physically and morally and there was something that needs to be done about it and one of the ways of doing this because he believed in something called Lamarckianism that characteristics that parents acquire could be passed on to their children. Was that this process essentially had to be managed and that people with the best genetics the people with the most robust physical lives and moral characters should be encouraged to breed to have larger families and those people who are seen as feeble minded or criminal or degenerate and someway should be discouraged and he was really concerned that the state should take a hand in this and for example he was a promoter of eugenics laws sterilization laws that became popular in the early part of the 20th century this was part of his race Bensimon foundation campaigning was in it that was important but I want to say this. He was a scientific racist Did that make him a white supremacist Yeah in a way he was in addition to race generation which in that case race really refers to the human race he was also concerned about something called Race Suicide and this was not his notion this was a popular notion of the early 20th century and it was promoted by people like the American President Theodore Roosevelt and this was the idea that whites were having fewer children than other races and that they would become swamp by you know brown black and yellow people and colored truly believe that the white race was Desa and its role was to basically rule the world and so if this occurred then we'd have a kind of biological apocalypse he felt that the different races had developed for a variety of different reasons to basically fulfill different roles in the world and so he believed that within each racial category people could be encouraged to be their best and so for example with African-Americans in the United States he always promoted their uplift and in fact encouraged African-Americans to come to the Battle Creek sanitarium for training either as nurses or doctors so in this way he was very progressive in the end he was still in the thrall of this idea of the supremacy of the white race Well John died in 1943 just 8 years short of his target of living to 100 and when all is said and done that is testimony to his health regime you could say by this time the Battle Creek Senate turned the gun into receivership to finish his volley of the $929.00 will Street crash and it never regain its former glory kennel did set up a small institution in Florida which he continued to run in his final years now besides his views on race we've talked about he's off mean Lampoon. As an eccentric quack in books and films especially the road to well Ville which was made in 1904 but tell us how should we regard the medical and health ideas that he developed and the extent to which they're still influencing us today Laura Kellogg was absolutely a very important influential figure he was not by any means the only person to develop and popularize these ideas but I think there are a couple things that we can think about with his legacy one is the ways in which he emerged the ideas about natural living natural foods natural health with commercial activities and it within the United States a natural foods movement really became quite integrated with the natural foods industry I think that also the ways in which he was ridiculed and the ways in which his followers were British cule to help to reinforce them a sense that they were an embattled minority and in some ways it actually strengthened their ideas and it allowed them to last for a good century before some of these ideas were rediscovered popularized and became quite mainstream. Brian what would you say his legacy I think his major legacy is the promotion of what we call today holistic health which of course isn't a term he used to use biological living but there is a kind of very close connection between mind body and spirit was something that Kellogg was very aware of and wanted to promote So I think these ideas which now of course have become commonplace Oh in part they're prominence today to people like Kellogg who were promoting them back in the late 19th and early 20th century and finally to you how it because we are talking about a man here who had a substantial list of credits to his name up jewel he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine he started the 1st and oldest good health magazine and he was a worldwide besetting author what do you think his influence is today well he was quite a visionary and like many complicated human beings he had his dark side as well as his bright side but his ideas on nutrition vegetable and grain diet as opposed to a meat eating diet exercise of what he called biologic living and we might call wellness as well as the creation of many foods that we still consider healthier to eat than some of the other foods that we can ingest I think all of these issues are part of the Kellogg legacy and he had a remarkable impact on world medicine with his ideas he was one of the best known doctors in America and infect the world well that sadly is all we got time for today I don't know about you but I have been suitably mentally nourished by the contributions guess and I thank them they are professes Brian c. Wilson Laura j. Miller and how with Montel and just in case you feel inspired to get a little healthier yourself leave you with some more of Dr Kellogg's exercises which he called the Battle Creek sanitarium health ladder. I'm a recorded in 1923 by Columbia Records and voiced by Louis James. And if we excuse me a need to do some more work on my stomach muscles Thanks for listening. If. It. Wasn't. Things that made the modern economy with Tim Harford. In the 1950 s. The New York subway faced a problem that would be familiar to users of public transport all over the world at peak times it was overcrowded and other times the trains were empty. Commissioned a report which concluded that the problem was that subway riders paid a flat fat no matter where you boarded how far you traveled when you made your trip it would cost you $0.10. Might there be some more sophisticated approach perhaps So the forwards to the report singled out one of the 17 north as it is to search questions that Mr Gregory has addressed himself and with a degree of skill which we predict will command the admiration of the reader the abandonment of the flat rate fare in favor of a fare structure which takes into account the length and location of the ride in the hour of the day is obviously a sensible step provided the mechanical problems involved can be solved Mr Vick Crees basic idea was simple when the trains were busy. When there were quiet less the peaks would become less spiky the subway would be more comfortable and reliable could carry more people without having to build new lines and could raise more money. A great idea but how to charge different prices not with an army of ticket clerks and inspect says that would take too much time and money some automated solution must be found Mr Vicary several highly interesting and stimulating suggestions suggestions which in our judgment deserve the most careful examination and consideration. What was needed was a coin. Rated turnstile that could charge different rates for different journeys at different times but in 1952 this would not be simple to get a sense of the challenge consider a dilemma faced by the Coca Cola Company a coke could cost a nickel $0.05 for decades Coca-Cola would have liked to increase the price by a cent or $2.00 but it couldn't why their $400000.00 vending machines took only nickels and redesigning them to take 2 different denominations of corn would be a logistical nightmare in 1953 Coca-Cola tried instead to persuade President Eisenhower in all seriousness to introduce a 7.5 cent coin. But Mr Vickrey wasn't daunted and he described a contraption to solve the problem. To have passengers put a quarter in the entrance turnstiles get a metal check with notches indicating the zone of origin it to be inserted in an exit turn stand which wardrobe electromechanical relays deliver an appropriate number of nickels according to the origin and time of day. It sounds clever and you may be wondering why you haven't heard of it a clue comes from the title of a speech in which Mr Vick creed gave that description. My innovative failures in economics. He began that speech thus. You are looking at an economist who has repeatedly failed in achieving his objective. A variable price electromechanical Vic return style was never built so. Why are you listening to a program about a non-existent invention. It's because the idea itself was so important even if it seemed too complicated to realize William victories fellow economists often said that he was just too far ahead of his time he eventually won a Nobel Memorial Prize in 1906 just 3 days before his death. Vickrey was proposing what is often called peak load pricing by economists and dynamic pricing by management consultants in its simplest form it's an old idea early bird specials offering a cheap deal to restaurant diners at quiet times date back to the 1920 s. It's an easy sell to customers and requires no electromechanical wizardry but the idea has appeal in far more complex settings whether you're running a subway system or an airline trying to fill a concert hall or balance an electricity grid it can be very costly to add extra capacity just to meet a short term peak in demand and it's wasteful to carry unused capacity around at other times varying prices make sense u.s. Airlines were early pioneers after being deregulated and forced to compete fiercely in the late 1970 s. By 1904 The Wall Street Journal reported that Delta Airlines alone employed one $147.00 staff to incessantly tweak prices. Peak Load pricing no longer requires an army of pricing specialists a company such as can effortlessly match supply and demand with an algorithm Buber's surge pricing promises to end that painful 3 hour wait for a taxi on New Year's Eve there's always a price at which you can get a ride right now. But consumer acceptance may be more of a problem. You're almost did their mercy because you don't want to wait longer for a can that's the whine of one passenger after paying $247.50 for a 21 kilometer ride in Houston Texas although he only had to pay because he couldn't bear to wait. Consumers feel exploited by some forms of dynamic pricing especially when as with prices could double or half in a matter of minutes and the 1986 study by behavioral economists Daniel Kahneman Jack net and Richard Thaler showed that people found price surge is infuriating having once despaired over the lack of a $7.00 cent coin Coca-Cola push technology beyond what customers would swallow when in 1909 it flirted with a vending machine that on sweltering days would raise the price of an ice cold Coke but peak load pricing is likely to play an increasing role in the economy of the future consider a smart electricity grid fed by intermittent power sources such as wind and solar power when a cloud covers the sun your laptop might decide to stop charging your freezer to switch itself off for a minute and your electric car might even start pumping energy into the grid rather than sucking it out. But all that would require those devices to respond to 2nd by 2nd price changes. A favored example of William victories was congestion pricing on roads designed just as the turnstile was to smooth out demand and ensure that limited capacity was used well that's now becoming a practical idea drivers near Washington d.c. Can switch into a free flowing lane if they're willing to pay the variable charge which could be as much as $40.00 for 15 kilometers when traffic is particularly bad week rehab tried to show that it could work in the mid 1960 s. He built a prototype using a simple computer and a radio transmitter to tally every time he used his own driveway but sometimes good ideas just need to wait for the technology. To catch up. Shut Dressen Ronald Harston both written by a graphical essays about 1000000000 victory. For a full list of our sources please see b.b.c. World Service dot com slash 50. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service and here's what's happening in the studio this week 7 Worlds one planet I'm John ageless I'm a wildlife Come on man I'll reveal how we filmed the dramatic sequence in Antarctica for the 1st episode of this hugely ambitious Natural History Television series was so join me for a life or death chase among the icebergs in this studio at b.b.c. World Service dot com slash in the studio. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service on Washington Anthony so as more our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports from Brazil Europe regional editor Mike Saunders is here in the studio America's editor Countess peered began by telling me about owning their own line on the smartphone and smart Speaker this is the b.b.c. World Service the world's media station. This is for the B.B.C.'s business matters. Today a new phase in Washington's impeachment drama Kashmir's economy hit by months of high security isolation apple industry provides for 3500000 off the region's 8000000 people. Filled with. Fraud and this is what the government. The way far. Also today a global crisis for pig farmers will hear from the Netherlands and can Texas persuade young people to take up traditional trades it's not just a job it's a passion we don't teach the full job of making a booth we teach you a specific job they learn to build a toll or build a hero or lay the shame but do young people want to get involved that's a challenge that's the Texas State Fair on business matters after the World News. The b.b.c. News with Simone Comrie alone to introduce a new controls on the internet has come into force in Russia critics fear the Kremlin wants to create an Internet Farmall similar to that in China with more details here as in met William the authorities say the new law will ensure the stable operation of the Russian Internet in an emergency and will protect the system from hostile attacks from abroad the sovereign Internet law gives the government wide theoretical powers to restrict Internet traffic but experts say it's unclear how these powers might be applied or how effectively they can be implemented.