B.b.c. World Service it's 7 hours g.m.t. Welcome to Weekend with. Coming up after weeks more than 100000 polling stations are opening across Nigeria for the country's presidential election we'll have the latest Also should the Chinese firms be allowed to work on the latest tech projects in the West. Has no way the u.s. Can crush the world needs because we are more advanced plans to regulate testosterone levels in women's athletics which could change the whole nature of female sport the regulations that we are introducing to protect the sanctity of. The competition and that's really what we're here to defend and with me Miriam Francois Franco British writer journalist and filmmaker and. American British molecular biologist and Nobel Prize winner for chemistry that's all after the latest world news. Hello I'm Debbie rests with the b.b.c. News Nigerians have begun voting in presidential and parliamentary elections that were postponed last Saturday with only a few hours notice the polls Mark Africa's biggest ever electoral exercise with 84000000 registered voters many gens in the northeastern city of. Some of the concerns that people have here obviously about voting out to deal with economics the quality hasn't been doing very well unemployment is high particularly among the Gulf 50 percent of the electorate here is under the age of 35 and the treatment candidates are in the seventy's the people are concerned as to whether they will be able to address their concerns but insecurity is another big issue just this morning there are reports coming out of my degree or a bomb blast in the north face of the country where the Islamist group Boko Haram has been fighting government troops for the best part of 10 years the Venezuelan government has shut part of the border with Colombia complaining of serious threats against its sovereignty the closure was announced as President Nicolas Maduro as opponents made final preparations to move foreign aid across the frontier from Caracas his Katie Watson this is the day Venezuela's opposition has been waiting for a day that will test the loyalty of the country's armed forces towards Nicolas Maduro and determine his future lorries laden with aid are expected to set off from both Colombia and Brazil and attempt to cross the border throughout Venezuela people will gather military barracks to ask soldiers for their help in the aid effort until now senior officers have remained loyal to Mr Maduro but with pressure being heaped on them to help the Venezuelan people will they listen to their leader or change sides support one guy door and open the borders a number of prominent separatist leaders have been detained in Indian administered Kashmir following the suicide attack last week that killed more than 40 members of the security forces is seen Malik the leader of the militant and Kashmir Liberation . And is among those arrested thousands of troops have been sent to the region. The British prime minister to resign May's facing Open divisions within her cabinet over breaks it with a deadline for withdrawal from the e.u. Just over a month away 3 senior ministers have defied government policy to warn that breaks it should be delayed if Parliament fails to approve a deal within days because reports it is no secret Amber Rudd David got Greg Clarke have significant concerns about the prospect of there being no deal but their latest intervention is significant the government has yet to confirm whether a new deal will even be put to him peace next week but this intervention adds to the pressure on the prime minister to get assurances from Brussels imminently it is also a warning to Tory break City years that if they do not back a tweaked version of the Prime Minister's deal breaks it will be the late and it will be their fault this is the world news from the b.b.c. . At least 50 Microsoft employees have demanded that the company pull out of a deal with the u.s. Military to provide augmenting reality technology in a letter the workers said they had not joined the firm to make weapons they're concerned that the use of a headset would desensitize soldiers to the reality of war by turning battlefields into a form of video game. The American r. And b. Singer r. Kelly has handed himself into police in Chicago to face a series of sexual abuse charges against young women the singer has faced claims of sexual abuse against women for decades but has never been convicted Chris Buckley reports was r. Kelly made his white roll large group of reporters to hound himself into police in Chicago is accused of sexually abusing 4 people including 3 girls who were under the age of 17 at the time of the alleged assault are tied to police station musicians work claim prosecutors had only brought the chaos after caving into public pressure and he said that many of the allegations had been investigated before opposition groups in Sudan have called for more protests following the declaration of a year long state of emergency by President Omar al Bashir in a televised address he announced that he had sacked his government after months of demonstrations against his rule in which dozens of people have been killed after the speech police in the city of on demand are reported to have used tear gas to disperse protesters NASA has given final approval for a test flight next week of an unmanned capsule built by the private company Space x. To the International Space Station if the test goes well 2 astronauts could be blasted into orbit in the Dragon spacecraft later this year NASA has awarded 2 $1000000000.00 to space x. For the project the firm is owned by the billionaire Ilan Musk and that's the latest world news from the b.b.c. . It's 6 minutes past 7 g.m.t. Welcome to Weekend from the b.b.c. World Service with me Julia Moore a coming up a little later a legal case that could change the whole nature of women's sport South Africa's Olympic champion runner Caster Semenya challenges new rules to regulate testosterone levels in female athletes the international athletics or 30 says they are necessary for all female competitors the core value for the r w f is the empowerment of girls and women through athletics the regulations that we are introducing are there to protect the sanctity of fair and open competition and that's really what we're here to defend more on that case to come this half hour I have to guess with me throughout the program Miriam Francois is here Franco British writer journalist and filmmaker based in London and Ramakrishna here American British molecular biologist who was born in India you'll hear more from them in this half hour as well but we begin in Nigeria a week after it was supposed to happen people in Africa's most populous nation are once again set to go to the polls to vote in the presidential and legislative elections that initial vote a week ago was postponed only 5 hours before it was due to happen now though the independent body overseeing the election says everything is in place for it to go ahead the b.b.c. Is my only Jones in Yola That's the home state of the opposition candidate and former vice president at eco car asked whether everything was now in place for this election protests to start yes at least where we all things seem to be in place for our voters are waiting outside a polling station in the neighborhood of Shikari which is on the outskirts of Ulan the capital of Adam our state in the northeast that interferes pretty calm people are not usually allowed to drive on voting in Nigeria Phil most people have walked here very few call on the roads for people are just standing in line waiting to. Just and then call for votes how much confidence in the process been damaged by the postponement a week ago. You know initially there was a lot of anger particularly on social media people felt 1st treated not necessarily at the delay because they had been delays here before the 2015 elections with delayed by 6 weeks to 2011 elections were also delayed that the last minute but it was more the timing and also the fact that. The electoral commission had been on various media platforms assuring the public for weeks and even in the hours leading up to today that they were going to be able to do this so it's definitely had an impact on people's trust in the system but also it's meant that quite a few people who traveled over the last week to go and cause their votes I now know going to be able to do that this week this is despite the fact that the government Friday a public holiday to make it easier for people to travel and also very trying to position companies and lines bus companies offer discounted rates so that people could make that we today various polling offices would then about the 2 main candidates and some of the principle issues how do you put those into some sort of context for us. Well the Truman kind of a said incumbent president Mohamed Hari the 1st leader of an opposition party to win an election here in Nigeria and a former vice president was a very prominent businessman issues they're having to tackle our country's economy which it's been recovering from a recession due to the fall in the price of oil but it's still quite sluggish high rates of unemployment among the young here 50 percent of the electorate here is under the age of 35 so a very young population that's looking for jobs good for paternity but then security is still an issue in Nigeria your listeners are aware Islamist group Boko Haram has been fighting government forces in the northeast of the country for the past 10 years just this morning we're getting various reports from my degree the capital of Borno state or of sounds of controlled bomb explosions we're still waiting for details on that but it just shows you how precarious the security situation is here the government has made some strides towards lessening the impact of Boko Haram that definitely less presence in Borno state than they were in 2015 but that talk this morning shows that there's still a force to be reckoned with that was Money joins in Nigeria obviously we'll keep you abreast of events in Nigeria here on the b.b.c. World Service now I have to guess with me throughout the program as I mentioned Miriam Francois Franco British writer journalist filmmaker and Ramakrishnan American British molecular biologist who was born in India the group leader of the Medical Research Council lab of molecular biology in the u.k. And the winner of the Nobel Prize for chemistry he is in Cambridge would you both about the current work or current views Miriam there's been much talk in the u.k. This week about the government's decision to revoke the citizenship of Begum who at the age of 15 decided to go and join so-called Islamic State in Syria but now wants to come back much controversy where do you stand and what I think probably the big question. For the u.k. And the European countries in terms of returning people who went to Syria to join I asked is accountability and so I don't believe that stripping them of her citizenship will in any way facilitate accountability for whatever actions she may or may not have been involved in in Syria so I think 1st so you 1st see that needs to be clarified and I think secondly there is a question of course of the fact she was 15 when she left this country which is you know technically she was a child she made a decision which was clearly a terrible decision but she does need to be thought of in terms of you know the way a court in this country would judge the decision of anyone that was under the age of 16 and specifically someone who appears to have been quite vulnerable during that period of her life that was targeted by a group that's very powerful and is he survived the ology and who was then basically interned in a cult for the next 4 years and has and has herself lived 3 significant trauma you know the death of 2 very young children so that's not to absolve her of anything but I don't think stripping her of her citizenship does anything to deal with the issues that are in front of us and in fact it sets quite a dangerous precedent in this country for to to the justice system in which those people who are of kind of a known European or non British heritage can somehow be treated differently according to the law that's deeply problematic and I don't think it's true to the very values that this government says it wants to stand up for there are a counter arguments to explore which will be a moment but I want to hear from her because she's done a series of interviews including with the b.b.c. This is what she had to say you know I will admit I was the one that made the choice even though I was only 15 years old I did have. I do have like Ok I could make my own decision so I just want to try it for the press really. Like everything I've been through I didn't expect I would go through that you know. Losing my children the way I lost and I don't want to lose this baby is all and this is really no place to raise children this camp you know maybe temporarily but not permanently. Some of the counter-arguments include that she has shown little or no remorse people asking Should she get special consideration simply because she has just given birth to a child the public mood when you look at opinion polls is very against yet not absolutely and I think you know it's quite shocking listening to her and her interviews with that said I don't think this should be a trial by public opinion I mean we should be following the law as it has applied historically and she should shouldn't really be any level of exceptionalism when we're dealing with people that we just particularly hate because of their actions I mean our prisons are full of people who have committed atrocious things but they are still being treated according to the laws that been set how in this country and I think that's what I would hold to ensure me miscarry says no reason to treat her any differently than anybody else even though obviously her crimes are horrifying and when we hear her talking about you know how children in the death of her children what about all of the other children that have been died what about all the of the Syrians in Iraq he is a big I was a base major the group that she joined I there's 00 sympathy for her at that level going to thank you when he come in on this briefly before we talk science. Well I think the whole business of citizenship. Involves a responsibility on the part of the country that grants it as someone who became both an American and a British citizen in America the only way I would lose citizenship is if they could prove I committed fraud to obtain it but otherwise there's no way to strip me of American citizenship and the idea that the British government could simply strip someone of citizenship because they had some other time I would some other country it just seems irresponsible and so I think the correct thing to do is to. To allow her to come back and to try her in a court of law and you know carry out justice we will talk about this on tomorrow's program incidentally with with a view that says there's some sort of international court or postal that is being increasingly that may in the minds of some stress be the answer but I actually think that international courts the International Criminal Justice overview the u.n. Participation so that the victims within Syria in Iraq can directly confront people that were engaged in displacing them in the murder of their family members then needs to be that level of accountability and I think we need to give people in the region the opportunity to confront those that were involved in the harm that was caused So I actually really think that's a that's a really great idea and if they were acquitted then of course they should return home there's no question thank you Ramakrishnan I want to try and catch you late the work that you do and I know scientists must shiver at the prospect of a journalist like me saying in words of one syllable can you explain. But the Nobel prize winning work that you have done on right. So give us a sense of what that involves and what it means so we all think we know what genes are there we think there are things that we inherited they give us our characteristics but each of the $25000.00 or so genes that we have contains instructions for how to make a particular protein and it's the protein that carries out a particular function in the cells so there are thousands of these proteins they carry out all sorts of functions in the cell they give us form they carry out reactions they make us who we are and but but these instructions have to be read and then used to make a protein and that's done by this very large molecular complex called the right disown which is about half a 1000000 atoms and it reads the gene much like you would read a ticker tape of the. Many people won't know what that means but and by due reading those instructions it then stitches together a protein which is simply a long chain of amino acids which have to be joined in a particular order so this is a complex process and it's at the very heart of biology because it's right between genes which specify the information and the product that they specify specify and figuring out what it looked like which is a prelude to understanding really how it works was a big complicated problem that and you know involved many groups working for decades and so that's what eventually led to a Nobel Prize for the work and in setting out to achieve that was not something that as you work your way through molecular biology you began to identify something that was vitally important to understand and nobody had got there before you did know it was almost an accident I read an article about the ribosome and then decided to go and work for the people who wrote that article at Yale University where I joined the lab of Peter Moore and that was 978 but at the time the idea that you could visualize an atomic detail you know something that's half a 1000000 atoms and sides seemed a bit of a pipe dream and so we were all attacking it from various angles and then in the mid ninety's many of us realised and of course our united sort of led the way one of your fellow Nobel one right an Israeli scientist had led the way in and getting crystals of the ribosome which was sort of the direction you wanted to go but then in the mid ninety's you know many of us. Sort of went into it with slightly different approaches and decided to. The problem and just a word because I was reading an interview you did with I think it was the wire talking about the effect that the Nobel Prize has and indeed the effect that the possibility of winning the Nobel Prize has in terms of how scientists but you know and compete well and it's not always healthy it was No I think I think humans are naturally competitive we want recognition and would like to be 1st would like to be admired and so on but what prizes do is add fuel to this you know unhealthy part of human nature and they convert science to something like a sporting competition but you know science isn't like a sporting competition there are many people who contribute in different ways and there isn't always a 1st 2nd and 3rd and so I describe in my recent book Gene machine I describe a disease called pre no politeness which is when people sort of think they might be in the running and how it works their psychology and behavior there's also post no blighters which involves Nobel laureates pontificating on all sorts of things as I'm doing on this program you know not until we went except that analysis is one jot but we appreciate your your explanation of that and you're talk of sporting competition leads is purely by complete accident to James Gregg is going to bring us up to date with the sports news a big weekend lies ahead in the Premier League James Yes it does certainly a weekend that could change the race for the Premier League title will top them a currently in 3rd place just 5 points behind the leaders Manchester City who take on Chelsea in the English League Cup Final on Sunday by the way and also 5 points behind 2nd placed Liverpool will Spurs take on Burnley in just a few hours time in what could be a crucial match and when could apply pressure on Liverpool couldn't it yet will Liverpool take on Manchester United on Sunday Old Trafford in what will be a tough and exciting match but the top number. Of sais that that his side they must keep the win. Is Coming To make a challenge for a 1st Premier League trophy if you want to win and if you want to challenge you must to be 200 percent in that game the mentality must be that this is the most important game and of course engaged to win we are going to be there and so important to you James next to a cricket urn and some strong words from the Indian cricket or cricketing or forty's Yeah on Friday the governing body for Cricket in India that's the b.c.c. I will they've called for their cricketing nations to sever ties with countries from which terrorism emanates follows a suicide attack in Kashmir which targeted members of India's paramilitary police the Pakistan based militant group has taken responsibility for that sacked will stay with cricket this time matters on the field and all too familiar England batting collapse condemned them to defeat as West Indies when the 2nd one day international by 26 runs to level the series at one all while chasing 290 have to shim one hat my is unbeaten 104 helped the Windies to 289 for 6 well England then lost their last 6 week ace for just 35 runs as they were bowled out for 263 so let's hear where all went wrong then from England captain I would Morgan I don't think there was one key moment I think there was probably a number of mistakes on our behalf because then right never really came into consideration of really pressing the pressure so from our point of view if we can bat better for longer I think we'd won this game but we didn't and we don't deserve to win what else do you pick out from around the globe James all pick out a bit tennis world number 4 Patrick of it's of a she continued her fine starts the 2019 season she's reached her 3rd final already of the year at the Dubai Tennis Championships this time she'll play against the Switzerland. Star bell in the bench Crane's Elaina's fits Alina in Saturday's says they'll play later on Saturday in the final of that Solomon and in golf American Dustin Johnson he shot off 4 and Paul 67 to lead by 2. Strokes at the halfway stage of the w.b.c. Mexico championship lead on 11 under par Northern Ireland's Rory McILROY was 4 shots clear at one stage during the 2nd round but he shares 2nd position overnight and as ever if you want more sport you can go to the Web site b.b.c. Dot com boards our sports thank you very much James stay with sporting matters on Monday the Court of Arbitration for Sport began hearing a challenge by the South African runner Caster Semenya to plans that would force some female runners to lower their to stop steroid levels they'd make women with hyper androgen ism an elevated level of male hormones take medication before they complete Caster Semenya as lawyers argue that this would be discriminator it and that the world in a limp dick champions extremely rare genetic condition should be celebrated instead of speaking to the b.b.c. In the past Caster Semenya said it was hard work not high testosterone that was the key to her success. These someone was going to an advantage you know stand my concern the way your boys the way your boy I don't know what the Norbert to system and then they did those people are not doctors these are honest like me they deserve the heart and want to have a song I always lose my gains go big I work hard and I'm coming and we will Sebastian Coe the president of the world athletics governing body the i.w.a. F said however that the proposed new rules would make athletics fairer but is a very very important day you know the the core value for the I w f is the empowerment of girls and women through athletics the regulations that we are introducing are there to protect the sanctity of fair and open competition and that's really what we're here to defend So John Byrne is a professor of clinical genetics at Newcastle University he explained to the b.b.c. How scientists differentiate between the male and female sex so in essence we distinguish between males and females on a chromosome a large unethically level women have 2 X.'s men have an x. In the white. If you have a y. Chromosome a gene called s.r.y. Leads you to make testes which in turn mc test to steer and which develops the male physique without the s.r.y. You will develop as a female there are some people who either because of a failure to respond to the signals or because of a mixture of cells with different chromosomes can come up in this category we call into sex where they have some male and some female characteristics I think caste reason and then very rare situation is that this is a situation where she has clearly chromosome or grounds for saying that she is female even though her chemistry gives So this a male advantage of muscle development but also someone who and I have met one or 2 females who for various reasons have got major muscle development but they often don't want to compete and make a nigga sure of themselves shall we say you know sort of the fact that cash to has engaged in Essex and is very successful is a great tribute to her resilience against some quite unpleasant criticism Venky Ramakrishnan Where do you stand on this one well I think it's complicated you know you could argue why even have separate categories for men and women and the reason is that men because of their development and their testosterone have a built in advantage in strength and physique and size and if you look at the distribution of testosterone and men and women. You know by and large they don't overlap except for these very few cases where you have a situation where you have a woman who has a normally high testosterone so I do have some sympathy for the playoff in that they want to make it fair for most women to be able to compete however athletics I should say is not intrinsically fair I could never be a basketball player but simply. There's a mighty heart you know and so it's I think it's a complicated question very complicated Miriam what used to yeah I know I'm still 70 I mean I just wonder about before we can measure people so mine or levels they would have being variations existed dad there are variations in people's basic levels of the sets a system size when you are firing to basketball what are we now going to say that is like a height limits if you're if you're born above a certain size and you're to inherit you know you've got an inherent advantage in female Boscobel compared to other female candidates I just think that the chromosome argument which even that I think is is also up for debate is commonly probably the most reliable way but the idea that we're going to take what seems to be natural variations even if they are quite exceptional ones and force and women to modify the natural state of being in order to conform to a predefined notion of what it means to be a woman to me sounds a bit problematic in a must because the overriding sentiment that isn't a controversial part of the story is a sympathy for her because she is caught up in this over 100 send I know woman womanhood on the scrutiny in question you know over something that's not in her power so yeah I mean that's nice a lot of sympathy at that level my guess today Miriam Francoise and Ramakrishna more from them in the next year with weekend from the b.b.c. World Service the news headlines at least. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the u.s. Is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from t. Rowe Price offering a strategic investing approach that examines opportunities 1st hand since 1937 price invest with confidence. I'm Robert Siegel during my years in the news business I've seen a lot of improvement in cars better mileage emissions and safety but here's the greatest advance that I've seen yet now your old car can be turned into more of all things considered imagine that donate your car to the station and turn it into the programs you call 186-6789 t.m.c. Take my car please or k. R.c.c. Dot org. It's 730 g.m.t. This is weekend from the b.b.c. World Service Still to come the debate over the new 5 g. Telecoms network and whether the Chinese company highway should be involved in its development and fast fashion why people in the u.k. Are being discouraged from throwing away too many clothes that's all here on the weekend with me Julia marker after a summary of the latest world. News poser opening in Nigeria's presidential and parliamentary elections a week after they were postponed with only a few hours' notice the delay had sparked conspiracy theories and stoked fears of violence the reports of explosions in the northeastern city of my degree. President Nicolas Maduro his government in Venezuela has shot part of the border with Colombia complaining of serious Sunday legal threats against its sovereignty the closure was announced as Mr Maduro's opponents made final preparations to move aid much of it from the United States across the frontier the British prime minister to resign May is facing Open divisions within a cabinet over Breck's it with a deadline for withdrawal from the e.u. Just over a month away 3 senior ministers Amber runs David Gold can Greg Clarke have defied government policy to warn that Bracks it should be delayed if Parliament fails to approve a deal in the coming days the crown prince of Saudi Arabia Mohamed bin so mun has ended a 5 day tour of Asia by signing economic cooperation agreements with China worth billions of dollars but he made no explicit reference to the large scale detention of Muslim weekers a number of prominent separatist leaders have been detained in Indian administered Kashmir following the suicide attack last week that killed more than 40 members of the security forces thousands of extra troops have also been sent to the region Yasin Mallik the leader of the militant group j. K. L.f. Is among those arrested and at least 50 Microsoft employees have demanded demanded that the company pull out of a deal with the u.s. Military to provide a mentored reality technology in the lead to the workers said they had not joined the firm to make weapons they're concerned that the use of a headset tollens would desensitize soldiers to the reality of war b.b.c. News. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service I'm Julia more eco with weekend coming up later why some British politicians don't want consumers to buy new clothes too often we throw away over a 1000000 tons of clothing here in the u.k. And 300000 of those tons of clothing go to landfill or incineration So what we're saying is that fashion needs to take responsibility for the clothes that it puts on the market and we want the government to invest in recycling and sorting centers in every city in the u.k. We will ask if school children can be taught the joy of mending clothes with me throughout the program Miriam Francois Franco a British writer journalist and filmmaker. Ramakrishnan American British molecular biologist from India originally the group leader of the Medical Research Council of oratory of molecular biology in the u.k. Miriam we haven't discussed Brix it yet on the program which seems an extra extraordinary sight but you have made a film for the b.b.c. Which I think was 1st aired last month yes it was in titled Is bricks voting Claire flee changing its mind which has taken you to South Wales it did yes and absolutely to find out whether or not the locals might be having any change of heart perhaps is going to place that voted strongly to leave Yes it did predominately as did well as overall in particular that town itself which is a relatively small town one of the big employers which is a German factory announced a closure with you know hundreds of jobs being lost and so it's also an area which is a net recipient of e.u. Funding which would potentially also be on the line so we went over to find out whether or not as some of these things were unravelling was it leading anyone to change their mind and people were people who are very thorough and what they'd originally voted for let's let's have a little listen to the kinds of debate that you were witnessing here. The particularly heavy influx in terms of numbers of. This has impacted our the potential employment opportunities for you k. People I do have a problem when I think of migrants who are maybe coming in. Spite of the system but this summer to be mean to you I'd like to think that we were British as opposed to European no do have my good friend do so but I decide to be he tends to feel that we're very much Europeans and you need to be big you know it is there's a 1000000000 Chinese a 1000000000 Indians half an 1000000000 Americans you've got to have a big country to have a good say I've heard a lot of people in a sea of you know who can say whole immigration immigration to stop the things they saying about people or have on some of it with my own neo nazi isn't how typical a conversation was that well probably one in Cap slaves to the main conversations you hear about bricks in on the 2 sides by I think probably what was the most interesting part of that was the fact that these 2 whew hew and Barry thank you to both of you listening to you for sharing your views where we're best friends which is actually probably one of the rare cases I would say on the bricks at the vibe now is things are heating up is to find people who've got such opposing views that can still remain on friendly terms did you get any sense of a significant shift I mean people you know you're not this is not to disparage what you've done but you're not the 1st person to try and answer this question and I don't get the sense that there is a clear answer to that No And in fact as possibly something quite patronize ing in the in depth of going back to people and saying well did you realize what you're actually getting in soon you know and actually the point maybe in a way is to highlight the fact that actually people do know that things are going to get West that were people that we spoke to who were there. He clinches at the fact that things were about to get very tough for them and that didn't mean that they were changing their minds which depends on the deal done of course because there's different analysis overlay both of what it was and we still have no idea which way that will go but there were a lot of people who did vote to leave who did sense that even if things were going to get harder for them that they was still committed to their original position and so I think that's testimony to some of the underlying issues behind backs that maybe still haven't really been addressed thank you Ramakrishnan going back to the conversation we had in the last half hour about the discoveries that you've been involved with on the subject of Reiber So I wanted to ask you where that takes is with one specific thought in mind which is tackling antibiotic resistance because I think that's that's a potentially significant consequences and it what you're looking at yes most of us studied Reivers zones because they're so fundamental to biology but it turns out that because it's such an ancient molecule our rival Soames sufficiently different from the Rye besoms of bacteria that many compounds attack the bacterial right to some dog bind and stop the bacterial rob some from working and these turn out to be quite useful antibiotics so the structure of the rival Saum is now enabling the design of improved antibiotics which is a very important issue because there's a growing problem of anti microbial resistance so many bacteria are resistant to most known antibiotics and in fact in Europe alone about $25000.00 people die every year or just one bacterium which is staff or eous so and it's a growing worldwide problem and we need to tackle it in a multi-pronged where. And I'm I right in saying as you often hear this suggested that we are not discovering new antibiotics that we're not partly because of the business model you know if you discover a new antibiotic it's limited to a small patient pool of those who are or have a resistant infection and if it's any good the patient is cured in a week or so so it's not exactly necessarily going to be a huge moneymaker but it costs a $1000000000.00 or so to develop a new. Medicine going through clinical trials so I think alternative models for drug development are needed for antibiotics my guests thank you very much Christian and Miriam Francois as we turn our attention to the United States and China. The u.s. Government is currently doing its best to convince its allies that the giant Chinese tech company Huawei should be banned from involvement in the development of the latest 5 g. Telecoms networks the u.s. Thinks that Huawei is too close to the Chinese government and that almost inevitably there's a risk of state sponsored spying or cyber sabotage if hallways allowed to be at the forefront of such work but according to reports this week some senior security officials in the u.k. Are more sympathetic to Huawei they apparently think that any such risk can be mitigated Well when Shane Fay is the founder of Huawei his daughter among one Joe who's the company's chief financial officer is currently in detention in Canada having been arrested last year at the request of the us she and the company are facing a range of charges on alleged breaches of trade sanctions linked to Iran and the attempted theft of trade secrets or wrenching fate told our business correspondent Kareen Swami that while we would not be cowed by the United States. There's no way the u.s. Can crush us the world needs while away because we are more advanced even if they persuade more countries not to use us temporarily we could just scale things down a bit and because the us keeps targeting us and finding fault with us it has forced us to improve our products and services what kind of impact would it have on your business if the Us is successful in getting many of its partners in the West to shut your equipment out machine for the dollar value and if the lights go out in the west the east will still shine and if the North goes dark then there is still the south america doesn't represent the world Mr Wrenn I would like to raise the issue of your daughter this is a personally very very challenging time for you she is in Canada she's been arrested by the us this request and she faces extradition how do you feel about this and what will you do if she is sent to jail was so shared their friend into trouble for I object to what the u.s. Has done this kind of politically motivated act is not acceptable the u.s. Likes to sanction others whenever there's an issue they'll use such methods we object to this do you want one Joe she has no impact on where ways business due to main one goes loss of freedom in fact we're growing even faster so they caught Ming Wang Joe Maybe they got the wrong person they may have thought if they've arrested her while we would fall but we didn't fall we are still moving forward our company has established processes and procedures and no longer relies on any one person even if I myself go one day this company won't change its trajectory forward which I did above but we can be wrenching Fay the founder of one way speaking to the B.B.C.'s Curry Swami will in the studio is child's play. Martin a former British an e.u. Diplomat with more than 20 years service in China Hong Kong and Taiwan He's written a report for the Royal United Services Institute warning against unchecked access for Huawei to the U.K.'s telecommunications system Good morning morning why do you issue that warning Well let me just 1st say that the report has a lot wider than just Huawei it's about interference in general in 7 different areas but what is the one that takes all the attention. You very kindly sent a taxi for me here and the taxi driver said he's a man who spent 6 months of his life installing telephone towers throughout Africa I said so we had a long technical discussion and I said to him Would you allow Holloway and he said absolutely no way completely unacceptable to bigger risk and I think that's that's the point you talked about u.k. Officials possibly talking this week about the risk being mitigated Bill it's mitigates bill for sure but is it eliminates Bill No I don't think you can eliminate it and the so often and nor incident du du du du du du g.c. H.q. Back in when televisions committee reported 2013 on 4 g. Think that in any way they could check all the all the lines of code but it isn't realistic to aspire to eliminate any risk in this kind of a no and I think that's the point and you have to ask yourselves why it is that the head of the Australian Quinta g.h.q. Has specifically said that that it's acceptable risk so there is a risk it comes down therefore to a political decision are you prepared to take that risk and I think that a government's duty is ultimately to protect its national security this is what this decision on 5 g. Which is so critical to the whole range of critical national infrastructure is going to lay down a basis for telecommunications for decades so you've got to you've got to get it right and you've got to be sure that risk cannot increase in the few. And when Huawei says it's totally separate from the Chinese state other than in paying its taxes what do you say Well I think the status quo is Stream be fuzzy and if nothing else the taking of hostages including my friend Michael covering the 2 Canadian hostages because of the possible extradition of Mr and daughter. Shows just how close the relationship between the state is I mean if this was a private company in most other jurisdictions you would say were. The rule of law carry on as it is but the state interferes intervenes on behalf of the company I think actually is it very closely but there's also isn't there an expressed concern in some circles about the current state of international relations specifically relating to trade between the u.s. And China and how there is a danger in the minds of some that the u.k. Gets swept up in that because of u.s. Attitudes to Huawei and China therefore the u.k. Follows suit Yeah I think there's some time certainly in some quarters in America the debate has got far too wide logical I mean the point that I'm making my paper is that we really do want very good relations with China it's just that the nature of our systems be they political values or economic state adverse is a market I'd have have diverged and we should be mature and recognise that and say that particularly the advent of new technologies there is going to be certain there is the definition national security has in fact widened we should accept that just as the Chinese exactly wouldn't let us into into the critical national infrastructure and then let's move on and see where in other areas of trade and investment or you were talking earlier about things like global health and the microbial resistance we need to work very close to trying only things we want to but there are just certain areas which they block out and we have to let me just get some observations from I guess we'll happily come back to you what once they've spoken thank you Ramakrishnan what comes to mind as you listen to this. So I should say that I just read Charles Parton's paper on China u.k. Relations and it's a very thoughtful piece of work so I completely agree with him I think part of the problem is that we do have divergent sort of systems or values you know the Chinese are becoming less open and more into surveillance censorship etc and this lack of transparency and divergence creates a problem of trust if we were you know completely trusted trusting of each other maybe this wouldn't be such a problem but with this lack of openness and transparency one can as Charles pointed out never be sure so I think with something that's a matter of critical infrastructure it's probably best to be very cautious not to come back on that just before I bring very well just just 11 to addition to that I mean what are we afraid of in terms of risk you know will it be will there be war between u.k. And China I very much doubt it but there are states of hostility a long way short of that and of course ever since I went to China I went in 1st in $8293.00 we had the spiritual pollution campaign which was all about hostile Western values it's been a constant drumbeat so so it's not inconceivable that that might might come out but it's more the the threat or fear that if you placed so much trust as. The previous speaker said in in China can we afford to take policies in other fields which might offend China who has that influence on our on our critical systems and then there's the 5 Eyes question. Underpinning for you case global stance that that implies a very yeah I'm just wondering then we saying if China can't be trusted in this realm whether the solution is to say we're talking about nationalization in the certain areas you know does it retain. In our ability to protect ourselves if this indeed is a question of national security and nothing to do with the kind of trade wars that we've seen where you know billions of dollars whether terrorists are being placed on Chinese products but and then the question then is issues then watching the government because there have been claims about g.t.a. Overstepping in terms of its surveillance European court I think civil rights groups bringing certain claims following the Snowden revelations I mean if it's not China watching. Watching their watches true and of course all governments and civil society should be putting in as much effort they can to ensure that whoever runs our 5 g. Systems stays on the straight and narrow but the question really is it's one that you frequently come across and people say well why trust trust anyone else other than a way I do think there's a difference between trusting America with which we whom we've been an ally for over 100 years who share our interests and values and security we are you know part of nature with them we're part of the 5 Eyes Alliance and China with whom we're not China has no our guys except one this week North Korea. I mean I completely hid that I just think historical ties so America when we talk about I don't know that the current form of America would be a country that I necessarily would think that Britain would want to allow itself to . Valleys level but I are here your point about China just to come back on that Mr Trump won't be there forever I see him being of course will try to change it so that he can be. Called the American Constitution the most Mr Trump can be there for his 8 years one hopes yes the shorter thank you want to come in well as an Anglo American I think we certainly share far more with America than we do with many other countries and I also want to make the point This doesn't mean that we can't work with China in many other areas for example science and microbial resistance for example and other areas of technology and trade we should want China to do well and succeed and hope is that it will become more open as it gains confidence child part you have sparked debate in this region thank you very much indeed for coming in you're listening to Weekend from the b.b.c. World Service a reminder of our main news polling stations have opened across Nigeria for delayed presidential and parliamentary elections which were due to have taken place last week and President Maduro has partially closed the border with Colombia as his rival one go I don't propose to move international aid across the front here. Here in the u.k. a Committee of M.P.'s says school children should be taught the joy that is how they have put it of mending clothes the idea is part of a push to control fast fashion and to stop people buying so much stuff and then throwing it away the committee also says clothing produces and retailers should be charged a penny on every garment they sell to fund a $35000000.00 pound or $40000000.00. Annual recycling scheme very Craig who chose this particular parliamentary committee says urgent action is needed we throw away over a 1000000 tons of clothing here in the u.k. And 300000 of those tons of clothing go to landfill or incineration So what we're saying is that fashion needs to take responsibility for the clothes that it puts on the market and we want the government to introduce an extended producer responsibilities game to invest in recycling and sorting centers in every city in the u.k. Lauren Calgary's a director of a clothes swap shop in the northern English city of Leeds it's the Leeds community clothes Exchange and she also said herself the challenge of not buying any new clothes for a year and she's with us now in Leeds lore and welcome thanks for having me on how was that challenge it was a was difficult to start with I think it's all about changing your mindset I think to start with you kind of think oh I'm depriving myself of something but after a while you realise that you can get the value out of the clothes you are the own and there are fantastic options for swapping or acquiring secondhand clothing and prior to that year kicking in how keen a clothes by a were you I was quite keen I think it's I think you sort of think I'll treat myself or it's a special occasion or I'm going out I'll get something new and I think it's it's all I can say it's all about changing that mindset where it's now I I wouldn't necessarily think oh I need a new outfit to go out in I think what have I got already or where can I get something and secondhand so take us into your swap shop what actually happens so we leave community exchange we've been running for 10 years as far as we're aware with the longest running. Sort of event of its kind so the idea of people bringing unwanted items that are in good condition We then check those into our exchange and give them credit for the number of items that they bring and they can then spend those credits on new I new to them items and which they can then get. Right so it doesn't matter what they are to me as a man if you bring something which is not worth a great deal and then walk out with something worth significantly more but that's that's part of the deal it is yeah I think it's part of the enjoyment of it you can come with one talk of clothing and lead with something completely different so we get all sorts of we get everything from designer in vintage and handmade items right through to you sort of high street basics. Miriam do you like this idea I do and personally I'm quite a big fan of shopping in charity shops which I think is a kind of variation on the idea although obviously you're purchasing the clothes but discounted price I just think that the onus should be on the retailers on the fashion companies some of whom in this country have been known for evading paying their taxes in which would actually be not a small contribution to the economy and I think clothes are quite expensive I think the fashion industry is is what's creating obsolete as if you like in our clothing I also think there's an issue with the quality of the clothes that you buy today so that I can safely say that if I buy something today without naming any stores that within a year they'll be 10 years they'll be issues that will make it largely on wearable and of course there's the other factor which is I'm not going to lie and I don't think I'm alone in this I don't know how to sew. I don't know how to sew I don't know how to mend my own clothes so I'm not sure how to fix that and I think that's but increasingly true isn't it most people have also my mum to let me her sewing machine and and she doesn't own one anymore which is also interesting to me because I was not that long ago I think a month before we would have had a sewing machine and probably could have helped just mend our clothes but now it's just like you get tear in something and you just you just chuck it and I think that's part of the cycle that the fashion industry has created you know you buy something within 2 months it's out of season and that's something that's a cycle they create they perpetuate so they should take accountability for that in terms of you know the environmental impact of it thought from you before I go back to the. Well I think this planned obsolescence isn't part of just the fashion industry I should say I was made fun of just yesterday because I have holes in my sweaters and you know when I was young you could simply go to a tailor and get it darned and you simply that doesn't even exist anymore and you can you know have to throw away things like a printer because one part is defective So I think the whole system depends on you know people just throwing away things and buying new things and it's a failure of capitalism I think Lauren a word to you about this other proposal from this committee saying that clothing producers and retailers should be charged a penny on every garment they sell or to fund a recycling scheme What are your thoughts on that specific idea I think it's a very interesting idea I'm not sure that it goes far enough in the you know ideally we shouldn't be worrying about recycling we should be worrying about reducing the amount of consumption that where we're getting through but I think is it is a very important start and I think for even if the price is passed on to the consumer one penny on each item is definitely something that's not going to price people out of buying clothes and that's an important factor here isn't it because if you put the price up to the extent that you do price people out of out of buying it then it rather goes against that whole aims it seems to me absolutely and I think you know we don't want to be penalizing people we want to encourage that change and you know it's a little steps and I think it's all about people just being a bit more aware and there's nothing wrong with buying things new but it's get making sure that you get the value out of them wearing them minimum of 30 times and not just wear when you want for your Instagram picture and then and then discarding it very much that I doubt you had about that the cost proposal that I mentioned Yeah especially because of the quality of the items that we're talking about you know the idea that now we're going to increase the cost of everyday items which you know clothing really is one of them and I just think that clothing already be. Relatively expensive that the retailers really should be footing the bill for that but encouraging people to wear their clothes again I think is a is a fantastic initiative in that she Instagram might well be one of the areas that you could use to stop I mean men in that direction because as much as that social media can be a force for evil it can also be some way you can start the idea of like a this is a new trend let's go against this movement you know I knew wearing something once and start encouraging people to think of lots of different ways of wearing the same item Lauren thank you for coming in to ask you whether or not you're now in a position to dawn up the sweater you referred to a moment ago particularly the light of what Miriam said about none of us being able to say Well I think I'm going to just hang on to the sweater but as I said this is not restricted to the fashion industry work encouraging planned obsolescence in almost every aspect of our consumerism and I don't see any solution except to consume less I guess today serving Ramakrishnan and Miriam Francois more from them in our final half hour you're listening to Weekend from the b.b.c. 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Welcome to Weekend with Julia Morrow Coming up President Maduro closes the border with Colombia as his rival one go I don't propose to move international aid across the front you know we'll hear from one of President Maduro staunchest supporters while. Anything is what we call a puppet that is driving by. Also polling stations open across Nigeria for the presidential and parliamentary elections proposed from last week and all the best picture winners of the Oscars really the best films each year some of these films you know back on and take on is any moment she knows it will I mean crash now much is crashing even more its racial politics outmoded even even 10 years later and with me my guests Miriam Francois and surveying Ramakrishnan It's all here on weekend after the latest world news. B.b.c. News with Simone Comrie polls have opened in one area as presidential and parliamentary elections a week after they were postponed with only a few hours notice the delay had sparked conspiracy theories and stoke fears of violence for a girl keen reports from the capital of. This is the biggest election in African history with 84000000 registered voters spread across the continent's most populous nation logistical difficulties that caused the postponement of the polls now appear to have been overcome with the National Election Commission assuring voters across the country they would be able to vote there are still problems not least in the northeast of the country where nearly $2000000.00 people are displaced and the Boko Haram group and its offshoot Islamic state West Africa have threatened to attack voters there are reports this morning of bombings inside the city of my degree residence reported tearing up to 10 explosions the Venezuelan government has shut part of the border with Colombia complaining of serious threats against sovereignty the closure was announced as President Nicolas Maduro is opponents made final preparations to move aid much of it from the United States across the frontier from Caracas he is case he wants and this is the day Venezuela's opposition has been waiting for a day that will test the loyalty of the country's armed forces towards Nicolas Maduro and determine his future lorries laden with aid are expected to set off from both Colombia and Brazil and attempt to cross the border throughout Venezuela people will gather military barracks to ask soldiers for their help in the aid effort until now senior officers have remained loyal to Mr Maduro but with pressure being heaped on them to help the Venezuelan people will they listen to their leader or change sides support one guy go and open the borders officials in northeastern India say at least 69 people have died after drinking toxic are go home.