Designing customized individual and Group Retirement products. Thats why we are your retirement company. Additional support has been provided by and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. From the tisch wnet studios at Lincoln Center in new york, this is pbs newshour weekend. Stewart good evening and thanks for joining us. President ial candidates are rallying supporters to turn out at tomorrows iowa caucuses, the 6first votes that count in the 2016 race. The final Des Moines Register poll, released last night, shows the first choice of likely Republican Caucusgoers is donald trump, 28 ted cruz, 23 marco rubio, 15 ben carson, 10 rand paul, 5 and chris christie, 3 . Jeb bush, john kasich, Carly Fiorina are at 2 , along with the past two caucus winners, Rick Santorum and mike huckabee. On the democrats side, Hillary Clinton is the first choice of 45 of likely caucusgoers, and Bernie Sanders is favored by 42 . Martin omalley is at 3 . Today, the candidates made their final appeals to iowa voters. In his first time on the ballot, Businessman Donald Trump is as confident as he is brash. We have to get out there and caucus and do all of the things that we have to do or weve all wasted our time, folks. Stewart texas senator ted cruz hopes iowas white evangelicals help him close the gap with trump. Six weeks ago, everyones shooting at trump. Now all the republican candidates are shooting at me. Stewart florida senator marco rubio says he is more electable in november than either trump or cruz. I know that i am the candidate that can best, most quickly unify the party, unify the conservative movement, and grow it. Stewart among the democrats, Hillary Clinton positions herself as the rightful heir to president obama, as a former member of his cabinet. I dont think president obama gets the credit he deserves for making sure we didnt fall into a Great Depression ffords to argue her record ond n safety is stronger than Bernie Sanders. Come january, i want to say these two words madame president. Stewart the vermont senator is counting on the youth vote to close his gap with clinton. How would you like to make the pundits look dumb on Election Night . cheers and applause Stewart Sanders is also selling himself as the most committed to tackling income inequality. Stewart our own Judy Woodruff is on the campaign trail, and once again, she joins us from des moines. So juzy, a likely Republican Caucus go ires, 47 identify as evan gel kl or born again christians. That led huckabee and san tor up to victory but they are nowhere near frontrunners in 2016. So what effect will religious conservatives have on tomorrows results. Woodruff the last go around evangelicals were 57 of the Republican Caucus turnout which is significant this time, theyre showing under 50 . But the bottomline is evangelicals will have a huge impact on the result. Will they be determine tiff in terms of is it going to be the person who has most of the evangelical vote . Probably. But there are republicans in the state who dont selfidentity that way and they will play a role that way swsm and donald trump is coming in second among evangelicals. Ted cruz is garnering most of the vote but donald trump is holding his own. And hes doing far better than cruz among those who are not evangelicals. Stewart speaking of mr. Trump and senator cruz, they are clearly the frontrunners. The rest of the field there is just a group middling, out of that group, out of that field, who can afford not to win big tomorrow . Woodruff nobody wants to come in with 2 of the vote swi frankly what that poll that weve been discussing is showing. That several of these candidates are all running at just 2, 3 . Its not good for them. And i know the argument is made, well you can come in fourth or fifth in iowa and go on. But history shows if you dont come in somewhere in the top three, youre going to have a tough time. Thats one reason marco rubio is working so hard not only to pull out his vote, but to begin to persuade people supporting the other socalled mainstream candidates like crist christie, like jeb bush, like john kasich, that those folks should not, quote, waste their vote. And they should come on over and support marco rubio. But well see how that works out tomorrow night. Stewart on the democratic side clinton and sanders are running neck and neck. However Hillary Clinton pulls ahead in voters 65 and older. Given past caucuses what does that code for tomorrow . Well, older voters traditionally do turnout more faithfully on caucus night. Its just part of their dna, you might say. Theyve been going to caucus for years. And they will likely do that on monday night, barring something unfore seen. So that should help Hillary Clinton. What Bernie Sanders is counting on though is that first time caucus goers, younger caucus goers are going to be turning out in big enthusiastic numbers for him. So far, Hillary Clintons people are pretty confident theyre going to be okay. But you can bet that theyre watching the sanders turnout a lot. Stewart Judy Woodruff, thanks as always. Woodruff great to talk to you. Stewart isis is claiming responsibility for bombings that killed at least 45 people near the syrian capital of damascus. The bombs detonated today in a shiite muslim District South of damascus known to support the government of syrian president bashar alassad. Syrian staterun media said the attackers first set off a car bomb in a bus station, and then two suicide bombers blew themselves up as rescuers rushed to the scene. The bombings occurred as united nationsbrokered talks continued in geneva to end syrias five year civil war that has claimed 250,000 lives and displaced 10 million syrians. Austria plans to deport migrants to countries it deems safe for them to return to, and pay them to leave. Today, the austrian government declared morocco, algeria, and tunisia safe and said it will pay rejected asylum applicants up to 500 euros about 542 if they agree to go home. Over the next four years, austria plans to limit the number of Asylum Seekers it will accept to 127,000, about 1. 5 of its total population. At the same time, austria expects to deport 50,000 migrants. Last year, austria received 90,000 asylum applications and deported 8,000 migrants. Stewart in the continental united states, oklahoma now experiences the most earthquakes that can be felt, outpacing even california. As the newshours stephen fee reports in tonights signature segment, theres a fierce debate in oklahoma about the causes of the quakes, and how to prevent them. Reporter when Julie Allison moved to oklahoma in 2002, she knew tornadoes, ice storms, and droughts came with the territory. But she didnt expect earthquakes. The sensation of an earthquake is something you dont forget. Its a sensation of just really helplessness. Reporter last december, a magnitude 4. 3 quake rattled her home in the Oklahoma City suburb of edmond that was followed by a flurry of smaller tremors enough, she says, to crack her foundation and shake up her living room. This entire room was in disarray. Reporter generally speaking, 3. 0 earthquakes can be felt. 4. 0 earthquakes can be damaging. Before 2009, there were only a handful of earthquakes in oklahoma over magnitude 3. 0 each year. In 2015, there were more than 900. It was a little mysterious at the very beginning. Reporter Oklahoma StateUniversity Geology professor todd halihan says the likely culprit is water thats injected deep into the earth as a result of oil and gas drilling. If you look at most oil wells, theyre a salt water well that has a little bit of oil and gas in it. And so you have to do something with that byproduct which is sometimes the main product, which is salt water. Reporter for decades, oil and Gas Companies in oklahoma have been getting rid of that water by injecting it back underground. In recent years, Oil Production has been on the rise in oklahoma, partly due to technologies like fracking, a method of bursting rock formations to extract oil and gas. At some oil and gas wells, for every barrel of oil thats produced, 20 barrels of salty wastewater bubble up as well. The problem is that in recent years, our rates and volumes have increased both the total amount and the intensity at which we pump it into the sub surface. And weve gotten above levels that are causing seismicity. Reporter last year, Energy Companies in oklahoma injected oneandhalf billion barrels of wastewater back into the earth. Halihan says all that that water reduces friction between faults, or cracks, deep underground, releasing pent up energy and causing the earth to shake. Theres no question the Energy Industry has always played a huge role here in oklahoma. In fact, up until the 1980s, there were active oil wells here on the State Capitol grounds in Oklahoma City. But constant quakes are posing tough questions for an industry responsible for one in five jobs in oklahoma and nearly a third of the states economy. Last year, oklahomas republican governor, mary fallin, said she believes theres a direct correlation between the increase in earthquakes and wastewater disposal wells. And critics of the industry, like Democratic State representative cory williams, say there should be a moratorium on wastewater injections in seismicallyactive areas. All of the actual science the peerreviewed literature that it out there, that is getting published in the scientific press, all draws the same conclusions. Yes, you are inducing seismicity. Yes, you are growing to a bigger and bigger seismic activity. And yes, you need to stop. Reporter but chad warmington, president of the oklahoma oil and Gas Association, hesitates to say the injections are actually causing quakes. Yeah, i think its one of those issues where over the last few years, weve been really struggling to figure out what the connection is. And there certainly appears to be a correlation, in terms of the amount of wastewater thats been injected over the last four years and the increase in seismicity. Correlation though is not cause . I think thats correct. I think that there are a lot of things we dont know. Theres a lot of things that we cant explain. So what that leads us to believe is theres just a lot more science that we need to get to. We need to get to the bottom of whats going on. Reporter the industry still disputes the link. Why do you suppose that is . Well i think they have billions of dollars, or reasons, why. I mean, i think the incentive for them is to continue to drag their feet as long as they possibly can, so they can inject at the same rates and extrapolate every last possible resource they can out of it before we actually implement real change and real regulation. Reporter after an earthquake strikes, the states oil and gas regulator the Oklahoma Corporation commission often directs companies to slow or stop wastewater injections at particular wells. Tim baker heads the commissions oil and gas division. Seismologists tell us what the highest risk scenarios are and thats what were focusing our efforts on. Managing the risk, lowering that risk, and hopefully that will have some result in the number of earthquakes declining over time. Reporter although oil and Gas Companies arent required to follow his offices directives, they usually do. But last december, one of the states biggest oil companies, sandridge energy, refused an order to cut back wastewater injections, saying more scientific analysis needed to be done. The company relented earlier this month, agreeing to close seven of its wells but the incident raised concerns about the effectiveness of the commissions orders. I mean, there is an opening here for companies to say, actually, were not going to listen to rward . Be cooperative goingk everyone ive spoken to, and weve had countless meetings at this point, all want to cooperate. And if someone refuses to cooperate, we still have jurisdiction to file an application and either amend or vacate their permit. Reporter so far baker hasnt had to take that step which would involve a drawnout judicial process. As the number of earthquakes in oklahoma has increased, the state legislature has cut the budget of the commission, the only state agency with power to regulate drillers, by 14 from 12. 4 million in 2009 to 10. 7 million last year. We dont have the resources to stay up with every earthquake that happens in the state. We focus on the 4. 0s. At that point we know thats a trigger in which we can take response. But do we make a scientific assessment of every earthquake that happens in the state . No, we dont, cause we dont have the resources to do that. Reporter they call cushing, oklahoma, the pipeline crossroads of the world. And last october there was a magnitude 4. 5 earthquake near here. And it got folks worried that not only do these earthquakes pose a risk to life and property, but also to the countrys energy infrastructure. Oil and Gas Companies rely on giant storage tanks in cushing to hold up to 85 Million Barrels of oil. If an earthquake were to compromise those tanks, it could disrupt oil markets worldwide. Octobers quake was the fifth near cushing greater than magnitude 4. 0 in just a year. Last fall, the Corporation Commission ordered companies to slow or stop wastewater injections nearby in part to protect those oil tanks. Do you feel that those facilities are able to withstand the increased seismic activity were seeing in oklahoma . I do. Reporter Michael Teague is oklahomas secretary of energy and environment. He says the industry and federal inspectors regularly check those tanks. Im also comfortable that if there was an area thats got to focus on it for the Corporation Commission that theyd be very quick to react if there are any earthquakes, its cushing. Reporter teague says he is confident the Corporation Commissions voluntary directives will keep earthquakes in check in cushing and elsewhere in the state. But it does, at the end of the day, seem very reactive. They watch a seismic event happen. And then they follow up with a directive. Isnt there some way to prevent these earthquakes before they happen . Its very reactive. And i dont know how to make it proactive, because we dont know what that trigger is. Reporter the office of the Corporation Commission, tim baker, tells me they dont have all the resources they need. Theyve seen their budget get cut back. Your head seismologist at the Oklahoma Geological survey left last year. He did. Reporter are you equipping your chief regulator with enough resources to do their jobs . I dont think we have yet. And i think weve been slow to get there. I think very, very soon youre going to see Additional Resources go to both agencies. Reporter as Global Oil Prices have fallen from 100 a barrel to around 30, so have tax revenues in oklahoma. The state faces a 900 million budget shortfall this year. State representative williams says legislators must provide more funding for regulators and researchers to do their jobs. Youve got to open up your checkbook. Youve got to give them the staffing and the resources to be able to actually do the thing that they need to be able to do. Heck, we dont even have a seismologist on staff anymore in the state of oklahoma. And nobody seems overwhelmingly concerned about that. Reporter oklahoma oil and Gas Association president chad warmington says he and his members are concerned. I live in edmond. I, you know, i feel these quakes. I live here. Its not like im not a part of this. And i would like it to speed up quicker. But i do believe in the process the commission has. And were getting on top of it. Not as quickly as wed like is probably not a very good political answer. But its the right sciencebased answer. Reporter you know a skeptic could be sitting here listening to you say this and, fair or unfair, think, this is just the industry covering its butts. Sure. Reporter they dont want to say this because they dont want to open themselves up to being blamed for earthquakes. What do you say to those people . As long as the commission, the state is working to use sciencebased determinations of whats causing these quakes, were gonna be fine with the outcome. Were gonna participate in the investigation. And were gonna do everything we can to help bring an end to, or definitely slow down the amount and the magnitude of the earthquakes in the state. Reporter but geologist todd halihan says before that can happen, the state has to invest more in the commission and scientific research. They barely have enough money to analyze the quakes that have happened or to analyze which injection wells are doing what. Thats the funding level. And so the sense that there is analysis going on, thats not happening. Reporter on thursday, governor fallin announced she would direct 1. 4 million in state emergency funds to the Corporation Commission and the state geological survey. Stewart read our report on why the Natural Gas Industry is facing scrutiny over methane leaks across the country. Visit pbs. Org Newshour Stewart after its founding in 1636, harvard became a vast repository for original documents and materials related to american history. As the newshours Megan Thompson reports, harvard is now digitizing its colonial collection to make it more accessible. Reporter for hundreds of years, viewing items in Harvard Universitys archives required that you show up in person at one of the schools libraries. Harvard archivist Megan Sniffin Marinoff is leading a project to change that. The colonial north american project will digitize almost half a million items and make them available online. Our sense was that we had something unique here that might not have been a part of the larger story of colonial north america before. Reporter the projects focus materials from the 1600s and 1700s. The collection holds everything from diaries and letters to drawings and documents. This is one of the earliest items that weve digitized thus far. Its called college book one. Reporter its a ledger from the 1600s that kept track of life at harvard. Small details, like a list of utensils in the schools kitchen, and evidence of controversial treatment of native americans. And what we notice in 1665 is the name written in, caleb cheeshahteaumuck. The first native american to graduate from harvard. This was a big part of the charge of the institution, mission of the institution, initially to convert the native americans over to christianity. Reporter the collection also contains a small globe from around 1755. You get a sense of the obviously, the world at that time. If you look, for example, at australia, you will see it listed as new holland. Reporter some items belonged to important American Revolutionaries. Declaration of independence signer john hancock went to harvard in the 1750s. The first is a letter that he wrote to his sister in 1754. Reporter hancock was apparently annoyed his sister hadnt written to him. Dear sister. I believe time slips away very easy with you. I wish you would spend one hour in writing to me. P. S. i give you much joy, but shall have more reason to so after receiving a letter from you. Reporter there are the diaries of math and science Professor John winthrop, a descendant of the John Winthrop who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony. He took detailed meteorological notes about things like wind and snowfall. This material is fascinating. Its some of the earliest Weather Information that we have in the country. Reporter as the colonies headed toward revolution, winthrop began to write about more serious events. In 1770 british soldiers fired on an unruly crowd of colonists, an event later known as the boston massacre. 1770, 5th march, eve. A most shocking massacre in boston. A party of seven soldiers, under the command of one captain preston, being pelted with snowballs, fired upon the people in king street. Killed three on the spot. Wounded seven others, one of whom died next day, another on the 15th of march. Reporter winthrop also recorded one of the revolutionary wars first battles, at bunker hill in boston where british soldiers defeated colonial forces. And you see on his listing june 7 the battle of bunker hill. And on the 21st of june as well, you see the selection of counselors at concord happening. So there is this progression of the American Revolution happening that is absolutely forming the backdrop of this daily diaries. Reporter an eyewitness to an extraordinary time. Harvards already completed about a third of a project, and plans to finish the rest over the next few years. Stewart islamic militants killed dozens of civilians in a nigerian village last night. The attack occurred near nigerias northeastern city of maiduguri. Nigerian Officials Say the Group Boko Haram killed more than 80 people when attackers opened fire on villagers and set fire to homes, and three female suicide bombers blew themselves up among those trying to escape. This was the third boko haram attack in nigeria in the past week. Boko haram, the group that kidnapped more than 200 schoolgirls in 2014, has been carrying out terrorist attacks for six years in an effort to establish its version of a strict islamist state. Its insurgency has killed an estimated 20,000 people. 22 alleged members of mexicos biggest drug cartel are in custody and two are dead after a joint u. S. And mexican operation along the arizonamexico border. A spokesperson for u. S. Immigrations, customs and enforcement says the highlevel members of the Sinaloa Cartel were arrested friday. The agents also seized hundreds of pounds of drugs and assault style weapons. U. S. Officials say they will seek extradition of the alleged cartel members, who are now in mexican custody. The cartel has been led by Joaquin El Chapo guzman, who was recaptured earlier this month. Tanzania has arrested three elephant poachers who allegedly shot down a helicopter that was tracking their illegal hunting activity. The incident occurred friday in a Wildlife Reserve near Serengeti National park. Tanzanian Officials Say the poachers fired an ak47 at the helicopter, which crashed, killing the pilot. Tanzanias minister for tourism said park rangers discovered the remains of three dead elephants nearby. Poachers who kill elephants for their ivory tusks are blamed for reducing tanzanias elephant population by 60 since 2009. The demand for ivory is strongest in asian countries, where it is used for jewels and ornaments. And finally, myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner and aung song suu ki who spent the better part of two decades under house arrest takes over the new parliament elected in november. On wednesday in maryland president obama makes his first visit as president to an american mosque. And make sure to join us on the newshour tomorrow for more coverage of the iowa caucuses. Thats all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. Im alison stewart. Thanks for watching. Captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org pbs newshour weekend is made possible by lewis b. And Louise Hirschfeld cullman. Bernard and irene schwartz. Judy and josh weston. The cheryl and Philip Milstein family. The citi foundation. Supporting innovation and enabling urban progress. Sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. Corporate funding is provided by mutual of america designing customized individual and Group Retirement products. Thats why we are your retirement company. Additional support has been provided by and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Is a kqed presented in association with. Next on truly california. Male announcer lowriders, those hydraulically raised and lowered vehicles, come in a variety of sizes, models, years, and colors. Narrator for san diegos rich chicano community, lowrider culture has long meant more than driving a fancy car. Its about creativity. Martinez one idea makes another idea. You know, it just comes to me. Narrator . Cultural identity. Juarez its that pride in us