One of 5.7 f.m. In Canyon City for questions or comments please call 719-473-4801 during regular business hours you can always become a member of k. Or c.c. By going to King or c c dot o r g and making your financial contributions safely on line. At 2 o'clock g.m.t. Welcome to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Claire McDonald at diplomatic thought during the Winter Olympics North Korea talks to the south but the u.s. Holds firm on no talks without nuclear disarmament a u.n. Cease fire resolution but air bombardments continue in Ghouta Syria also we can cannot begin or Europe may be freed and the life of the world may move forward to bring all of the family planned new research on earth the affair that could have compromised Winston Churchill during the 2nd World War and from the are they aren't they ice dance champions relationships that this is not your business. To this proud Korean Granny he did or did or whatever curling as she played it at the end of it she became a professional athlete I'm so proud of Hasn't it that we will bring you all the buzz away from the podium that you might have missed during the Winter Olympics. B.b.c. News Hello I'm Gareth Barlow the United States has said any direct talks with North Korea must lead to the end of its nuclear weapons program the White House was responding after South Korea said the North Korean delegation at the Winter Olympics had expressed a willingness for dialogue with Washington David Willetts reports the Winter Olympics have seen North Korea embark on something of a charm offensive with the South at the same spirit of a limb picking Gage meant hasn't extended to relations between North Korea and the United States meeting planned for the day after the opening ceremony was abruptly canceled and last week President Trump announced further sanctions against the regime but at a meeting with the South Korean president Mungy in just before the closing ceremony the North Koreans reportedly expressed their willingness to talk with the u.s. The White House statement makes clear however that a pledge to denuclearize remains a condition of dialogue adding that a brighter path exists for North Korea if it chooses to abandon its nuclear missile program the health authorities in the rebel Syrian enclave of eastern go to say several people have suffered symptoms consistent with exposure to chlorine gas during continued attacks by pro-government forces they said the victims ambulance drivers and others had reported smelling chlorine after an explosion Dr Mohammed could be the advocacy manager for the Syrian American Medical Society He's originally from Guta but gave the b.b.c. This update from Turkey it was saved from a shell from our hospital in somewhat all of our hospitals there but very cvs 16 patients were in those centers indicative to glowing doctors or treated the patients are very well qualified and experienced circum it will be months before so they know what they are talking about the or Thora t's in Nigeria say additional forces are being deployed to search for more than 100 schoolgirls abducted in the north. Of the country the government says $110.00 girls remain unaccounted for after its mis militants attacked their school in douching Nigeria's information minister Lima Hamad said security at other schools would also be increased the police and the civil defense call really sure that their presence is strong in every school so that. The talents to his hard hits. The security agencies working together and yes now. That these girls. As possible. Hungary's governing Fidesz Party has suffered a shock defeat in a Maryland action in the southern town of how to measure Vasher hay one of its strongholds the result comes weeks before a general election in which the Prime Minister Viktor Orban will seek a 3rd consecutive term well as news from the b.b.c. . The u.n. Special representative in the Democratic Republic of Congo has cooled for restraint after 2 demonstrators were killed during protests against President Joseph Kabila more than 40 people were injured and over $100.00 arrested across the country and student Smith reports Christians plan to take to the streets after Sunday services but in many cities the security forces surrounded churches and used tear gas and gunfire to deter protesters in case and Danny the b.b.c. Understands that 3 priests are among 15 people arrested President Kabila took over from his father 17 years ago his mandate expired at the end of 2016 the government and opposition have failed to agree on a date for elections relatives of the 44 crew of an Argentine submarine that was lost in mid November have begun raising funds for a private search the families have opened a bank account asking for public donations to help locate the San Juan the government suspended a massive search in the South Atlantic 15 days after the vessel last made contact with its base the Argentine Navy says a loud noise consistent with an underwater explosion was registered around that time King Philippe of Spain has been met with protests on his 1st visit to Catalonia since last year's failed independence bid place held back a crowd of hundreds of people chanting anti Monaco slogans as he arrived in Barcelona for the opening of the Mobile World Congress technology for senior Catalan officials refused to attend a formal reception Australia has a new deputy prime minister following the election of Michael McCormick as leader of the National Party the party leader automatically becomes deputy prime minister under the coalition agreement with the Liberal Party led by the Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Mr McCormack replaces Barnaby Joyce who stood down on Friday b.b. Sing use. You're listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service with me Claire McDonnell We start with a significant diplomatic thaw at the end of the Winter Olympics in p.r. China North Korea has indicated it is ready for talks with South Korea but the United States says any dialogue with the North must have nuclear disarmament as its angle so with North Korea happy to talk to the u.s. About nuclear weapons why isn't that enough for Washington here's the B.B.C.'s David Willis Well in response to reports that North Korea is willing to talk Clare the u.s. Is playing hardball I think it's fair to say a White House statement released today saying North Korea's abandonment of its nuclear program must be the result of any u.s. Dialogue with North Korea now there are those who would argue that that doesn't amount to the u.s. Closing the door on talks with North Korea rather it just makes plain that denuclearization would have to be the central element of any talks that did take place it's pretty clear though from this statement that the sanctions will continue until North Korea abandons its nuclear weapons program what is the thinking then behind this seeming change of strategy from North Korea's point of view the delegation and that came to the Winter Olympics in South Korea the conversations that went on there seemingly holding out a hand to the rest of the world what is the thinking behind this while there is a shift in North Korea's tone or is it been warning the u.s. Of course of grave consequences over the latest round of sanctions announced last week by President Trump calling them tantamount to an act of war but the North Koreans also seem to be acknowledging that in order for relations between the north and the South to improve in order to ease tensions on the Korean Peninsula. The North also needs to improve its relationship with the United States it's been on this charm offensive join these Winter Olympics as well as sending athletes and cheerleaders the North Korean leader's sister Kim yo Jong attended the opening ceremony but that same spirit of limpid can gauge meant if you like hasn't extended to relations between North Korea and the United States there was that meeting planned involving the vice president Mike Pence the day after the opening ceremony that was canceled and then last week of course President Trump announced the heaviest ever sanctions against North Korea more sanctions and this red line the states saying we will not enter into any dialogue unless the dialogue begins with this condition that North Korea will abandon its nuclear program I mean are they absolutely sticking to that can we see talks at any point in the future where that isn't on the table while the White House statement says that as President Trump has pointed out a brighter path as it puts it exists for North Korea if it chooses to give up its nuclear weapons so I think the bottom line here Claire is that talks may or may not happen but sanctions continue until the north gives up its nukes David well as let's go to Nigeria now where the authorities are stepping up their efforts to rescue over 100 schoolgirls who were kidnapped almost a week ago in the northeast of the country the Islamist insurgent group work around have been blamed for the attack they also abducted the Chibok girls 4 years ago Nigeria's information minister is Lima hit the security agencies working to get there and he has now days it will assure that these girls in the recovered as fast as possible they're already working on several very important leads which would be very important to talk about well we're. Why should I join that and most. Will be left unturned in the demolition to rescue these girls let's turn now to the newsrooms James Copnall we heard there no Stern will be left unturned What are the authorities doing well the main thing that they've announced is that they're bringing lots more of the Nigerian Air Force assets to the area so that includes helicopters and other sort of surveillance equipment to try an essentially trace this group is faction of book around that they believe have taken these 100 plus schoolgirls from this school now air searches had already taken place they haven't succeeded so far but they're talking now about day and night searches leaving no stone unturned as the minister said then there are also efforts carrying on on the ground as well to find the girls they also setting up phone hotline so anyone who's got a tip off of information can contact the authorities that way another thing the minister announced was providing security in every school in the state so something like this can happen again and there's a fair amount of controversy isn't there about the circumstances in which the school girls were taken because of the very similar nature to how that about girls disappeared Yeah exactly so in the early days it wasn't clear if the girls had been taken how many had been taken there were reports that they'd been recaptured by the military rescued by the military and that was denied the most recent development is that the local governor Ibrahim goddamn has said that the reason essentially they were taken is that the military who had been in this town that she would draw in about a week before the attack he said that although the defense people denied this it was true there was simply wasn't a military presence protecting the town protecting the school at the time of the attack and and that he felt was one of the major reasons why this took place another mass abduction in just 4 years of young girls have a peep. In Nigeria reacting people are very angry I think you should remember that at least 100 of the Chibok girls are still unaccounted for there's another 100 girls just gone missing in this last week and actually large numbers of people are abducted or have been abducted by Boko Haram over the last few years without drawing the headlines in the way that these mass abductions in Chibok or douchy now have tended to do so people very angry very frustrated people playing politics about it too but the dominant emotion clearly is we want our girls back James Copnall thank you you're listening to the news room on the b.b.c. World Service Still to come a mountain it goes it alone to try and make the 1st wintertime ascent of k 2 leaving behind his teammates who want to happy at the beginning it was a bit of shock now probably a bit of. Maybe a bit of a point that coming up 1st Garrett has the headlines the United States has reiterated that it will only enter direct talks with North Korea if you to Greece to abandon its nuclear weapons program Hungary's governing party has suffered a shock defeat in a local election just weeks before a nationwide poll and Syrian government forces have been accused of using chlorine gas during their assault on the rebel enclave of eastern Cooter Let's get more on that story now there were hopes that a cease fire resolution passed by the u.n. Security Council on Saturday would bring to an end the Syrian government strikes on Eastern where hundreds of civilians have died in recent days but clashes have continued Now there are unconfirmed reports of chlorine gas being used by government forces the Syrian government has always denied using chemical weapons Caroline holy reports. In parts of eastern go to there was a measure of calm after a week long storm of airstrikes. In small numbers people then chewed out from underground shelters to assess the damage. But in some areas the airstrikes continue and once again children are among the dead now and. Then I want to vote for a month long ceasefire didn't specify exactly when it would start or how it would be implemented and there's another problem in eastern go to it's a disparate group of rebels fighting the regime they include some extremist elements that have been linked to al-Qaeda and the ceasefire doesn't cover them government forces and I'm asked around the edge of the enclave with reports of clashes as they try to advance militiamen it's been going to night we spoke to the most powerful group on the ground Jaish al Islam which claims to have killed and kidnapped dozens of government troops that my home and me along. When the regime is not abiding by the u.n. Resolution I cannot stand still and watch and the fan myself and our families in go to. Work. In one hospital in East to go to victims activists say of another suspected chemical attack the suffering the symptoms of the possible use of chlorine gas if there's one thing all sides agree on is that the conflict the agony of Syria's civilians caught in it is very far from over. Caroline Hawley Well let's get more on those reports of a possible chemical attack Mohammed the 2 bulwarks for the Syrian American Medical Society he is monitoring the situation from Turkey we received information from our hospital in somewhat I want of our hospitals there that they received 16 patients with their symptoms indicative to chlorine but the doctors who treated the patients are very well qualified and they experienced chemical be months before so they know what they are talking about we don't have any way to identify the Asian so that they symptoms that they described all the patients were treated they came in but moderate said terms so we have only one death between the 16 it's a child and we are not sure if the death is because of the chemical attack or because our injuries this is a chronic issue or chemical weapons have been used since 20 per of the now almost 200 committal attacks I'm talking about exactly 197 that fear reported so our medical staff especially in this area which have been under siege since 5 years now so there's shortage in medicine there's nor the capacity to face such that there's no British in years even for the rescue teams some of these 2 team which all the people from the attacked area even were contaminated. The tunable of the Syrian American Medical Society now have a listen to this. Point 00000000000000000000000 That was the scene outside a cathedral in Kinshasa the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo protesters marched off to Sunday Mass calling for President Joseph Kabila to step down his mandate end it in 2016 but he has refused to leave power until long delayed elections take place among those protesting was cast say. That don't know me. Well today we are determined because we are suffering in our country we will much stop us even these policeman have to understand that Kabila is Monday is finished he has to go he must go Well tragically least one protester was killed in Kinshasa he was identified by the campaign group Human Rights Watch as candy his cousin Charlene spoke to the b.b.c. . Very discreet did I fail voiceless and small he was the father. There why if you had people love premium and his life has just been reduced like this the only crime he had committed was that he was very passionate about frequent. Well it's him now from the B.B.C.'s Polly Ms Ali who describes the day's events from early in the morning police brought a lot of checkpoints in the city from the morning we could also see a lot of policemen and soldiers there wasn't many people in the churches compared to the 2 previous. Protest but the few people who are in the churches tried to protest after the mass but the police came and today they're using tear gas and sometimes footing we could see some soldiers using bullets but at the places we are so they will shoot things in the air but according to the information to go out there is one person who had been foods all of the protest opposition protests here and there see are banned so this is not the 1st to be banned every time opposition all Catholic Church calls for protests we used to see soldiers policemen a lot of policeman in the street but I think people didn't come because they were afraid that violence can start in the churches. Holy Ms Ali you're listening to the newsroom now it would be a dangerous and exhilarating 1st scaling the world's 2nd highest mountain peak in the dead of winter a team of Polish mountain is has spent months making painstaking preparations to do just that but the plan seems we're gonna ride when one of the climbers Dennis. Apparently launched on with arised attempts to reach the summit alone Dannii behind reports. On the border between Pakistan and China is the giants of the Carrick Oram range at more than $1600.00 metres in altitude it's the only one of the world's 8000 meter peaks never to have been climbed in winter even in the best of conditions it's of a middle and frequently deadly challenge involving long stretches of state and highly technical climbing all the way to the summit winter brings temperatures plummeting to minus 50 degrees Celsius and fierce jet stream winds that can reach 200 kilometers an hour now it appears Dennis Arup Co will face those risks as he climbs alone the expedition spokesman licks in ski describe the team's reaction to his decision at the beginning it was a bit of shock and surprise now probably a bit of. Maybe a bit of disappointment but now. Part of the emotions we have to do with 2 situations support. So he can go back into the team believes he's got to appraise stablished camp at 7200 meters Mr Lex in ski speculated on the reasons for the apparent breach of mountaineering protocol by the Russian Polish mountaineer Paul Dennis Wintec landing course always between December and February. He said that March it's like the weather is last will start being warm so it's not counting as a winter time being so he. Probably that's why I wanted to make the time last month Mr rip Cohen a fellow climber on the expedition were helicoptered from k 2 to another peak in Pakistan but to mount a dramatic high mountain rescue of a French climber Elizabeth we have all the expedition says he's a highly talented experienced mountaineer who has climbed all of the world's 14 peaks over 8000 meters weather conditions are not forecast to be as bad as they can be on the mountain in the short term Mr Lex in ski trusts that Mr Ripper will turn back if necessary rather than put himself or other members of the team in jeopardy but he believes the next 48 hours will be critical daddy or hardware that reports now Gareth has some other stories from our news desk when after National Rifle Association in the United States says is opposed to any new gun control measures pushing back against President Trump's comments that some should be considered following the Florida school shooting earlier this month Mr Trump a prominent proposed raising the age limit for buying certain guns and banning modifications that enable semiautomatic rifles to shoot more rapidly but an n.r.a. Spokeswoman said the lobby did not support any new restrictions an Iraqi court has sentenced to 15 it Turkish women to death on charges of belonging to the Islamic state group the court said it had been proved that the women had been married to i.a.s. Members or provided them with logistical aid summit help the jihadists carry out attacks hundreds of foreign women were captured in the Iraqi government's war on i.a.s. And are now being put on trial Human rights groups have criticized the verdicts and the judicial process describing it as unfair to people are critically ill in hospital after an explosion and fire at a property in the English city of Leicester 4 other people were injured video from the scene showed flames and smoke billowing into the night sky police are declared it a major incident and homes have been evacuated. Good John Alexander who lives nearby described what happened. And no explosion and felt a tremendous shock through the house felt like it was going to bring So you know the 1st thing I saw was a shot that been destroyed taking up the bush shelter opposite line bridge across all 4 carriages pretty quickly after the fire started. John Alexander now Winston Churchill is widely acknowledged as the leader who held the line as Britain stood alone against Hitler's Germany during the 2nd World War But new research has revealed that the politicians personal life was much more complicated than previously thought an affair has been discovered that could have ruined his career and country at this most perilous time the newsroom's of Valerie Sanderson reports as Hitler's troops swept through Europe Winston Churchill's must a full speeches held his country together we can cannot begin or Europe may be read and life in the world may move forward to bring on the family plan. But if we fail then our world including the United States we begin to be a bit under new dark and he'd come at the r. And come at the man with a huge personality a will to fight and it seemed a path that partner and his wife Clementine who stood by him throughout their long happy and apparently faithful marriage but now it's a message that Churchill had a relationship during the 1930 s. With the socialite Doris Castle Ross as one of the academics involved in the research Warren Dr of Aberystwyth University in Wales explains Churchill and her you know they had a very pleasant relationship they enjoy each other and she sort of was sort of was a muse for him because he painted her at least 3 or 4 times with war threatening Churchill ended the relationship and Doris Castle Ross moved to the u.s. Eventually managing to secure a rare flight back to the u.k. June the war with the help of her former lover it was an affair he needed to keep secret the pressure on keeping in mind hang the us special a ship would have been very much in Churchill's mind and so anything that might damage that or smear is character I think you would have been worried about Doris Castle Ross died in the 1940 s. From an overdose of sleeping tablets Churchill's wife Clementine discovered. What happened later to war and Dr she's the hero of the story so all these decades on why should this matter this is a part of the enigma that is Winston Churchill resultantly so incredibly fascinating and there still loads of things to be discovered in the archives I mean who can say what what treasures it holds and this is one of the great things about you know Winston Churchill still very much a hero for me and I you know in no way am I doing this to discharge him I just want to understand that my own or inductor that of avarice with university ending that report by Valerie Sanderson Now let's return to South Korea and the closing of the Winter Olympics earlier we talked about some of the politics surrounding these games but there are always stories away from the ice and snow that captured the world's imagination the stories many remember long after the Olympics are over Raleigh Colson's report begins with a partnership that's prompted much online speculation relationships that this is not your business. That with Canadian ice dancing gold medalist Scott Moir answering the question wondered around the world is his on ice chemistry with partner Tessa Virtue more than just a good working relationship so I can say that the last 2 years been in a very committed relationship with our sport and that's where the type of athletes that dive head 1st and into the whole process and I just honestly don't know where he would find time for that the idea that you might be an item in real life has been talked about online almost as much as their record breaking scores his answer certainly hasn't stopped fans from hoping no and which sport was the sleeper success of the Olympics believe it or not curling beginning with some endorsements from the a team is Mr t. On Twitter including the hashtag curling is cool fool and carrying on with South Korea's new darlings the garlic girls they're a team of understated underdogs winning against some of the world's top rinks but it's a bit of a new phenomenon. And there even skip Kim and grandmother admits she hasn't quite figured the sport out yet. Whatever calling it is she played it at the end of it she became a professional athlete I'm so proud of. Tributes to them have been popping up online with people using their room was or automated vacuum cleaners as rocks and sweeping them across their homes and it was an Olympics of firsts like the 1st African bobsled team ever to qualify for the Winter Olympics the women's team competing for Nigeria finished out of the medals but that didn't stop them from inspiring me we always say visual representation is huge and so for children and youth to be able to see this and see that we're on the big screen I think that gives everybody hope and I think it makes everybody interested in the sport and so we hope that we have a bright future here in winter sports and not just bobsled but all over and after all isn't that what the Olympics are all about running with the headlines away from the podium in the Winter Olympics you have been listening to the news room from the b.b.c. World Service with McDonnell thanks for listening well News is next. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the u.s. Is made possible by American Public Media producer and distributor of award winning public radio content a.p.m. American Public Media with support from c 3 io t. Addressing the world's most challenging problems at the convergence of artificial intelligence and elastic cloud computing more at c 3 i.o.t. Dot com. You know I drive junky car solo this is Nina Totenberg when my husband and I were courting he was really scandalized by my very old 6 to 6 and when we were invited to a state dinner at the White House he said that I should rent a fancier car I refused of course it's amazing to think that I could turn that card into my favorite programs go to k. R.c.c. Does the word keep tails. I'm Jeff mush and coming up his crowd science and string 12 year old kids he's question come on the mills of the same species communicate if they're from different countries and proceeds of an ounce of into a coffin a of animal vocalisations listening to the calls of. Whales. And even. From around the world do these animals have accents and if so why find out with crowd science after the nice. B.b.c. News with Gareth Barlow the United States has said North Korea must agree to discuss ending its nuclear weapons program before any direct talks with Pyongyang camp again the White House is responding after South Korea said the North Korean delegation of the Winter Olympics had expressed a willingness for dialogue with Washington the hell thought of Thora teas in the rebel Syrian enclave of eastern Ghouta say several people have suffered symptoms consistent with exposure to chlorine gas during continued attacks by pro-government forces a statement from the opposition Ministry of Health said victims and its drivers and others had reported smelling chlorine after an explosion Hungary's governing field s Party has suffered a shock defeat in America lection in the southern town of hard mess of better hay one of its strongholds there's outcomes weeks before a general election in which the prime minister because or a ban will seek a 3rd consecutive term one of the main opposition candidates to be Mexico's next president has rejected allegations of corruption accusing the government of a smear campaign in a letter to the attorney general's office Ricardo anigh denied claims that he had benefited from illicit property deals in his home state of Qatar and the United Nations special representative in the Democratic Republic of Congo has called for restraint after 2 demonstrators were killed during protests against President Joseph Kabila more than 40 people were injured and over 100 arrested as security forces used live ammunition gas to disperse the demonstrators relatives of the 44 crew of an Argentine submarine that was lost in mid November have begun raising funds for a private search relatives have opened a bank account asking for public donations to help locate the sound when submarine the government suspended a massive search in the South Atlantic 15 days after the vessel last made contact with its base welldone from the b.b.c. . If you knew. This is crowd science from the b.b.c. World Service the show that takes your questions about life Earth or the universe to the experts with answers wherever they are. I'm Jeff Bush and this amazing could come Fanie of animal calls songs and vocalizations is what we'll be focusing on for this episode to help us answer questions sent to us by 12 year old kitty The producer Rory and I braved the cold northern English weather to go and meet along with our family and their beloved dog Monte. Carlo. And Jess is Rory. I heard anything so. Your question of the crowds and what is it my question for crowd science is can I do most of the same species communicate if they're from different countries for example could my dog from England communicate with a dog from China and can we meet your dog can you get him to come because he was a. Butcher good boy does he make much noise you know not really. Much say something for the media. To be writing on the lips. What's what you like about . He's just a friend anyway. By or anything he gives you quite good company you know sit down next to you and just relax so if we took Monte now and sense about China and he got in the dark and he met some other Labradors and barked the question is would anyone know what it was all about yeah what do you think. I think they'll be some things that they understand but movements but if he barked a day I think understand him what do you think there are lots of animals that communicate with their voices I think a lot like wolves how that might be saying something instead of just howling. I have actually known a dog that came from China to America and he had no problems making his body language be understood by other dogs however dogs in China or in dogs in America might balk a little bit differently so Monte the dog when it got to China basically would be fine until he opened his mouth probably yes and even when he opens his mouth they'd understand when he was barking in a mean way versus in a friendly way this is Dr Holly root Gutteridge from Sussex University who is obviously very well placed to answer this question she's a canine vocal communication expert and she's actually met globetrotting dogs but her real focus is wolves I want to know whether wolves were a good model species to answer questions like kitties Yes They're fantastic because while we think of these great big belly animals that live in the cold north actually gray wolves are found all over the world so you get them from Russia down to India and also in America and Canada is that all over but they also have these wonderful How's that vary depending on where the wolf is from what is it they're saying when they when they give those long vocalisations we don't know what they will mean but we know they use them for different reasons one of them is to communicate with pack members so that's their family that might be at a distance they also how to express that they're protecting a territory and saying to other wolves back off this is our land they do it also because we think it's fun you can make them how my howling fast or you can howl at the walls and they'll hold back yes what does it sound like and I just hear how you do it so this would be the howl of a European move which is quite long and flop own. Lovely that was quite source of melancholy some of them all so you know I'm a very happy I can do an American with the house about half or if you want they sound a bit more like jazz singers because they move around a lot more with their voice so an American Wolf my how more RINGBACK. So they have these we call them dialects the particular subspecies of Wolf what makes you could tell the difference between an Indian Wolf from a Himalayan wealth from a Russian Wolf even though they might only live tens of miles apart Holly's research shows that differences in the way that was held depending on where they're from a sheep beautifully imitated for us there it seems they have accents so in relation to Kitty's question it's reasonable to think that these calls are different enough the Bulls might not be able to understand each other they have How's that are very specific to their subspecies or to the area and when I play those 2 wolves who aren't from that area they don't usually respond so while we know they're recognizing how we think it might be like if you're speaking French that I can tell somebody might be angry if they say yelling in French but I can't tell you what they're actually saying what does it tell you that the different populations of wolves have you know of unique accents what's really interesting about that is it means that there's not just one single how all of the wolves are making that's just totally in coded in their d.n.a. That they have this cultural divergence that's occurring possibly sending a message that's more specific to their environments and maybe one how works better where they're living in mountains compared to when they're living in meadows and that tells us they may be adapting to their local Habitat Holies evidence collected as she bravely trekked after wolf packs around the world shows that wolves at least have different accents and as Kitty suggested might be the case some of their calls don't seem to make perfect sense to other packs. Kitty's question also asked about animals in general so do other animals have accents too and can they understand each other one of the best people to answer this question is a man called Chris Watson he's probably heard more animal sounds than anyone in life wildlife sound recordist especially large in recording animal sounds in the places where they live and I've worked a lot on television programs for the b.b.c. Natural History Unit which was the Life of Birds with David Attenborough and Frozen Planet quite recently so but with your level of experience listening to animals do you think animals have accents such a good question may I say yes animals definitely have action some variations and some times with birds that are fairly what's called Sudan true where they don't travel very far the difference in a relatively short distance can be quite remarkable if you've got a favorite example then of a bird that you could spot you know what part of the country is from chaffinch is a relatively common birds they have this beautiful quite powerful song in spring and chaffinches of a very strong regional variation so I've got recordings of English chaffinches Scottish chaffinches and Welsh chaffinches best interest just play and have a listen. This is an English chaffinch. And. So you can hear them calling to each other and that is a that's what you because an English chaffinch accent that is absolutely in English chaffinch recorded in Cambridge shifts. Yeah whole lot thought Geoff and listen to this this is a Scottish chaffinch. Well there is a completely different phrases in that yeah it is the same pattern but a different dialect this is recorded in the highlands in the Caledonian pine forest . No the bird song I think sings in of the fries. Very short time listening to the gaps in between a longer because I was listening so the final track now we move to Wales so this is a Welsh chaffinch. That was the most complex yet it was not yeah it's. Quite complex isn't it that one more whole lot of composers as well as razors just has been the different parts of it yeah it has that sort of bubbling descending pitch which is common to all of them the sort of envelope of but he can tell straight away that 3 birds from different parts of the u.k. And they all sound very different what do you think a Scottish chaffinch would make of a territorial call from a a Welsh chaffinch I think you'd be fascinated to think they might even go as far as recognizing that it was vaguely territorial I think well that these are all to these are songs so this Chaffin she's singing and it's sending 2 different messages singing to attract a female into his territory is also the same time a sumo tennis like the song it is giving a warning to other males to say back off you know don't come any closer. It's clear that they have these quite specific accents if you like where they get their accents from. Birds develop the song by listening it would listen to the other chaffinches around it so it would mimic the sounds of the chaffinches and it would develop a song from from a basic template a basic pattern of songs it was an elaborate. Individual accents let chaffinches and other small songbirds judge each other's attractiveness or fighting ability and as they listen to each other they learn the local version of the call but there doesn't seem to be all that much to understand in the bird song notes aren't like human words and both birds keep their songs throughout their lives but in the end this a base of the open ocean Chris has recorded another animal that's famous for its songs only these songs are a lot more flexible. But whales have some of the most sophisticated elaborate most highly evolved songs they saying as they approach the reef Silverberg in here with reverberation coming back which they're listening to as well as singing. Sounds packed with emotions and yeah yeah. And lots of song learning lots of mixed dialects there sure is be so interesting work going around Australia over time scientists have noted that song sung by home by whales for coast of Perth and now being copied by humpback whales on the other side of Australia so something very cool is obviously happening here that's different to the chaffinches if humpbacks are changing their songs and passing them between populations it means that accents if you like aren't fixed there must be a reason for it so I tracked down the research who's responsible for finding these humpback song Highway to ask what's happening I'm Dr Alan Galland I met university research fellow here at university and I study the cultural transmission of humpback whale song What's exciting about them is. That the males to sing songs like birds and all them else sing the same thing at the same time but they can change different parts to it so a new song type will turn up and all the males will switch this new song type really rapidly what makes up the bits of it so to make up a song it's arranged in a hierarchical structure so the shortest sound to our ear is called a unit and then we have a few different units which makes up a phrase and then a phrase is repeated multiple times to make a thing and then we have a few different things which are of course composed of phrases and you know it's sung in a particular order to make a song and all the males in the population will be singing that variation at any point in time you've piqued my interest now can I hear what it sounds like sure I can play you a bit of one of the songs we have. Was. It sounds like an alien or. An alien motorbike that's good female hold back that is the equivalent of sort of Barry White Oh yeah would you like to hear another phrase from 'd some humpback song and really get into this. But Will was much cuter Yeah there was a lot more pressure so you're playful. Yeah I mean there's a few different sound types and there's so you can see you can hear the range of sounds that they can make and they can make anywhere between sort of 30 to 40 different sound units that are different and then how they arrange them each year is a let some esoteric typed arrangement put some changing so you can see the amount of variability in there where is the sort of hotbed of creativity so so far songs seem to be passed from the east coast of Australia to the east coast of Australia and in there pass through the South Pacific populations in an easterly direction and this has happened with multiple song types over multiple hears the series of comparisons with even the culture I think the best analogy we have is fashion I like to use the example of a there's a really nice red dress that someone comes into fashion in everybody changes to wearing red dresses and then that spreads to the next population and the wonderful thing with the humpbacks is this large scale population wide transmission isn't shown in any other animals so far except for humans. You're listening to crowd science from the b.b.c. World Service in this episode we're seeking an answer to listener Kitty's question can out of most of the same species communicate if they're from different countries great question we've discovered that wolves howl and birds sing in different but specific ways that much the accents of the local populations humpback whales take crowd learning to a whole new level copying viral songs that spread through their cultures in the South Pacific but while it's cause of less tuneful there's another well species whose accents a much more fixed between groups and definitely don't spread despair well is the largest to throw it's a predator it's one of the dominant predators in the deep ocean and they take squid out of that habitat to 'd a level that reaches the same all. Magnitude as all human fisheries take of the ocean every year this is Dr Luke Rendell from the University of St Andrews in Scotland he studies sperm whales and you might recognize this species as the white whale in Moby Dick So what sort of sounds do these highly social whales make swimmers are limited to essentially one type of vocalization click because that's what their entire head evolved to do but they make clicks in different patterns for different purposes so when sperm whales are searching for food they make regular clicks like one a 2nd that they use for echolocation So a group of echolocate doing sperm whale sounds like this. That's a group of about 10 sperm whales each making their own particular rhythm of location clicks that when they're returning to the surface from their dive and when they are socializing together at the surface they make clicks in a very different pattern these are repeated patterns of clicks we call these patterns coded. So that's the sound of a group of sperm whales getting together after they've heard a good forage and one of the interesting things I found in my research is the sperm whales in different places make coders that have different patterns so in the Mediterranean where there are sperm whales they nearly all make this pattern. For 1231 whereas in the Caribbean On the other side Atlantic Ocean we hear sperm whales making this point. We can go further afield to the Pacific Ocean around the Galapagos Islands and we hear a different happened again. In areas where we spend a lot of time like the Galapagos Islands we've actually been able to identify that there are some groups that make different code patterns even though they live in the same habitat right so we have those regular coders that we heard before but then you might also hear this pattern. Or this pattern. And these aren't just different patterns that they happen to make at different times if we recorded a group making these regular coders for example and we called them again 5 years or even 10 years later they're still be making the same type of code so it's something they seem to have for their life right and they just didn't mix with each other we've got no record of the animals that we know of from different vocal dialect groups never associated together so as far as we understand it these are actually representative of some kind of social structure or social division they might want to reinforce a social bond or they might want to stay in touch with members of that group so a sperm I was born into one of these groups and here is that group making that particular codependent and hearing that code a pattern if it means anything it means that the whale is at home in the same way that we might get a positive emotional reaction from hearing a song that we were really familiar with in our childhood or from producing some music together in synchrony with a bunch of other people drumming together or clapping together that can produce a real sense of belonging and community and I suspect there's some degree of similarity between our emotional reactions to that kind of process and what's going on with the whales so like like your local football teams chant. Right yeah if you've been away for a long time and you come back and you hear about chant and what it means to you is not necessarily the meaning of the words but it means that the you're home is that not just the loveliest thing you've ever heard sperm whales basically just say Hi we're here you're safe over and over in their own unique groups accent the message is obviously so reassuring and presumably so important to be able to pick out of a crowd that sperm whales just ignore other accents kitties question asked whether animals that grew up apart can understand each other in sperm whales at least it appears that they just don't want to. But to get to the core of Kitty's question about understanding We'll leave the ocean now before our fingers gets all wrinkly so I'm heading over to Ed in Brazil to meet a species that really does seem to care about different accents some of booking out now with Amanda the Senussi keeper and Katie snow came I think credibly excited to say that we're about to feed chimpanzees Yes Ok We're going to make some noises I think they will think if you. Just feel warm and then make time to end up back here and that is making certainly seems like that's Ok All right well I'm pretty excited. To have stood on a platform there looking down very excited looking chimpanzees standing up started to make some noise so feel free to throw everything arranged so that every individual has a good chance of getting something that was my meal demanded it was. Going to start with to start with a cooked potato. Chip. And I thought I would probably say Katie that will make me quite a lot of noise. You know it's a very big states. Have this one mate yeah it's a fight so that was a little bit of aggression there you. Go to the feet. That's maybe if doing that. So that's a really nice feat. She's now talking to tell you. So they've settled down but what with those sounds that we heard Katie. See their feet grunting their . So those are the ones we normally associate with them really liking the food with a really high preference food they all sound like they're making roughly the same sort of noise in response to these whole potatoes Yes all the terms here really love a potato so they've all got a really high preference for and yes then the sounds that they're making for those are all to my ear at least some very similar but there was a time wasn't there when this group was actually brought together from 2 separate groups Yes that's right back in 201011 chimps came to join the resident here and we found before they were integrated that they actually had very different preferences and very different sounds for the same food and that was apples so when the Dutch guys got apples they were super excited so they would get these calls when they got all of that is a tremendous Trump. You have to please with her from the 1st thing until I finish this interview so so that when they got apples they'd make this really high pitched . And they really really love them and then in contrast the resident Edinburg chimps were not really that bothered by apples and they would give these really low pitched. Calls when they had apples I mean so we thought well what's going to happen they kind of communicating differently about the same thing here so as they get to know each other and they integrate are they going to come up with a different sound all together kind of meet in the middle or is one group going to shift to the other groups call and we found that after a year nothing had changed they were resolutely giving that if they were Dutch and if they were from Edinburgh but with then we looked at how they were actually interacting and what we found was they would just prefer him to spend time really making friends still only with individuals from their kind of original group so there probably wasn't the motivation to try and communicate more effectively with individuals from the other group so then we came back 3 years later and then we found that the Dutch chimps have actually changed the cool. They were giving for Apple so rather than giving the clues they had actually shifted so they were now giving their calls to Apple's Where was that because they're just like less excited by Apple's now because the 1st their original course I was like Yeah absolutely and that's how we thought the school system worked originally that we thought it was just the more excited you are the higher your preference the higher pitched your calls for this is partly why it's so exciting because it's the 1st evidence we've got that they were actually able to change their cool independent of their preference so 3 years later when they were giving a call if you gave them a choice of apple and a load of other food they were still really excited to choose Apple so they still loved Apple but they were able to give a call that we normally wouldn't associate with them really loving a food they've got more control over their vocalisations and how they sound than we thought they did before so that's really cool for chimpanzees in the wild how important is it to much your accent or to sound the same what are the implications of having the wrong accent in the wild it's even more important so chimps a really territorial and they will be extremely aggressive towards individuals who are not part of their group within a group all individuals of that group there Pam who sound more similar to each other than they do to their neighbors and we think that that's really important so in the forest if a chimpanzee Here's a call they can immediately tell is that one of us or not if it's not you need to take action now because that individual could either be coming to kill you or you might have an opportunity to go and beat him up so this is the long distance from the kind of distance communication. The chippers is a little bit you know no little balloons popped up tumbling. Down from the you can basically just look a bit perplexed Yes Yeah I think that I mean chimps know full well that that's just a human put making silly noises I think. On this program Kitty sent crowd science off to discover whether animals can understand each other if they're from different parts of the world this settles down a path into the wonderful world of animal accents and the 1st thing that struck us was that yes lots of different species have different accents depending on where they're from animals from different parts of the world would understand the general theme of what they were saying Go away danger I want to mate with you but they probably just sound a bit weird and exotic what was so interesting though is that the different vocal animals have a huge variety of reasons for why they have different accents it might just be the simple geographic separation from group to group all the physics of how sound travels through their different environments the sperm whales it might be the need to hone in on your friends in a noisy dangerous expanse and for chimpanzees It seems to be all about. Before we head to the credits let me just say there was so much to put into this program that we've made a special longer podcast to fit it all and there's a whole new section on bots and on there we head back to Kitty to see what she made of our discovery stuff and she's going to wrap things up for us from. That set just reached tragedy on the b.b.c. World Service The question this week was from May to take the program was presented by Jeff Nash and produced by Rory kind of like if you have a question about life or the universe please send it to crowd science at b.b.c. . Dot u.k. Thanks for listening by. Your listening to the b.b.c. World news on seed to southern Colorado n.p.r. Station broadcast sun 91.5 f.m. From our studios in Colorado Springs Colorado you can also hear cares you see in the following communities 88.5 f.m. In West Cliff and Gardner 89 point one f.m. In La Hunter 89.9 f.m. In Lyman 90 point one f.m. In Manitou Springs 91.7 f. . 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