The spreading. Person. Ready. It is late to December I'm Jack Callahan Fox News bitterly cold weather gripping several states wind chill warnings posted over 90 nearly a dozen of them in the cold air will persist for several days the problem is going to be this cold air sticks around for a very long time in fact probably until around January 3rd or 4th before this cold air mass goes away from here and that's at least what we're looking at right now long term models obviously. Very with that meteorologist Rick right commute from winter storm warnings are posted for parts of Washington State Idaho and Montana where heavy snow is forecast Pennsylvania's National Guard is pulling out of Erie after helping that city recover from nearly 5 feet of snow that fell on Christmas Day home a day after away from the cold at the Winter White House in Florida President Trump making his 1st public appearance Wednesday since the holiday visiting firefighters in West Palm Beach there the president touted his 1st year in office his reversal of an Obama administration rule against police departments using older military equipment growing stock valuations reduce regulations and the recently signed tax law He also celebrated opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska for oil drilling and you live in a sheet of the Obamacare individual mandate both items are in the tax law the president just signed boxes Richardson secretary of state Ricks to Rex Tillerson pending an op ed for The New York Times running the North Korea is the biggest threat to the country and he still believes diplomacy can help solve it this is the Treasury Department releases pictures snapped by spy satellites that seem to show Chinese ships illegally providing oil to North Korean vessels in violation of U.N. Sanctions just days until the Alabama secretary of state's office plans to certify the special election of Democrat Doug Jones to the U.S. Senate Republican Roy Moore has filed a complaint with the federal court to postpone that certification charging election fraud Fox News fair and bellows. radio. Over mental health concerns there was no arraignment Wednesday for it Ohio Postal Service employee accused of killing 2 coworkers a postal service worker was due to be arraigned Wednesday in a court in Franklin County Ohio on charges he shot his boss to death at the post office then bashed his postmaster to death outside her apartment but the court ordered 24 year old Shawn Stewart be evaluated by mental health workers 1st investigators say Stewart killed both victims in retaliation as he was due to be fired from his postal service job Eben Brown Fox News a lawyer accused of helping pharmaceutical entrepreneur cover up financial fraud has now been convicted in New York on conspiracy charges prosecutors said Evan Grable had helped should steal millions of dollars during his time as the chief executive of the biopharmaceutical company retrofit and rebels lawyers says they're shocked by the verdict right down to the cups noses and hers a Connecticut woman about to be booked at a local police station allegedly breaks another law Nicole Hunter is accused of trying to snort cocaine inside a Connecticut police station while waiting to be booked on unrelated charges cops arrested the 25 year old at her home on Christmas Day After investigating a report of an erratic driver they say the vehicle involved matched the one in Hunter's driveway while in a waiting area at the station authorities say Hunter pulled cocaine wrapped in paper from her pocket and tried to snort it police took the cocaine away and gave Hunter charges of drug possession interfering with an officer and disorderly conduct for Christmas Steve Rapaport Fox News national retailers polled 17 makeup products from their store shelves after test showed the makeup products contained as best as Claire's giving a village a mom and a Rhode Island credit for making the discovery is she independently tested the products that she bought at a Claire's story in Providence Dow futures up modestly well before the bell bell at a 28 points on Wednesday and Jack Callahan Fox News Radio. 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The heartland of America and like kick way to the west Good morning good evening where ever you may be across the nation around the world I'm George already walking the Coast to Coast AM later on tonight what comes after us after we give all what's next fascinating is what's happening. It is cold out here in St Louis in the Midwest right now it's 7 degrees above 0 by New Year's Eve They say they'll be under Well what the heck's going on in those white Christmas of course and then there's white out Christmas Erie Pennsylvania experiencing the latter when a total of $34.00 inches of snow fell on Christmas Day blanketing the city and shattering the city's previous records of snowfall in a single day the snowfall total was more than 4 times the city's previous all time Christmas record of $8.00 inches and what will they say about New York now if you plan on ringing in the New Year at the end you will ball drop in Times Square expect to be cold very cold a severe blast of arctic air has descended on the New York City region and temperatures will stay below the freezing mark it's going to be cold and again like I said here in St Louis it's already just plummeting in plummeting Robert Felix author of Not by fire but by ICE who believes we are in the stages now of an ice age I got to believe you Robert when you go outside it is freezing what's happening it's miserable you know. You didn't mention if you're in International Falls Minnesota that's been 136 below or something like that 36 well 00 You know I when I was a teenager when I was 16 I had my 1st car and I had my 1st chance to drive a car at 36 degrees below 0 I was I was raised in Vermont and I got in a car and I went driving and I thought I had a flat tire so I got out walked all around the car no flat tire I got back in the car went again so I had a flat tire Finally I realized the tires had frozen flat on the bottom. Just like Iraq's I'd had to drive like 5 miles to get to more and up so yeah there's going to be some cold stuff coming oh. For New Years they're figuring there's going to be a lot of the northern plains that are going to be in the single digits. And that and much of northern New England is going to be in the teens of the twenty's and the coast it's even going to be down into the lower thirty's in the coastal mid Atlantic so we're looking at some big time stuff coming here and it seemed to have cropped up pretty quickly Robert I mean just a lot of a week and a half ago at least here in St Louis it was pretty mild I mean people were walking around with little jackets on now it's just frigid How did it happen so quickly. I get e-mails from people I did get e-mails from people saying you know it's his warm here where's this ice age but I you know I just see it coming closer and closer the sun has gone into. Sort of a hibernation period where sunspots are as low as they were back during the what was called the Dalton minimum and I think we're going to be seeing more and more of this you know in between times it's going to be warm days it's not going to be it's not to be cold every single day for something like that but I think we're going to be seeing more and more well here we go and Robert will be a special guest on coast to coast in January so make sure you listen Russian President Vladimir Putin officially launched his bid for a 4th term as Russia's president as his main opponent called for a day of protest against the elections Putin who has served as either prime minister or president of Russia since 1999 filed papers that paved the way for him to rule until 2024 everyone I have talked to who is in the know with Russian politics says that he is a shoo in to get reelected Dr John Curtis online columnist dot com It's an interesting world John how do you look at 2018 with all these world events Well I think certainly the Russian election is kind of a no brainer at this point I mean computer sensually of lemonades always opposition is. One party or one candidate rule over there it's a totalitarian state always has been and you know I mean I think you know the same thing is true in China I mean you know the problem with the United States right now is you know they're they're trying to preserve some come modicum of democracy and you know there's just nothing but a rash of criticism for it because you know these these other you know kind of repressive regimes don't like to have brought up you know how repressive A are you know and how they I mean there is a report about China deleting. I mean millions and millions of of posts from e-mail accounts basically just sweeping the slate clean you know from anybody getting information over there so that I think 2018 is going to be a very treacherous year for the stock market for one and for geopolitical scenarios that are yet to be seen I mean you have these so she I mean not the surgery but the sole Winter Olympics coming up and all bets are off George after the 25th of February Well that's true now you're predicting any armed conflicts next year yes I am I'm predicting that the that if there is not a total disarmament by North Korea the U.S. Will attack and prevent them from hopefully you know getting a nuclear ready I C B M to hit anywhere in the United States that is going to be a catastrophic event for this down the stock market so for investors that are out there you know thinking that we're it's a straight line up in this market I think they need to hedge their bets a little bit you got to John thank you so much John Curtis tracking him on his Web site on line columnist dot com Chinese scientists are probably announcing their very 1st cloned puppy. Ever mind though that they purposely created him with a blood clotting disorder long long as the name of a beagle was cloned by the Beijing based research company being goal gene from Apple whose genome was edited so that it would develop R.T.O. Scovel roses and scientists could advance the battle against that disease in humans that's what it's all about moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all of the elements of the Apollo program and the associated moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA possibly with the aid of other organizations the most notable claim is that the 6 man landings 169272 were faked and that the 12 Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the moon it continues Up next Charles Schultz the 3rd joins us we'll talk about that and much more on Coast to Coast AM. 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Is America's fastest growing cable news channel more than 50000000 U.S. Homes get Newsmax T.V. For the real news on the Trump revolution with smart analysis from Mike Reagan Alan Dershowitz David Horowitz Bernie Kerik Nancy Brinker and the best conservative minds in America tune in to Newsmax T.V. Now on DISH to 16 Direct T.V. 349 U. Verse 1220 and file 615 if you don't get Newsmax T.V. Call your cable operator today tell them you want Newsmax T.V. . I'm Jim McCann chairman of 1800 Flowers dot com and co-founder of smile farms with nearly 80 percent of adults with developmental disabilities being unemployed in the United States we decided to try and do something about it smile phones make a positive impact on the lives of those with special needs by creating meaningful work experiences at local farms and greenhouses to find out how you can make a donation and change a life visit smile farms dot org That smile farmstead all Argee. Well I come back to coast to coast we've got a great program for you in store tonight sit back and relax unless you're driving a course and you can't the relax too much search Charles Schulz the 3rd back with us worked at Martin Marietta aerospace for 10 years on weapons systems and computer based automated test equipment he wrote the nuclear E.M.P. Test software for the Persian 2 missile system worked on the Patriot the Copperhead tank killer in the advanced attack helicopter systems he has performed research under grants on nuclear fusion was knighted in received a long term grant for his present research and robotics in artificial intelligence lots to talk with him about today Sir Charles welcome back sir you are night it already was you're always a pleasure George have you been oh I've been fantastic I've been working with a movie stunt team and doing some interesting projects and we'll get into that a little as well all that's exciting Charles. And I think we went to the moon you think we went to the moon why does so many other people think we did not well there's a very simple reason for that is because after it was done basically the project and did and no further attempts to do it have been made and so many people have grown up in a world where there's no solid evidence in their minds that it ever happened and there are a lot of things about the information that is very suspect of them so this is why some 20 percent of the U.S. Population doesn't believe it anymore but we'll get into some of those details right away is it because they don't believe government. I think that has a lot to do with it nobody has any confidence in government these days we see so many projects that don't seem to pan out a lot of money seems to go nowhere and people are really worried about how their tax dollars are spent and there's a there's a no confidence feeling in a lot of people's minds these days and little good reason in many cases you know we were friends with the late Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 he walked on the mole and the guy was not lying to us when he told us the things he did and you know we've we've talked to other astronauts over the years. Astronauts have died in the the space program you know on the capsule for Apollo one How sad that was losing Gus Grissom Chafee and. Ed White and White 2 I mean and these were great the heroes I think of our space program in hundreds of thousands of people participated in the space program itself that's what I just don't get but some of the arguments that the naysayers present are kind of interesting I'll give them that how about that well I have to agree with you there are a lot of things that they point out that make you go not certain sometimes but you know the technology used in that day versus what we have today has significant differences that in many cases they can explain some of what we see. Could some of the moon landings. Because they did surreal I mean I remember watching Walter Cronkite at the you know the age of 19 when we landed on the moon. Cutting to a simulated version of what was going on on the moon he said Now look at this they're doing this they're doing that and it looked like they were on the moon except it was crystal clear Could some of those pictures have been mixed in with actual moon landing pictures and people think aha that's fake. Well there's no doubt that that potential does exist but you'll see that there are certain details that they couldn't possibly get right in a studio re creation and if you look carefully and think of the people who look at a movie these days and pick apart every frame and look for inconsistency is like where the hair was parted or what rubble was on the floor or how a picture was and you can see that it would be very very difficult to fake something in a studio that matched what was actually going on and on top of that we have a huge new bulk of photographs that have been released by NASA recently that show in immense detail I think of some 8400 images or so that would make it extremely difficult if not impossible to fake. Well there's no question about that let's talk about some of these anomalies that those people present which make you question well is that possible and one of those of course is that the flag fluttering when there's supposed to be no air exactly Well you know the scientists were aware that without an atmosphere the flag didn't have any way of moving at all it was simply hanging limply and so they put an actual springy wire inside the upper edge of the flag to hold the fabric out and because there is no air that's exactly the reason why I continued to move after they hit it or moved it the spring had nothing to slow it down and it's movement if you or I were to toss a let's say a lot of paper through the air would slow down pretty rapidly because resistance Well if there was a vacuum there'd be nothing to say to slow that paper down in the same thing happens with the flag on the moon and if you'll look at the at the images when the lunar landers lift off at the end of the mission some of them had cameras trained on them you will see that the rocket exhaust definitely moved the flag that was standing still moments before while that's true that's true what else was out there that some of the naysayers present that make you question Well one of the things that they pointed out was that if the astronauts were actually on the moon they would have had to pass through the Van Allen radiation belts both there and on the trip back and a lot of people say well how would you have survived. Most people don't have a great deal of information about physics and they don't know what the intensity of radiation is the astronauts passed through the Van Allen belts in roughly 4 hours time on their flights OK and the total exposure of radiation they picked up what about a little more than let's say a chest X. Ray it isn't life threatening it's not a place you're going to hang out for days on end and survive but it certainly isn't enough to kill you and keep in mind that 3 astronauts actually went to the moon twice in a manner of speaking. JAMES LOVELL went to orbit the moon in Apollo 8 in 168 and then he went back for another pass on Apollo 13 which didn't land so he did 2 orbits of the moon on independent missions so he went to the Van Allen Belts 4 times and went to cook warns that command module is also insulated well insulation isn't going to do much and is an interesting story behind that the radiation that we're talking about can be stopped to a small degree but the space capsules made a very lightweight material like titanium and the foil that it's made of is very thin and it's not going to stop the radiation Here's what was most interesting early in the space program an exploration efforts the Russians made their spacecraft of heavier metals like steel and the discovery was the radiation striking the steel produced worse secondary and tertiary radiation inside the particle striking the atoms made the atoms give off radiation which would cook you and it was better to make the capsules a very lightweight materials that allow the radiation to pass right through you without generating that heavier secondary and tertiary radiation so we actually benefited by having less shielding than we would have and had like a steel spacecraft if we were to go to Mars Charles we wouldn't compass the same thing Oh absolutely. Here we're in a different regime around the Earth our magnetic field acts to trap and deflect a lot of the radiation particles and that's what forms of Van Allen radiation belts those particles but when you leave the and the sanity of the earth away from our magnetic field the cosmic rays that come from deep space become pretty pretty nasty and radiation of the sun doesn't have anything striking or slowing it down as well so if you were to take a trip to Mars it's quite likely that if you took the 7 to 10 months of Moishe up to do most of the spacecraft to today you'd pick up half a lethal dose of radiation on the trip there and if you were to try to come back you almost certainly would be dead very quickly not part of the criticism too is that the temperatures on more on the moon are pretty darn high How could the astronauts get through that how could the equipment work how could the film not get spoiled How do you answer that Well exactly and it's actually pretty simple the the surface of the moon does exceed 200 degrees Fahrenheit during the lunar day it gets extremely hot and there's 2 reasons for that of course number one is there's no cloud cover so you're getting hit with Ross sunlight right other one is the surface of the moon and it's difficult to see this normally is as dark as asphalt and because it's the brightest thing in the sky to our eyes at night lit by direct sunlight it looks very bright but the moon if you look at the composite pictures showing the moon of the earth together is very very dark and while it's true that the temperature is very high and the spacesuits are insulated and they have air conditioning layers inside them the astronauts didn't get cooked because they had the proper insulation in refrigeration to keep them alive the equipment was also well insulated and during the earlier missions you'll notice the shielding on the cameras is something that's pretty thick and they don't have everything exposed to direct sunlight all the time what are your best defenses to the onslaught of solar radiation that type of heat is actually to keep things under. Something that it could be as simple as a shade or an awning so the insulation in the cameras was specially designed to prevent the film from reaching high temperatures when Charlie equipment was insulated how bright is the moon and during this sunlight hours because it's just as close to the sun as we are in without an atmosphere to blot it out it's going to be almost like flashlight light isn't it well it's brilliant but here's the deal if you look at anything in the sky you have a number called the Al B. 2 that describes how much light it reflects and absorbs out of what striking it the moon absorbs 85 percent of the visible light striking it and only reflects about 15 percent of that light the earth reflects about 37 percent of the light striking it if I'm not mistaken so the moon is much much darker than the Earth and the only reason it appears to be so brilliant to us is because it is in direct sunlight when the skeptics talk about the moon landing can't we or did we not aim the telescopes that way the large telescopes to try to smear July's the landing field and look at the Lamb that was left behind Oh yes absolutely and in fact one of the tests that many astronomers use to check the acuity or the effectiveness of their mirrors is to pick a day when the moon is edge lit and see if they can see the long thin scratch of a shadow left on the surface by the lunar landers and sometimes those can be resolved you see a tiny thin black line but the ability to see the actual Landers is is almost 0 and the reason for that is this the further away something is even with a very large telescope it becomes much much tougher to get the noise out of the optical So it's kind of like trying to hear a word in a distant room and many other people are talking. Because of the size of light waves it's difficult to get a sharp image if your telescope isn't of a certain size the telescope that was the largest in the world at the time of Calabar Palomar Yeah and at that time it was in fact used to aim at the moon but they couldn't resolve that he figured you can just keep magnifying and find there are a lot of reasons for it and part of it is thermal noise and then there's distortion and everything else exactly the same thing that makes the starlight twinkle in our atmosphere now if we had had 4 or 5 telescopes the size of Palomar spaced a few miles apart all aimed simultaneously and we could bring the data from them together we could eliminate that you know I simply could yes we could be right Charles will stay with us we're going to come back in a moment and talk more about this and then we'll take phone calls with you in our next hour of course with regards to did we go to the moon. 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Me. This gets. To talk to George Norry called the wildcard minded 818-501-4109 the 1st time caller line is a point 850-1472 want to talk to all 3 from east of the Rockies 808255033 from west of the Rockies toll free call 806-188-2552 reach George via Skype use Skype named George 97313 send George a text message any time at 818-298-6521 This is coast to coast am with George Noory. Got some great shows coming up for you Scottsdale Arizona Salt Lake City the. One in Salt Lake City is not too far away March 10th hard to believe we're already talking about March but it's going to come up very fast it's at the Jenae Wagner theater great guests as I mentioned with my interview with Nick Pope last night he's going to be one of them so full information on the Salt Lake City in Scottsdale and Coast to Coast AM dot com But for those of you who live in the Salt Lake City area as well and you want to go directly to the box office you can call 881-355-2787 or their website is art Salt Lake dot org And all over in Scottsdale April 21st at the bridge Ginia G. Piper theater we're going to have our live stage show these always end with a meet and greet afterwards folks so these are great events and full information at Coast to Coast AM dot com or simply call their box office at 480-499-8587 or go to their Web site which is Scott stale arts dot org. 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And we are back with the search Charles Schulz the 3rd as we talk about the moon landing in the conspiracies that surround it don't you think the Soviet Union at the time would have really have made a stink if we had faked the moon landings just to pretend we got there 1st CHARLES Absolutely absolutely and they had quite a bit of technical capacity the real reason in fact that we didn't see a moon landing by the Soviets at the time what was because of a launch system they designed had a number of flaws but they were certainly capable of seeing our launches and tracking our where and you know that's another thing any radio or radar installation on the ground at the time could track that hardware and it be awfully hard to have thousands and thousands of people in on the secret and nobody talking you know why did the Soviet simply stop even after we stopped our program. One of the time it was all considered to be a political mission there wasn't really it wasn't seen as something that would yield profit and it was a very expensive undertaking I think we could say safely that during the eighty's a little later we pretty much spent them under the table when it came to weapons systems I mean we had a real lead in the industry but I would say that really from their standpoint once the job was done and they could see that they didn't have the hardware to do it properly it was going to take an awful lot more to do it there really wasn't an impetus to carry it through Interesting interesting but China plans now to go to the moon in gosh how many other countries might do it well that's a good question I know that India had quite a plan for mining helium 3 on the moon there are so many resources available on the moon that aren't on the earth how do you get it back so CHARLES Well actually what they would do is put a factory on the moon extract it and send it back in containers just like pressurized bottles and it wouldn't take a great deal of helium 3 if you were running say fusion reactors and the only real source of the fuel would be on the moon so there would be a monetary reason to do it then and energy reason. I mean the containers would have to be how big actually not very large I mean the size of a few moderate gas cylinders I'd say if you have a large propane cylinder at your house that would be a container that would actually be a useful size for carrying a significant amount of Helium 3 is one of the most expensive You're kidding me and how long would that propane sized tank last you it actually could run probably for about a month and a large fusion reactor. I did a lot of the a lot of tanks to keep it going to be this would be a continuous industrial applications something we'd be doing and a constant basis so they'd set up a factory I guess they'd have to send you know humans to the moon to do that right to work on the factory Absolutely but the greatest part of the be automated. And we have that technology now actually we do you know a lot of what we're doing today in mining is automated they're trying to get human beings out of Hazard and with the AI systems that have been developed recently that sort of hardware wouldn't be very difficult to operate in fact it's been thought that with automated systems we would be able to set up factories on the moon that would start building things almost like a virus that would grow automated hardware and the only things you really would send would be the things you can't manufacture there yet what you would set up is the machinery that could buy and extract and produce all the metal parts a large thing and then you put the blades Motors to microprocessors and it would do all the hardware fabrication right there on site I'll always remember when Bart's a brawl who is a believer that we did not go to the moon challenge the Buzz Aldrin and then wanted was to put a hand on the Bible and Buzz pop the M one remember that I've seen that video and I always get a laugh out of it you know and I and I think about the moon hoax conspiracy theorists right up there with flat earth or is to be honest I can't imagine in the face of the evidence how how people could think that and the fact is we have a number of operators around the moon right now that are sending back very high quality images they can actually see is the footprints. Axed as of 2001 in a survey between 6 and 20 percent of the Americans 25 percent of the Brits 20 percent of the Russians surveyed believe that the moon landings were faked those are still pretty high percents I think while they are there they're probably even higher now and it's because we're not doing anything past low Earth orbit about 300 miles up that's it and it you know if you want to impress people with a trick that's fine but if you want to show people facts and get them to believe. Leave that it's real You've got to have an established presence it's got to continue otherwise it's just wow what did they do how did they do it it's just like a magic trick now you're right about that we should have had a base on the moon by now in all kinds of things I remember talking to the late Jerry Pournelle the science fiction writer who was on the in on a lot of the moon landings and information and he said originally Charles before we went to the moon with Armstrong and Aldrin that the plan was to land an American on the moon and he knew that astronaut knew it was a one way trip but it was all geared to getting him on the moon so we could say we were the 1st ones had you ever heard about that I had and you know the decision to be able to get him back made the engineering challenge much much larger but I believe that it was the right thing to do we can't just strand a man up there you can have a volunteer suicide for something like this where would we stand morally as a nation is we if we supported sending somebody to their death like that but the guy volunteered well but I mean a lot of people volunteer for things and you know I mean. There are laws against suicide no matter how fancy the method remember that line in the movie the abyss when he was going down there in the ocean him he's you know he's texting back up to his crew I knew it was a one way trip right you know and it's funny you say that he was texting them yes that was the earliest I think application of the cell phone sort of device I've seen. Absolutely but what's next for Charles in space and then I want to talk with the a little bit about your fossil hunters guide to Mars and some of the things that were going on there but what's next I mean our space program to date just seems to be stagnant that's my impression. And it is it is and I think it has been by design you know a lot of people feel that the reason we didn't get into space was because there's some secret space program or some such thing and maybe probably not but what I would say is this is an awful lot of hardware in orbit that is military in nature and is probably you know let's say illegal by treaty and if there's easy cheap access to space anybody can get their hands on it and it could be a major problem I feel you know after looking at the systems that we've had and the things that we stopped doing and we're still capable of that it was done intentionally to prevent people from accessing some of that stuff in orbit I mean that's the only reasonable explanation I can see because you know working in aerospace and working on some of the things I saw at the time it was very clear that we have amazing hardware and some of it is only becoming known today and over 30 years later so we certainly have the capability and I'm quite encouraged by the fact that recently articles were signed getting us back into space exploration it's going to be a real boost if you think about the materials that we need on earth that are getting that are getting very difficult to locate and mine and the political problems that we go through getting some of those materials it makes a lot of sense the set up new mines and support the effort to get them back here without destroying our own planet now since there's no life on the moon and there really aren't any political boundaries of any sort then companies a stablish ing mines for rare materials or needed materials on Earth and even for building in space make perfect sense and I you know I think about the long Musk's efforts to get people to Mars you know my real misgivings about that are that people getting they're taking months at a time are certainly going to have radiation issues and if they get there you know what I'm saying yeah there are potential biological hazards that have never been addressed that. That is true what's amazing too for me is that we went to the moon with 50 year old technology 50 years old when you think of how we have evolved as as growth of a society in 50 year increment It's absolutely staggering So with this 50 year old technology and we went to the moon imagine what we could do today if we really decided to do it oh there's no question I mean look at what happened with the Wright brothers in the 1st airplanes and in a couple of decades they were everywhere I mean they were being used in warfare within 15 years you know if we went back 50 years from the moon landing that would have made it 1919 just think of the technology we had then and then jump ahead 50 years we actually went to the moon if you would tell people in 1900 we're going to go land on the moon with the humans in 50 years they would have laughed at you. Yes certainly but they did have the vision I mean even back then they were talking about cities and space and space craft everywhere I think what's happened is people today have grown up in a world where you can't get to the moon but you can you know all the knowledge of humanity in your pocket and the means to contact anyone on the planet instantly it's it's a strange inversion of what we would expect we never really thought that the Internet would be what it is and computers are what they are We thought that space travel would be everywhere and hotels under the sea and on the moon and and the world didn't come out the way we expected it no it did not let's take some calls here and we've got calls next hour as well Charles but I want to talk about some of the things you're doing now with and some of the fossils on Mars Thomason lawyer California welcome to the show Thomas go ahead Hi George thank you for taking Merry Christmas Happy New Year for all the entire House staff and kind of study on and Dr show. You know I belong. Leave that we want to the most but I feel just my opinion that the videos are very suspect in the 1950s scientist Harry Stein asked by Annie wrote a paper on men women in space suits and how they would navigate on the moon and what he addressed in his paper in the 1950 S. Was a nurse show phenomenon so for example you have Neil Armstrong 180 pounds in weight and you have a space suit 180 pounds so on Earth Neil Armstrong in that space suit would weigh 360 pounds sure but on the moon he would weigh 60 pounds because of one 6th gravity. But what Harry stying suggested in the 1950 S. Was you still have to deal with a nerve shoal phenomena it's like riding a motorcycle or a bicycle if you're walking a lot. You know even though you weigh 60 pounds even though you still have that 360 pounds of inertia will mass so to speak so that means if you turn to the left you have to lean way over to the left if you turn to the right you have to lean way over to the right if you stop. While you're walking you have to dig in your feet or you fall flat you go forward and I had an opportunity to meet Harry stying at the L. 5 Conference in 1903 in Los Angeles and was introduced by none other than the Jerry Pournelle and so I asked Harry Stein I said you know they're showing the videos every hour of the moon videos but why don't we see the inertial phenomena you know that should be very very obvious and again Dr shelfs I believe we went to the moon but I think that the videos have very suspect because they do not demonstrate that a nurse shall phenomena with any of the astronauts as they're walking on the moon and they spoke if they so interesting take when you think of that charge All right well it's actually pretty straightforward it's true the inertia remains the same but we are already adapted to handling that inertia in our normal movements and you'll see that the most natural way for coping with it was to use a sort of a bunny hop rather than walking because if you walk on the moon you literally have to hold your limbs out in anticipation of landing on the foot you're so you're falling slower. So and we've done a lot of this in our methods of recreating the moonwalk we've had some experience with seeing how this works the removal of the weight doesn't remove the inertia that's absolutely correct but the most natural way to move in to compensate for it is the bunny hop because when you land on the hop you're automatically taking up that inertia when you strike the ground Charles was are always that possibility that they would have fallen over in not been able to get back up well the possibility was certainly there you'll notice that some astronauts did actually fall over and had kind of a tough time getting up again and it's because they were trying to be very cautious about cracking the face plate I mean after all it's tough but it is a type of glass and they lost that that was it for them that would be it for them that's correct so yes there's always the possibility but it didn't take long for them to figure out how to move around you know all of us are very good at adapting to things I mean when we start carrying a lot of heavy stuff around or trying to balance on a ladder we find ways to adapt and if you were on an environment such as the moon or other low gravity and Vironment I think it would be very tough to get around if the gravity were much lower than that on the moon the moon is probably just about the lowest that you can get away with hopping or moving that way otherwise you probably have to tag lines on the ground and follow them by hand Interesting take now the book that you wrote about a fossil hunters guide to Mars yes what do you think Mars looks like pain is a picture what it Mars looks like billions hours ago many millions of years ago it would have been much warmer the air would have been sicker and in part that's because much less of the air would have been lost by that time it's being lost constantly and the other thing is the tilt of the poles changes the season the more severely the poles are tilted. The more severe your seasons become now Mars is. Basically tilted a little more than the Earth and that was bulls significantly but in the past the air would have been probably 3 to 5 times thicker there would have been oceans over the whole northern half of the planet and even though there's not enough air for most things survive most things would live in the water in the soil or underground . And in terms of fossils Well we certainly see an awful lot of that evidence even today and I think that the most we would see in the past would be probably only those fossils exposed out of the water under the water like any biosphere everything probably would been pretty much taken up I mean look at a coral reef on the earth right and how that surface area is very valuable to all organisms so you probably wouldn't be finding a lot of just stuff laying around of the ocean's surface but on the surface of the planet where it's dry you certainly would an intelligent civilization man have been there not at all nothing on Mars ever reached any degree of intelligence probably smarter than a squid or something but if there was ever any intelligence on Mars it would have had to have come from somewhere else certainly not Mars itself but there could have been visitors Well I can't discount that you know and not having been there I know a lot of people even We've had visitors on the earth and I sometimes see things that make me think it's possible but I also take effort you know to take exception to some of that I mean look at some of the U.F.O. Stories you hear a lot of great stories Charles we're going to come back in a moment a final hour to go with you and that means another hour phone calls on Coast to Coast AM. Get Daily Show Updates right to your inbox for free with the coast zone newsletter sign up today Coast to Coast AM dot com. To. Make your purchase of a new luxury as energy efficient home in the upscale masterplan community of Highland Park located on Creek Road whether you select one of our new style homes currently under construction for choose from our selection of available lots with whose views you'll enjoy amenities that include basketball court shade structure bathrooms children's play area and masonry work by John asked for Masonry in he'll see the look of exteriors with brick and culture stone since 1904 your Palomar built Highland Park home is centrally located minutes from downtown and close to shopping contact Debi Morgan at our new model home today. 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