One Company Makes strides to protect marine life from man made noise in the ocean. All that and more, on tonights pbs newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by love me tender love me true we can like many, but we can love only a precious few. Because it is for those precious few that you have to be willing to do so very much. But you dont have to do it alone. Lincoln financial helps you provide for and protect yourr financial future, because this is what you do for people youe love. Lincoln financial youre in charge. Bnsf railway. Xq institute. Md anderson cancer center. Making cancer history. Supporting social entrepreneurs and their solutions to the worlds most pressing problems skollfoundation. Org. Pone supported by the john d. And catherine t. Macarthur foundation. Committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. Inco more information at macfound. Org and with the ongoing support of these institutions this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. S and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Pu thank you. Woodruff for donald trump and Hillary Clinton, this day has been all about health. D it included releases of medical data, to varying degrees, and a journey to a Michigan City beset by a water crisis. It was Donald Trumps first trip to flint, since the city founde lead in its water in 2014. The republican nominee made abl quick visit to a water plant ana a local church. But as trump turned to criticizing his opponent, theg minister interrupted hillary failed on the economy, just like shes faileds on foreign policy. Everything she touched didnt work out nothing. Mr. Trump, i invited you here to thank us for what weve donen in flint, not give a political speech . Oh, oh, okay. Okay, thats good, and were reporter trump was alsols heckled, but he promised quick relief for flint, if hes elected. Word of his coming, though, was not wellreceived by democratic mayor karen weaver, who backs Hillary Clinton. She said flint is focused on fixing the problems caused byfi lead contamination of our drinking water, not photo ops. Earlier, trump taped anru interview with the dr. Oz show, and gave the host a one page summary of a medical exam he had last week. If your health is as strong the campaign declined to say what was in the summary. The interview airs tomorrow. Clinton is expected to resume campaigning tomorrow, after a bout with pneumonia. Late today, aides released an overall medical update from clintons doctor. It said she continues taking medication to control a previously known thyroid condition and blood clots. Otherwise, the doctor found her in sound health. Today, her husband, former president bill clinton, carried her cause to las vegas we need to get over all these crazy divisions and go into the future together. Thats hillarys position. Thats what stronger togethert means. Woodruff meanwhile, bothuf major party nominees, especially trump, came in for stinging criticism from former secretaryr of state colin powell, in personal emails stolen by hackers and leaked to buzzfeed. In one, powell called trump, a National Disgrace and an international pariah. And about Hillary Clinton, hein said everything h. R. C. Touches, she kind of screws up k with hubris. And, on the foundation fronts former president clinton and daughter chelsea will leave the board of a health group connected to the clinton foundation, if Hillary Clinton is elected; and the state attorney general in new york iso now investigating whether Donald Trumps foundation violatedw state laws on nonprofits. Well return to the state of the president ial race, later in thec program. Ifill in the days other news, the u. S. Signed a recordne aid agreement with israel, worth 38 billion over ten years. The ceremony took place at the state department. National security advisor susana rice called it a reminder of americas unshakable commitment to israel. It marks a significant increase over our existing funding, and it will ensure that israel has the support it needs to defend itself, by itself, and to preserve its qualitative military edge. This is the single largest pledge of military assistance ty any country in us history. Ifill the agreement came in spite of strained relations with israel over the iran nuclearel deal, and other issues. Woodruff former israeli president shimon peres is slightly improved tonight,ig 24 hours after a major stroke. His doctor says the Nobel Peace Prize winner has regained consciousness, and reacts to stimulation. Peres is 93 years old. Ifill the ceasefire in syria still appears to be holding, but humanitarian aid is largely stalled. Turkeys ruling party did send a pair of aid trucks to a Syrian Border town today. They carried food and childrens toys. But two United Nations convoys bound for aleppo remained stalled, despite pleas from the secretarygeneral. It is crucially important that the necessary arrangements, security arrangements, should be given so that they can be allowed to cross the lines. We are working very hard. We are very much committed. Ifill the ceasefire is due to run through sunday, but thehr u. S. And russia agreed today to extend it another two days. Woodruff in china,n authorities have cracked down oa a village known for grassroots demonstrations. The raids began early tuesday, after new protests in wukan over the arrest of a local chief. Residents say police descended on the village, firing rubber bullets and tear gas, as villagers hurled rocks back at them. Ifill a super typhoon battered taiwan today, with winds topping 140 miles an hour. Its the strongest storm anywhere in the world this yeari the powerful wind and heavy rain knocked out power to more than half a million homes and shut down air and train travel. Meanwhile, Tropical Storm julia dumped rain along the southeastern u. S. Coast. Woodruff u. S. Soldier Chelsea Manning has ended a Hunger Strike in prison, after the army agreed to gender transition surgery. In a statement, manning welcomed the move, and said this is all i wanted, for them to let me be me. In 2013, thenprivate Bradley Manning got 35 years for passing secrets to wikileaks. Later, she announced she identifies as a woman. Ifill the Atlantic Coast conference joined the ncaa today in pulling its championships from north carolina. It cited a state law limiting protections for transgender people and others. But, the republican leader of the state house insisted the state wont back down. Woodruff a major merger may be on the way. Germanys bayer a. G. Offered 66 billion for monsanto today, and the u. S. Seed maker accepted. Theyd control a quarter of the world market for seeds andol pesticides. Its subject to approval fromo shareholders and regulators. Ifill and, on wall street, the Dow Jones Industrial average lost nearly 32 points to close at 18,034. The nasdaq rose 18 points, and the s p 500 dropped a point. Still to come on the newshour the differences between donald trump and Hillary Clinton when it comes to child care; the road to 270 how each candidate could win the electoral college; forced marriage here in the united states, and much more. Woodruff childcare is one of the biggest expenses Many American families face, surpassing the cost of College Tuition and rent in more than thirty dozen states. When it comes to providing paidi family leave, the u. S. Lags behind every other developed country in the world. Its a cause longchampioned by democrats. And now, the republican nominee for president is out with a new plan that seems to break with conservative orthodoxy. Correspondent Lisa Desjardins reports. Reporter the two who would be president of all, are focused on the very youngest americans our children. Outside of philadelphia tuesday night, donald trump became thebe first g. O. P. Nominee to propose paid family leave and childcaren help. We need working mothers to be fairly compensated for their work, and to have access to affordable, Quality Childcare for their kids. Reporter how would trump provide that access and care . First, trump would push for mothers but not fathers to receive six weeks of paid maternity leave. E. Then, he proposes that Childcare Costs be fully deductible for families making less than 500,000 a year. Total cost is not clear, but trump says he would pay for this all by cracking down ondo Unemployment Insurance fraud. The familyfriendly turn is familygenerated trumps daughter ivanka helped craft thp policy, and today, charged the democratic nominee has failed. Le Hillary Clinton has been around for decades and theres no policy benefiting either mothers or fathers in terms ofit paid leave. But, how things have changed. Now both president ial nominees are pushing for paid family i would call it quite surprising that trump would make a proposal like this. It would not get much support, i think, in a republican congress. Now to Hillary Clinton who has stressed childhood issues for decades. Whats her plan . All parents would get twelvent weeks of paid leave. Childcare costs would be kept to 10 of the familys income for most families though clinton hasnt shown exactly how shed achieve that and shed pay for it all by raising taxes on the wealthy. Clinton would also use those taxes to make preschool universal starting at four years old. We have to make it easier to be good workers, good parents,er and good caregivers, all at the same time. Reporter this is further than clinton went just two years ago on mandatory paid leave, when she told cnn it was too soon politically. But, how things have changed. Now both president ial nominees are pushing for paid family leave at the same time and make sure that paid family leavi gets the support of over 70 of americans over aged 40, and thats the same group that has the highest turn out in elections. For the pbs newshour, im Lisa Desjardins. Ifill the latest National Polls show a tightening in the race to the white house. But a win in november for Hillary Clinton or Donald Trumpm will depend on a viable path toh 270 electoral votes. For more, were joined by john brabender, republican strategist and chief creative officer for brabender cox, a political medil firm; and bill burton, former Deputy White House press secretary under president obamat and currently, california managing director for s. K. D. Knickerbocker. Hohn brabendejohn brayjohn bray. First, win every state that romney won. If theres one, its probably north carolina, that will be a battleground. That doesnt get you near 270 because mitt romney wasnt near 270. Two different paths you can win a whole bunch of small states and quoble them together which is almost impossible. To me the logical path is where could have romney maybe have won and didnt and you look at ohio, florida, youre still not there. Now youve got to win either pennsylvania or michigan and ii think pennsylvania is probably y little bit more doable than michigan, but again, neither one of those states have the reps won since 1988. 19 ifill take that map and add what you think Hillary Clinton needs to get to 270. You start in the same place. Look at the states obama won and wonder whether would hillaryth clinton va problem and where does donald trump have problems. The truth is donald trump is not showing strength in any of the big states he would need ined order to get to 270, and Hillary Clinton is showing herself to be remarkably stable in all the states she needs. So i think florida, ohio, michigan, pennsylvania, all those states actually lookst pretty good for Hillary Clintonl right now. No while donald trump is showingwi strength in places like iowa, its just not enough to get him close to getting the electoral votes that he needs to win. Ifill john, we know he did incredibly well in the primaries. We didnt expect donald trump to do so well. Could he use that mega tone for the jerl election . Pennsylvania might be a parochial state, but he has very, very broad support. Ro the second thing in fairness to the trump people, if you look at the most recent numbers, theyry doing well in ohio, winning in a lot of polls in florida and now in pennsylvania and michigan have both tightened. Theyre not ahead but theyve tightened and thats a good trend. Brown bill burton, one of o the things the democrats say is donald trump gets a lot of free media and thats a disadvantage for Hillary Clinton. Can the free media lift him to where he needs to be . Isnt that a potential threat toker . I have to giveth their campan credit. Monica langley hasn a great piee in the wall street journalur about how theyre trying to create different moments foren donald trump as opposed to him shouting at rallies. I theyre trying to get him in classrooms, churches, diners and places where he can make a more personal connection. Obviously the strategy has its setback as you saw today, donald trump in a Church Getting interrupted by the pastorto because he started attackingrt Hillary Clinton. But i think if he does really r want to make gains, if he does want to find a path to the voters who are in the middle, then he needs to do Different Things than just do theseth rallies and, you know, i think k hes actually doing a pretty good job at that. Hes still pretty limited in the effect he can have because he so disqualified himself with such a large number of voters that i dont think there is an actual a path to victory for him but he is at least engaging in a better strategy than previously. Ifill john, isnt there a reason for that . We see him in a church in detroit, michigan not a state hes necessarily competing in, but we see him bringing forth the childcare program, isnt that to try to address the issues bill burton is talking about . Well, i think what its to do is make him more likable. Heres the biggest problemge donald trump has, hes not getting enough votes today ofa the people who already say they dont like Hillary Clinton. C so i agree with bill, i agree with the pastor, i dont thinkor donald trump has to be out there making the case against Hillary Clinton. I think people have known her 24 years. How you feel about4 her, you fel about her. But if theyre unsure about particularly moderate reps, we know there is gender differencei i think donald trump has to seal the deal by letting people feel comfortable in both ports oirks i think yesterday, bill clinton said it depends on whos showing up, the composition of the voters. What do you think theio composition has to be in order for Hillary Clinton to win . Y whats interesting about the current polling is ass you wath hillarys numbers fluctuate, part of the reason is because the obama coalition, younger voters, africanamerican voters, latino voters, theyre not showing up in as large a number for her as they did for president obama and, for that reason, i actually think her numbers are artificially low. I think that, at the end of the day, those voters are going to join ranks and it is going to help propel Hillary Clinton to victory. Ifill im going to stayi with you for a moment, bill. T, we have seen in the last few days a big debate over the deporables comment Hillary Clinton made the other night and i wonderig if part of that debae isnt about this very issue, how do you win over the people either who are offended by portions ofe the trump ologist r how does trump, in turn, tar her as being intolerant . Isnt that about part of this . I think that conversation ise happening along the edges. En i dont think that the folks who are in the middle look at the conversation of whether or not Donald Trumps campaign is racist or whether or not Hillar Clinton should use that term to describe some of his supporters made sense, i dont think that i the folks in the middle are looking at that debate, i think theyre more looking at these two candidates. Its a band of voters with which neither candidate has very high Approval Ratings and theyre trying to make up their mind on who has a better plan for the economics whose presidency would morey positively impact my lif, and i think that debate happens among people who have alreadyav made up their minds. In brown what do you think t about that, john . J i agree. R sometimes we all go on these shows and have a debate over deplorable, not deplorable andbl thats not what people are talking about at night. What donald trump has done is tie into what would be sons and daughters of reagan democrats who are voting for him becauseau they feel both parties left himh on the economic battlefield. B they feel washington doesnt understand their lives anymore and they feel even though donald trump might make a mistake with what he says from time to time, they see that as authenticity and maybe someone who will truly Pay Attention to them becauseec they feel ignored. G ifill enough of thosefi people to get 270 for donald trump . In a state like pennsylvania, the paradox is to win you have to get the conservativer democrats in the west but have to do well with the collar county moderates in the east. N trump has to seal the deal with the moderates in the east. A ifill 56 days. John brabender, bill burton, thank you very much. Thank you. Woodruff stay with us. S coming up on the Newshour Uber debuts selfdriving cars; manmade noise disturbing the oceans wildlife; and restoring federal education grants for prisoners. But first, today on capitol hill, a Senate Hearing looked into ending the practice overseas of child marriage. But what wasnt examined thousands of american girls and women here in the united stateso who are forced into marriage every year. In the first of two parts, special correspondent Gayle Tzemach lemmon reports. Reporter for Nina Van Harn, raising her children today is a radical departure from her own upbringing. I my childhood was part magical, and part complicated. Reporter she was raised in rural michigan on a 40acremi farm, in a tightknit community that practiced a conservative form of evangelical christianity. Its members largely kept to themselves more little house on the prairie than modern day america. Growing up, she always knew onek day was coming. She recorded its arrival in her diary. Dear kit that was the name of the girl in the journal you will never guess what happened today. To this morning after breakfast,re papa sat naomi and i down at the Kitchen Table and nailed us both with a load of bricks. He believes he found husbands for both of us. Fo reporter van harn had turned nineteen. En she was legally an adult. There was no gun to her head. No chains around her wrists. Ha but because of lifelong pressures from her family and her upbringing, she considers herself one of thousands of american women and girls forced into marriage each year. Ea i knew that i wasnt going to say no. This was gods will. God had spoken. And it was just not even an option. Sp i didnt think consciously in my head im being forced. This is part of, if you will, psychological manipulation. Reporter christina bichhieri is a professor of philosophy ans psychology at the university ofi pennsylvania, whose work focuses on social norms. She says these marriage practices are more typical of closeknit, conservativeva communities, people with little contact to the outside world. Your choices are much more restricted, and it is the case that even if the girl or the boy give their consent, that not only do they not know or conceive of an alternative, buta it is a terrifying thing to abandon their community. Its scary where do they go . Who do they talk to . Reporter for Nina Van Harn there was no one and nowhere to go. And then it was her wedding day. I do remember being very nervous, and yet knowing that i needed to be smiling and i was supposed to be happy. T and i just looked in the mirror and i thought, this is it. Reporter ninas husband was not physically abusive, but throughout over a decade marriage, she says that she suffered psychological abuse, under severe pressure from her family and community. Every household chore, every meal she cooked, every family visit, even sexual interaction, she said, came to feel like imprisonment. When you dont consent willingly to be with someone, then even if you agree as to their requests, it doesnt make it a yes, it makes it, yes i want to survive today. Nt reporter an attorney for her husband after an initial response to pbs newshour did not respond to further inquiries, and her father did not respond to multiple contact attempts. Numbers are hard to come by. But one 2011 study by a group that works against forced marriage found as many 3,000nd cases in a twoyear period. Legally, marriage is between twm adults, age 18 years or older. Ea but every state in the country allows for exceptions. Critics say these exceptionsns endanger young people, not help them. Advocates say children as young as 12 have been married with the consent of their parents,co according to state data. Ten states also allow underage girls to be married if theyhe become pregnant. But critics point out that those laws may actually be used toll legitimize other crimes, such as rape. In a firstofitskind lawsuit, Nina Van Harn decided to sue the state of michigan for an annulment on the grounds that her marriage was not consensual, and was, in fact, based on compulsion. With no legal precedent in the matter, she had to build the case from scratch. She left her husband and moved to a nearby city, where she now lives a much less conservative lifestyle. The rest of her family ceased all contact. And she and her former spouse share joint custody of their three children. The case, she said, took on a deep personal significance. I felt, just, a sense that ij was going to actually, not only get away from him, but i was going to get free. Reporter thats what an annulment meant to you . Uhhuh. H it meant freedom and then it meant a peace in my conscience. Reporter when you look at these pictures, what goes through your mind . Its like looking at a different person. Its like looking at a stranger. Reporter fraidy reiss felt similar pressures in a very different place. She grew up in an ultraorthodox jewish family in brooklyn, and she says that the pressure she faced to get married was obvious. Even though she was legally an adult, 19 years old, she said felt she had no choice. Youve never been on a date before. And your whole life youve been told, you need to get married right away. Youre terrified. Reporter reiss was arranged to marry a man whom shed barely met. An she remembers the ceremony as a joyous time, but she says herim marriage took a turn for the worse. He would describe to me how he was going to kill me. Reporter in detail. In detail. He would describe to me in detail, and he would explain how he was going to take my last breath. Reporter the threats t prompted reiss to seek a restraining order in a newde jersey state court, which was granted in 2010, and remains inh force. Divorce is considered sinful in reisss community, and family and friends offered littlere sympathy. On her own, she decided to take action. My first plan was, im just going to get out of this marriage, and then it became, im going to get out of this entire situation. , reporter reiss left the community, and set out for what she considered the unknown. Her family felt so betrayed, in fact, that they cut off all contact. Professor bicchieri says reisss decision to leave puts her in a rare category ra lets call this woman a trendsetter it will show to other women that it is possible to act against the norm of the community, as an example. They have more propensity to risk, they are more autonomous, and another important element is that they must believe that their rebelling in some sense will be facetious, that they will succeed. Reporter reiss moved to new jersey with her two daughters; her exhusband retains some visitation rights to the girls. Reiss started a nonprofit called unchained at last, that lobbies to enact tighterig legislation addressing forced marriage across the u. S. When people hear about this, they say, oh, well, thats just happening in this one religion, or thats just happening in this one immigrant community, and thats a way to abdicate responsibility its so important to raise awareness about this and to talk about this publicly, because you cant solve a problem thatca nobody knows exists. Reporter back in michigan, Nina Van Harn and her lawyer, matt burns, pushed ahead with their legal battle. The challenges, they say, areng not just legal, but cultural. Lt the goal isnt to eradicate arranged marriage. In many cultures, that is the norm and its accepted, buted theres, i think, a fine line and probably a fair gray area between whats arranged and whats forced. And so thats, i think, another difficulty that we face here. Reporter while notot confronted with physical abuse, van harn overcame great psychological hurdles in building her case. When i walked out, i didnt just walk out on this person. I walked out of my whole family, i walked out of my community, i walked out on many parts of what had been my faith. And i had to run very fast, and that was heartwrenching thing to do. But i did it because staying was more frightening than leaving. Reporter now she hopes that this case will help other womenl from all backgrounds escape similar situations. Meanwhile, she has a steady job in Human Resources at an autoy dealer. She leads an active, busy family. And she has built a new group of friends, whom she met at a support group, sponsored by a local womens shelter. Its a community. We are a community that works together to help each other through life. We are in some ways, coparents. And thats my family. And they mean everything to me. Reporter on august 1, Nina Van Harns husband agreed to annul their marriage. The end of this case, she hopes, also will mark a whole new a beginning for her. For the pbs newshour, im Gayle Tzemach lemmon, in michigan. Woodruff tomorrow, part two of our series, looking at american girls taken overseas and forced into marriage. And online, Gayle Tzemach lemmon describes how she was able to convince her subjects to come forward. Thats on our website, www. Pbs. Org newshour. Ifill now, the jetsons future may be arriving sooner than you think, for better or for worse. Uber is experimenting with self driving cars in a big way. In pittsburgh today, the compano began deploying a small test fleet of its selfdriving cars i around the city. Hari sreenivasan has the story. V sreenivasan okay, the first thing to know uber tried this with several journalists this week. K each selfdriving car was accompanied by a human operator, who loosely kept hands on theel steering wheel. The cars are equipped with sensors, radars and light mapping systems. Select uber customers will be able to opt into a driverless car pickup. Alex davies writes about all d things transportation for wired magazine, and took a ride in one of ubers self driving cars. He joins us from San Francisco. So, alex, unless you were a friend ofex a tesla driver or google engineer, youre one of the first people to sit in the back of one of these cars. Se what was the experience like . For the most part, it was kind of like a regular uber ride, minus the fact it was a carefully orchestrated media preview. Its same way most uber rides start. You pull out your phone, open up the uber app, enter your destination and call up the car. Whats going to happen from now on for some select customers in pittsburgh is it will say, hey, would you like a selfdriving car instead of some guy driving whos trying to make extra money . You hit yes and thats whatat shows up. Theyre now using ford fusions with these lights on the roof, radars, cameras. Da that pulls up. Ul but after that, once you get in, it works more or less like a normal uber. You relax in the back seat and the car drives you exactly where youre going. Sreenivasan we mentionedas the biggest safety precaution which is the human engineer in the car. What precautions has uber taken to roll this test out . First of all, theyre only operating within a small select area of downtown pittsburgh. Theyre top to about theyre open to about 12 square miles now. The reason theyre limited to that space is they will only send their cars out to areas theyve mapped in extreme detail. That means the car already knowo exactly where every trafficff light is. It knows which lanes are rightturnonly lanes, where it can make arn uturn and cant, what the speed limit is everywhere, where pedestrians are likely to cross, where cars are usually driving if the lane lanes arent super well marked. So basically, its kind of slicing after the riskier areas by only operating in places where it knows what theno conditions are going to be like. Sreenivasan why pittsburgh . A couple of reasons. Pipl the biggest one is pittsburgh is home to Carnegie Mellon which has Carnegie Mel Hans one of the best robotics programs ins the country and probably the world and some of their engineers have been studying selfdriving cars for 15 yearsar now, well before anybody imagined this could really be a thing. So a lot of those guys and women are now working for uber at its Advanced Technology Center iny the city. E the second reason is that uber sorry pittsburgh has a lot of different weather conditions, unlike silicon, valley which is pretty much always sunny. Pittsburgh, youre going to havg to face snow, rain, differentr weather problems and thats a good challenge for the cars toto learn how to solve, a and the street grid isnt the easiest to navigate. So its training cars to take on more complicated situations. The third advantage to pittsburgh is pennsylvania hasnt really regulated the space yet so uber is free to do pretty much what it wants. T sreenivasan what is the Safety Record of Autonomous Vehicles to date and how is uber factoring that in to these tests . Overall the Safety Record is excellent because, for the most part, at least when yourer talking about fully Autonomous Vehicles, theyve always got a trained operator at the wheel ready to take over in any situation. So, for example, google, which tests constantly in mountainview and austin and a few other places, has had a few minor accidents but nothing serious,r nothing where anyones ever been injured. The same thing with uber, at least in california, where its required to report any accidents as are all Autonomous Car operators. In pennsylvania, its not exactly clear what the record is, though they say they havenh had any accidents. Just because there are no rules saying they have to tell you ife there is one. Sreenivasan right. also put this into perspective. Why is uber doing this . Weve heard about google, tesla, auto manufacturers, whats ubers interest in having Autonomous Vehicles . . Ubers interest is naturals because when you ask automakers, for example, when you think about an aton mouse fleet of cars, what does that look like . Theyll tell you, well, looks like uber. U its a car that you dont have to own ordeal with parking or maintenance that shows up and picks you up and takes you whero you want to go. So if uber can take its model which is already enormously successful and rapidly spreadins around the world and can take out the the single most expensive part of that which is a human driver which takes half or threequarters of every customers fare and remove that person from the equation, the business gets a lot more efficient and profitable. Sreenivasan and how far out is that future . Ha so uber right now, if you say, well, when are you going to be able to take the engineers out of the cars, theyll say when its safe which is not a particularly helpful answer. But the chinese equivalent of google says 2019, ford is targeting 2021, so i think its safe to say uber will be more or less on that timeline. Ss so three to five years out. Sreenivasan alex davies joining us from San Francisco tonight. Thank you so much. Thank you. Is woodruff theres a growing problem for marine life in the worlds oceans and waterways manmade noise. This week, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released a new, decadelong plan to try to deal with the way its affecting life under water. Special correspondent cat wise has our report, part of our weekly series covering the leading edge of science and technology. Reporter beachgoers are drawn to the water this time of year to relax, and enjoy some peace and calm. And thats what many describe its like under the water, too. I would say it sounds beautiful, relaxing. I think it sounds so peaceful, like, i mean, just calm. Reporter but the calm near the surface often belies what it actually sounds like deepou beneath the waves. Especially if thats where you live. Over the last hundred years, as humans have increasingly used the worlds waterways for shipping, defense, and natural resources, among other things, the level, and the amount, of a manmade noises in marine environments has increased. But many species of mammals, fish, and even invertebrates rely on sound to communicate under the water, to find food, mates, and stay safe. Fe and those vital communications, in some areas, are being drowned out. People dont really realizet how noisy it is. Sound travels very well underwater, compared to air. So it can travel very longav distances. Reporter marla holt is a wildlife biologist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in seattle. She and other noaa scientists have been studying the impacts of Noise Pollution on marine life from big to small. Its been shown that noise can cause behavior changes, hearing loss, and it can even be fatal. Holts reseocuses on orcas also known as killer whales and how they amplify their calls when they are inwh noisy waters, especially around container ships. Okay, so here are orca calls with minimal boat noise. And here are calls with lots ofc boat noise. Reporter thats quite a difference, and you really see here on the screens, the difference. Yeah, so it shows that they really have to pump up the volume on their calls to hearme each other. Reporter many of the orcas holt studies spend a lot of their time in Washington States puget sound. They and hundreds of other marine species have a lot morelo than just container ships to contend with more than four Million People live around pugef sound. The beautiful waterways are what draw so many people to this area, but all the boating and Shoreline Development make this a noisy place to be for marine life. Its an issue that the state of washington has been trying to deal with for quite some time. De any time we touch anything with water, we try to deploy practices that arent harmful. Ce reporter Rhonda Brooks is works for the Research Director for the Washington State department of transportation. She says the states many ferry. Terminals and bridges require a lot of work that is often quitea noisy, especially when it comes to driving Foundation Piles inco the water. I think its only really been in the last decade or so that weve become concerned about th sound that it makes underwater,n as its being struck from above the water, and what that sound a does to the species that are not only in the vicinity of the pile, but also miles and miles away. Reporter while marine pile driving is a relatively small slice of the overall Noise Pollution problem, it is one of the loudest and most distressful manmade noises for marine life. Documented fish kills around marine pile driving projects in the early 2000s led to more state and federal noiseno mitigation requirements. One of the main ways to reduce the noise, with pile driving, has been through the use of bubble curtains, which are large rings that surround the pile, and the bubbles that are pumped out reduce the sound waves, but sometimes not very v much, as little as 30 . They also can cause construction delays, according to brooks. As we know, time is money in construction. And thats why we started looking at newer innovative practical ways to attenuate that sound. Reporter so brooks and other transportation officials sought help from engineers around the state. And they eventually got that help, from this man. Once we understood the principles of how sound was created, then the solution was pretty simple. Per reinhall is the chair of the mechanical engineeringin department at the university of washington. Over the years, he has developed a number of products, including a nextgeneration football helmet. But this was his first foray in Marine Construction, and what he came up with was a doublewallea pile. Reinhall showed me how the system works on a model. So what weve done is taken the ordinary pile and weve put another pile inside it. And as you can see here, theres an air space here where the water can not get to. And what we do is, we strike the inner pile, and now we have a bulge going down. But now its acting against the air, not the water. So, essentially, no sound, ornt very little sound, escapes. Reporter the other key part of the design is the connectiono at the bottom of the two piles, seen in this testing prototype, which prevents sound from traveling into the sea floor. Thats really the secret sauce of this concept, is the flexible coupling at the bottom. Its essentially a spring, a very, very stiff spring, between the outside pile and the inside pile. Reporter reinhall has turned his innovation into small startup. The company, called Marine Construction technologies, has done several tests with the state department of transportation and the results, says reinhall, have confirmed the design works. W at this test, done in 2014, there was a 21decibel noise reduction. Ib to understand what that means, you really need to hear it so this is a regular pile. This is our new pile. So its a dramatic difference. Reporter it is a big difference. How much of a difference . Its a reduction of about 90 of the volume. Reporter ninety . 90 of the volume, so its a big deal if youre a fish. Reporter one hurdle, though, is the cost the doublewalled piles are about 20 more than ab standard single pile. But reinhall says those costs should be mitigated by the effectiveness of the technology. The goal of this is to actually save money. If you include everything, if e you include monitoring, the time of the project, permitting, etc, etc, so overall, the project should be cheaper with this b technology. Reporter the reinhall piles have yet to be used commercially, but the state is now evaluating them now for future projects. As for the marine life in puget sound, there was no comment, but we expect any noise reductions in their waters would be a welcome development. For the pbs newshour, im cat wise in seattle, washington. Woodruff yes, it would. Cats report is also part of our breakthroughs coverage ofhs invention and innovation. Ifill next, we continue with our rethinking college series. Hari returns with a report on whether taxpayers should cover College Tuition for convicted criminals. Sreenivasan Jermaine Isaac killed a man when he was 15. Hes been in prison for secondso degree murder 11 years. During his punishment, he is trying to make something bettera of himself. For the past two years, he hasth been attending college, behind bars. Going to college, its taugho me patience, its taught me hard work, its taught me that more things are possible. Sreenivasan isaac is one of 100 maryland prisoners studying for a degree as part of a partnership with goucher college, a private liberal artsa school in baltimore. Goucher provides the professors and pays for the education with private donations. Amy roza directs the goucher prison partnership. We have a chance to change the way we do criminal justice in the united states, if we invest in some of the root causes in what brings people to prison. Sreenivasan when Jermaine Isaac came to the Maryland Correctional Institution inti jessup, he could barely read. College was never in a realm for me, it was never in sight. Sreenivasan now with a g. E. D. And 16 college credits, isaac feels hes getting a Second Chance. Ed in january, he will be released. Theres going to be people watching, thinking, why are weng giving a guy, who took somebodys life, an opportunity and an education . Shouldnt he be punished . In prison . We are the people who are coming back into society. Whether they like it or not,he were coming back to society, and were trying to come back prepared to be citizens, and give back to where we took from. Sreenivasan this summer, the Obama Administration said it will extend that Second Chance to 12,000 inmates across theec country. As a pilot project, the department of education will partner with 67 colleges, including goucher, to provide Higher Education to prisonerson who cant afford it. Called Second Chance pell pilot, eligible inmates will be able to apply for federal grants. Education secretary john king students who have the opportunity to pursue educationo while theyre incarcerated are dramatically less likely to return to prison. 42 reduction in recidivism from students just having exposure to education 98 of the folks who earn a bachelors degree dont end up back in prison. Sreenivasan advocates for college in prison say those statistics can break the link between poverty and crime. Tw we see huge changes in lifetime earnings, 8,000 more a year for a student who has f access to some college, 22,000 more a year for a student who has a bachelor degree. All of those impacts have a deep impact on children, and more than half the people we incarcerate in the u. S. Are parents of school age children. This case was a consolidation of two cases. Sreenivasan but is the education that prisoners receive comparable to College Courses on the outside . Professor Brad Stoddard teaches religion and social reform for the goucher prison educationth partnership. It is the exact same curriculum that i do for my general population students. We use the same reading material, we use the same primary sources, the same secondary sources. Nd sreenivasan until the mid90s, inmates of state and federal prisons were allowed tot apply for pell grants money offered to any low Income College Student in the nation. But as part of the 1994 crime bill, Congress Took away grant money for the incarcerated. Critics of Second Chance pell grants say the department of education is now oversteppingis its authority. Chris collins there is a law on the books that there is no ambiguity in, pell grants shall not be allowed for prisoners, period, end ofra discussion. Sreenivasan by designating the program an experiment,og education Officials Say they can access the money and help prisoners get jobs upon release. We need them to come backbs prepared to be successful. Otherwise, theyll end up backp in jail, which is a cost to not only to them and their families, but to the to the country. Th sreenivasan collins says inmates should be trained in the trades and helped to complete a g. E. D. , but he stops short of money for college. We have no surplus. Theres no extra money anywhere in the federal government. So i do not believe our children and grandchildren should be paying off in the future with interest, money so a criminal behind bars can take a few random College Courses. Sreenivasan james flood, thv director of Security Operations for marylands department of correctional services, says classes do more than help the individual they improve thein environment. You dont have time to dwell on negative things, youre working, youre studying, youre concentrating on positive things. So we benefit as an institution, and it makes the facility safern sreenivasan and he says other inmates view those enrolled in classes differentlyd this is positive peer pressure, because it fuelsus admiration and respect. I started college here cause i needed a change, man. Something positive, something productive. I was in search of something to better myself. Sreenivasan Deval Wallace is incarcerated for attemptedrc murder. He will not be eligible for parole for another six years. Still, he is enrolled in goucher classes and hopes to get a degree in psychology. It still benefits me. Sreenivasan how . Even though im not able to go out and use a degree, just having that knowledge, i can help the next person thats in here, that might have a chance of going home. Help steer him in the right direction, give him positive information. Sreenivasan whats your guarantee to me that five years from now, when i catch up with you, its not going to be in awi room like this . I can guarantee that because prison i hate prison. I cant be here, this is not the place for me. Theres no way ill return here, theres just no way. S sreenivasan the department of education estimates 100 correctional institutions acrosc the country will take part in the Second Chance pell pilot program. In maryland, for the pbs newshour, im hari sreenivasan. Woodruff now to our newshour shares, something that caught our eye that might c be of interest to you, too. We visit the nations first lighthouse was built just offn boston. B sally snowman is boston lights 70th lightkeeper, the first woman ever to hold the post. Y my name is sally snowman, an. I am the coast guard lighthousea keeper of boston light. Boston light is the last manned coast guard life stationt in the entire country. It is located on little brewste island at the entrance of boston harbor. In 1716, there were many shipwrecks here in the outerec harbor of boston, and they wanted to have a major aid toaj navigation to show the ships safe passage into the harbor, and so in 1716, boston light was erected. And then it had an incident in 1776 in the revolutionary war where the tower was blown up. It was rebuilt in 1783, and that is the tower that exists today. And today, 300 years later, the lighthouse is doing exactly what it was intended to do in 1716, which was showing a safe way into boston harbor. So now i am the 70th keeper of boston light, with the first 69 having been all men. When i was hired in 2003, i was a Coast Guard Auxiliary person that volunteered out here and wore a uniform. H however, being on the payroll for the coast guard as aco civilian employee, i wasnt allowed to wear the uniform, and i was asked to come up with something that would help me stand out from the crowd. So i came up with the idea for this costume from the late 1700s, to help tell the story that its not the original tower of 1716, its 1783. This is what the keepers wife would have worn during that period of time. We are a living museum. Ri visitors get to come out, climb the 76 spiral stairs and two ladders into the lantern room, and stand by an 11foot crystal made up of 336 individual prisms. Many of them are local, many are from boston. And so many of them say, oh ive lived in boston all of my life, and never came out. And, why did it take me so long to come out here . Ne because it is a jewel. Its a jewel of the harbor. Woodruff tonight on nova, as part of pbss spotlighta, education week, a look at the divides in education acrossca america and potential solutionsc school of the future examines how education could be redesigned to help narrow the gaps in Educational Opportunities and achievement. Nova airs tonight on most pbsn stations. Woodruff and thats the newshour for tonight. On thursday, correspondent john yang checks in from ohio with the first of two reports from the battleground state. Im judy woodruff. Nd ifill and im gwen ifill. Join us online, and again herell tomorrow evening. For all of us at the pbsre newshour, thank you, and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. Lincoln financial committed to helping you takeit charge of your financial future. Xq institute. Supported by the rockefeller foundation. Promoting the wellbeing of humanity around the world, by building resilience and inclusive economies. More at www. Rockefellerfoundation. Org. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org this is bbc world news america. Funding of this presentation is made possible by the freeman foundation. Newmans own foundation, giving all profits from newmans own to charity and pursuing the common good. Kovler foundation, pursuing solutions for americas neglected needs. And aruba tourism authority. Planning a vacation escape that is relaxing, inviting, and exciting is a lot easier than you think. You can find it here in aruba. Families, couples, and friends can all find their escape on the island with warm sunny days,