Designing customized individual and Group Retirement products. Thats why we are your retirement company. Additional support has been provided by and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. From the tisch wnet studios at Lincoln Center in new york, alison stewart. Stewart good evening. Thanks for joining us. Im alison stewart, in for hari sreenivasan. By bus, by train and on foot, thousands of migrants and refugees are on the move across europe. After days being held back, at least 6,500 migrants crossed from hungary into neighboring austria today, with several thousand continuing west, hoping to reach munich, germany. Hundreds more who did not board the hungarian buses and trains began walking the 100 miles from budapest toward vienna. German chancellor Angela Merkel said today every Asylum Seeker arriving in her country will get a fair hearing, and there is no cap on the number germany will accept. The journey over land comes after people typically leaving from wartorn syria, libya, iraq and afghanistan arrive on the continent by boat. 2,500 migrants who made it this week to greece were ferried today from a refugee station on the island of lesbos to athens. Its difficult. There is shortage in water. We have kids, we have small babies. We have a shortage in all kinds of service. Stewart the desired destinations for the migrants vary. Germany is granting asylum to the most refugees and expects to welcome as many as 800,000 by years end. We get more now from i. T. N. Reporter james mates. Reporter 2 00 in the morning, and quite suddenly their ordeal in hungary was over. Just three hours after the hungarian government finally backed down, the buses were being loaded. For five days, theyd lived in squalor outside budapest station. Now they were on the move and they were happy. I feel really awesome. Its great, yeah. Im really happy that these buses are going to go to austria. Germany. Reporter and with that, it was off to the austrian border and beyond, a journey many thought might end in hungary will now take them to germany, where they believe theyll be welcomed and given the chance of a new life. Behind them, in the underground concourse they called home, lay the debt triitous of an abandoned refugee camp. The weary matchers who set off on food many punishing hours earlier were picked up from where theyd slept. Theyd have to walk no longer but the decision to go on alone cleel had pushed the authorities into backing down. And not a moment too soon as torrential rain swept through. By early morning, they were across the border and waiting patiently for a train that would take them west or north. They didnt care which, as long as it was to germany. The inhab tants of a border town had laid out food, drink, even a selection of secondhand clothing. In small, wellorganized groups, families first, they were allowed on to a train, this one to vienna. In their excitement, some ran to the carriages, although in truth, there was little need. Thank you. Very, very happy. Reporter back in hungary, there are many thousands more still waiting to come. 100 buses have been promised. That may not be enough. This morning, not prepared to wait, another group set off to walk to the border, though this time they may not have to trudge as far. In munich, the first wave of this exodus stepped on to german soil with a wave and a smile, and no wonder. A journey that frequently started in syria took in turkey, greece, macedonia, serbia, hungary, austria, now at an end. Stewart newshour special correspondent Malcolm Brabant is covering the surge of migrants into Northern Europe and how neighboring countries are treating the crisis differently. This week, a syrian refugee, now in sweden, told him about his journey across the mediterranean sea, leaving his family behind. How can i bring my children to here . I cant make. Put him in this boat, dangerous boat. I cant do that. For, me maybe its okay. But for my children, its impossible. Stewart Malcolm Brabant joins me now via skype from copenhagen, denmark. Malcolm, in times of danger, the dwengzal wisdom is to get the children out, get them to a safer place, but from your reporting, the opposite seems true in this situation. Why is that . Reporter well, i think that parents are genuinely terrified of the dangering in the mediterranean. As he was saying, its absolutely a complete lottery. Its russian roulette. You dont know what sort of vessel youre get spog. There have been horrendous stories of traffickers beating people down into the holds of boats, and it just takes a small shift in the balance of a boat with people rushing to one side or the other for it to tip over because theyre all so heavily overcrowded so there are many parents taking the decision that its not worth risking their childrens lives, and theyre leaving them behind, and theyre coming to country wheres they hope there will be a good family reunionification policy, as sweden has. But mr. Al hab ash, has been waiting for 10 months. Stewart the war in syria has been going on for yiewrs but what has been the catalyst for all these people leaving now . I think there are two things, as far as we can see, really. Right now, its the end of the summer, and the mediterranean suddenly changes from being a fairly benevolent sea as it has been in the past three months into something that is very perilous indeed. Theres a wind that blows in september that creates winds of force 810, and its extremely dwrus. Even just for the three miles that it takes you to get across from the Turkish Coast to an island like less boss, for example, the waves can be incredibly high, so bad, that greek ferries wont sail in this weather. There is a rush to get across before the weather changes. But, also, people i have been speaking to on lesbos, one of the main eelds people come to in greece, theyre saying what were hearing from the syrians is the the situation inside damascus, the syrian capital, is becoming very grave, indeed, and there is an imperative to get out. Maybe there is something happening on the various war fronts there that is driving people out. All of the refugees that you talk to on the various stages of the route, theyre all in touch with each other. They know which places are you know, the ways to go. Theyre getting messages backwards and forwards, and, you know, they must be sort of able to read the ruins to see europe is wavering at the moment. Countries dont want to be on the wrong side of history because this is a very emotional time for people, especially after the publication of that terrible picture of the little boy who drowned. Stewart from your reporting, youve talked to folks who were businessmen, and from other stories that ive read, there seems to be a middleclass and uppermiddleclass movement here of people finally deciding to leave. Why are they finally deciding to leave . Why did they stay in place . , and, two, what does this mean for people who dont have money to get out . The one thing that is really quite noticeable, actually, on the road, the people who do seem to have money are syrians. They all talk about having a fairly prosperous lifestyle. But if you go on to social meade cra and look at people from human rights watch, for example, theyve been posting pictures saying if you wonder why it is that people are leaving now, have a look at this photograph, and what theyre doing is posting pictures of places like cobani, the place on the turkishsyrian border where there was a massive battle between isis and the kurds, and the place is completely flattened. Theyre also posting pictures of homs, syrias third city, and the place is absolutely devastated. It looks as though theres nothing left standing. So how people can stay there is beyond belief. Some of the cooler heads in europe would say, well, hang on a minute. Those people coming from syria, you know, theyre not coming directly from the war. Once they got out of the country theyve been in safer places like in turkey, like in jordan, so theyre not exactly running away from war. They want to get away from that particular area. But you talk to people in the refugee agencies and others who have been to that area and you say you just cannot stay in these terrible conditions in the refugee camps on front line state because temperatures are just absolutely appalling. The conditions are not great, and thats why theres this big shift towards europe. Stewart Malcolm Brabant, thank you so much for sharing your reporting. Stewart one way migrants get to and through europe is with the help of smugglers who offer passage on rickety boats, by taxi and truck, and even by chartered aircraft, all for a price. A truck with 71 dead migrants found along an austrian highway last week called attention to the dangers of smuggling. In the libyan coastal city of zuwara yesterday, 300 people protested the Human Trafficking and the rash of migrants dying on their shore. Washington post reporter Michael Birnbaum has investigated the migrant smuggling trade and joins me now via skype from brussels. Michael, when did this kick into high gear as a true, fullfledged business . Well, this has been an evolving transformation over the last couple of years as this tremendous flow of refugees and migrants has increased into europe. But what weve seen is that a lot of preexisting criminal networks, especially in eastern europe, have sort of just changed their business. They see this as a good opportunity, and now theyre offering their services to people who want to make it into western europe. Stewart and i have to imagine the internet has played a role in this exploding. Reporter thats right. Its now easier than ever, if you are a migrant or if you are a refugee, just to look, particularly on facebook. There are smugglers who just advertise their services very openly, usually in arabic, on facebook. You can look. You can find promises of passage for, you know, whatever kind of level of service you want. But typically from turkish refugee camps to particular countries inside europe, and those prices range anywhere from 2,500, up to 10,000 or even more. Stewart without being flip im going to use the word menu. There are practically menus of options for people out there. Reporter well, there are a couple different ways they really do look like menus. There are entire lists that just go down with different prices. And the choices range both from the country that you go to, the countries that are particularly desirable are germany and sweden. Theyve been the most open to refugees. And then the level of service along the way. So that can range anything from below deck on a rickety fishing boat coming up from egypt or libya that will take you to a greek or italian island in the mediterranean. And i spoke to a Swedish Police official who told me that in one instance, there was even a private charter jet that took off from istanbul, just flew straight into stockholm, and when people landed, they claimed asylum right when they hit the tarmac. Stewart what are people doing, what are countries doing to combat the smuggling . Reporter well, just in the last week, week and a half, austria in particular, where the 71 people were found dead on the side of a highway, has significantly increased highway controls. They have been searching basically all trucks and vans that are entering austria from hungary. Thats been a big effort that takes a lot of work. They have been finding more instances of people smuggling, including a couple of very dangerous situations when people were, indeed, locked into the back of these vehicles without much air. But its a tremendous challenge, and, you know, i was speaking to a colleague of mine hois in hungary today where theres yet another crisis, and all of those Austrian Police who have been doing that have been tasked today with other jobs trying to process just the tremendous inflow of Asylum Seekers who are coming in. Stewart Michael Birnbaum from the washington post, thank you so much for your time today. Thank you so much for having me. Stewart learn about the fishermen who have found themselves on the front lines of the migrant crisis. Watch our report from tunisia online at www. Pbs. Org newshour. According to the Justice Department, native american women are 2. 5 times more likely than other women in the u. S. To be Sexual Assault victims. Often, the assailants are not native americans, even on indian reservations. Because of a legal loophole, nonnative perpetrators have commonly been able to escape prosecution for crimes committed on reservations. In tonights signature segment, we look at the new federal law giving indian tribal courts the ability to bring those who commit these crimes to justice. Newshours stephen fee has this updated story. Reporter lisa brunner spent her childhood on and around the white earth indian reservation, a huge tract of land in northern minnesota thats home to around 4,000 native americans like her. Brunner grew up surrounded by Domestic Violence and since has become a leading advocate for native victims of abuse. Its happening every day. Reporter native women in the u. S. Face some of the highest levels of violence of any group. According to the Justice Department, one in three native women has been raped, and three out of five will experience Domestic Violence in their lifetimes. Lisa says she too is a victim of both rape and Sexual Assault. She had enough, she says, when a boyfriend slapped her across the face while she cradled her nine monthold child. And i packed up and left the next day, and i never went back. And i vowed thereafter that no man will ever touch me again. I will not. My babies will not know the life that i had to survive. Reporter brunner says that as an adult, she seldom went to the police and that much of that has to do with the fact that some of the men who attacked her were not native americans. So, why does that matter . Up until recently, nonnative people were immune from prosecution in tribal courts. Thats crucial for two reasons one, the Justice Department says nonnative men commit the vast majority of assaults and rapes against native women; and two, federal attorneys, who are often the only lawyers who can try nonnatives who commit crimes on reservations, often dont prosecute them. I knew when i had been raped and been victimized and whatnot, i never tried to report it because nothing. I knew nothing would ever happen. I knew nothing would be done. When you have the combination of the silence that comes from victims who live in fear and a lack of accountability by outside jurisdictions to prosecute that crime, youve created, if you will, the perfect storm for Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, which is exactly what all the statistics would sort of bear out. Reporter in a 1978 decision, the u. S. Supreme court said Indian Tribes with their own tribal justice systems and courts were not allowed to charge nonindians unless congress changed the law. Congress didnt act for 35 years. Then, two years ago, when congress reauthorized the violence against women act, the vawa, lawmakers granted tribal courts jurisdiction over a limited number of domestic and dating violence crimes committed by nonindians on reservations. That change took effect in march. Earlier, three indian reservations had taken part in a Pilot Program for those prosecutions one in arizona; one in oregon; and this indian reservation, the tulalip reservation, an hours drive north of seattle. Theresa pouley, who has served as chief judge on the Tulalip Tribal Court since 2009, says the responsibility to prosecute offenders on indian reservations belongs to tribal courts. The confused jurisdiction in indian country, which leaves those responsibilities oftentimes to the state and federal government who dont effectively prosecute those crimes, creates this place where you have a category of people on indian reservations who are essentially above the law. Reporter what does this tribal provision in vawa do to help close that gap . It allows me to treat all Domestic Violence perpetrators exactly the same, indian or non indian. So, i have authority over indians who commit that crime; this just gives me authority over nonindians who commit the exact same crime. Reporter in the past 17 months, the tulalip tribal prosecutor has brought charges against nine alleged nonindian Domestic Violence defendants; five pleaded guilty, two await trial, one was referred to federal prosecutors, and one case was dismissed. But will this new authority actually help stop the crisis of violence against indian women . One concern the new law only covers domestic and dating violence; it does not include crimes like assault by a stranger or even rape. Michelle demmert is the tulalip tribes lead attorney. Unfortunately, its not quite gone far enough. In just three recent cases, we had children involved, and were not able to charge on the crimes that were committed against those children, including endangerment, criminal endangerment, possibly assault, other attendant or collateral crimes. Reporter youre able to prosecute one crime but not the other. Thats right. Thats right. What we have allowed is the authority of tribal course to try u. S. Citizens in their court for very good reasons. Reporter former u. S. Senator tom coburn, from oklahoma, a state with one of the highest native american populations, co sponsored the original violence against women act 20 years ago, and he thinks the change in the law is wrong, that tribes should not be allowed to exert their authority over nonindians. You cannot cast tribal sovereignty on me. Im not a memberf the tribe. Reporter instead of granting expanded authority to tribal courts, coburn says congress should have required federal prosecutors to take on Domestic Violence crimes on reservations more vigorously. Coburn also believes the new law could be found unconstitutional. Theres no way you can assure and guarantee constitutional provisions under what passed. So, this provision will eventually be thrown out, be challenged, and on appeal theyll lose because you cannot guarantee american citizens their Constitutional Rights if theyre nontribal members in a tribal court. Reporter but the Justice Departments sam hirsch says any tribe that proceeds with prosecutions must adhere to a list of constitutional guarantees laid out in the new law. Heres the evidence that its working under the pilot project, more than two dozen nonindians have now been charged with Domestic Violence and dating violence crimes. They all have the right to go straight to federal court and ask to be released if their rights are being violated. And how many have done so . Zero. Reporter so far . So far. Reporter hirsch concedes the law is limited, especially because it only covers Domestic Violence and not more serious crimes. But he says the Justice Department is stepping up its prosecution rate against non natives. At the same time, we have to recognize that when federal prosecutors and f. B. I. Agents are often located hundreds of miles away, many hours drive away, its very hard for them to play the role of local law enforcement, especially on misdemeanor level crimes and lowerlevel felonies. Reporter in the years leading up to the tulalip reservations ability to prosecute nonindians, chief judge Theresa Pouley says shes already seen one mark of success. The reporting of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault cases have gone up at tulalip for the last three years steadily as victims know that perpetrators will be held accountable. And as they know that theyre going to be listened or heard, they actually report it more often. So, if you just look at the numbers, you sort of see that it changes the level of reporting, and thats really the First Step Towards stopping it. Reporter back on the white earth reservation, lisa brunner is still concerned about the limitations of the new law, that it doesnt cover crimes like rape. Its especially personal because she says one of her daughters was raped a few years ago by nonnative men who came on to the reservation. Of course, they threatened her, and she didnt tell me until after the fact. But we did report it to law enforcement, and that was it. Reporter Nothing Happened after that . No. Nothing. Reporter in the past six months since Indian Tribes obtained the authority to prosecute nonindian defendants, five tribes have done so and more plan to join them. This is pbs newshour weekend, saturday. Stewart the u. S. Forest service is warning campers in california to head far south of a wildfire burning east of fresno. The socalled rough fire has scorched 134 square miles, making it the biggest of this summers fires in the drought ridden state. This fire, sparked by a Lightning Strike five weeks ago, is 25 contained. All campgrounds and lodges in Kings Canyon National park are now closed. Campers and hikers are advised to head for the mountains south of the park to avoid the smoke. In japan, residents are returning to a town they fled because of the Fukushima Nuclear power plant disaster four and half years ago. Naraha, 12 miles from fukushima, is the first of seven abandoned towns to have its Evacuation Order lifted by the government. But half of the towns former 7,000 residents say theyre not ready to go back mainly due to concerns about radiation. The government has said it will give out radiation meters to residents and monitor the local water supply. Fukushima experienced a meltdown and release of radioactive gas after a march 2011 earthquake and tsunami knocked its power out. A hacker from latvia faces a two year u. S. Prison sentence for creating a computer virus that infected over a Million Computers worldwide. Deniss calovskis pleaded guilty yesterday in Manhattan Federal Court to writing code for the gozi virus, which stole personal bank account information. Prosecutors say the scheme robbed banks of tens of millions of dollars between 2005 and 2012. The virus infected 40,000 u. S. Computers. Calovskis is the second hacker convicted in the scheme. On pbs newshour weekend tomorrow, does requiring extra reading time after school improve students proficiency . We want to hone in on the reading skills and then just push the students academically as much as possible. Stewart and timely, toyota is investing 50 million in Artificial Intelligence and robotics. The money is not to develop selfdriving cars. Instead, it will go to stanford and m. I. T. Over the next five years to create technology that will help drivers stay alert and avoid accidents. And Queen Elizabeth is on the verge of becoming britains longest serving monarch. The 89yearold queen, seen here in scotland today, was crowned at the able of 25 in 1952. Come wednesday, she will have reigns for 63 years and seven months, passing queen victoria, who reigned from 18371901. Thats all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. Im alison stewart. Thanks for watching, and good night. Captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org pbs newshour weekend is made possible by lewis b. And Louise Hirschfeld cullman. Bernard and irene schwartz. The cheryl and Philip Milstein family. Judy and josh weston. Sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. Corporate funding is provided by mutual of america designing customized individual and Group Retirement products. Thats why we are your retirement company. Additional support has been provided by and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. [rooster crows]