Transcripts For KQED PBS NewsHour 20160629

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Org and with the ongoing support of these institutions this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff investigators in istanbul, turkey have spent this day piecing together the assault that turned ataturk airport into a killing field. Three suicide bombers left widespread carnage 42 dead, more than 230 wounded, but no claim of responsibility. Special correspondent Jane Ferguson begins our coverage, from istanbul. Reporter operations resumed at europes thirdbusiest airport, amid the stark signs of terror. Glass panels riddled with bullet holes, and blood splattered on ceilings. The attack began last night, shortly before 10 00 p. M. , local time. Investigators say one suicide security cameras captured one attacker, just after being shot by police, and then setting off his bomb. That touched off a stampede to get outside, and away from danger. One guy had holes in his back from shrapnel or from glass. translated people were wounded, people fell down in front of me. Four people fell in front of me. They were torn into pieces. Reporter in the hours after the attack, turkish officials pointed to the islamic state. The group was blamed for a suicide bombing in january that killed several tourists near the famed blue mosque in istanbul. And today marked two years since isis declared its socalled caliphate in syria and iraq. Moreover, turkey backs the u. S. Bombing campaign against isis in syria, and on monday, the turks moved to improve relations with russia, which carries out its own air strikes in syria. Both russian president putin and president obama called turkeys president Recep Tayyip Erdogan today to offer condolences. Back in istanbul, the human toll of this latest attack is still being felt by relatives and friends of the wounded. Reporter the turkish government has worked for years to build an International Airline and make the istanbul airport a global hub. Any attack against this airport is an attack against the turkish governments economic ambitions. The government knows that, and thats why the day after the attack, the airport is back up and running and its business as usual. Some travelers at ataturk today were trying to do the same. They say the risk of attacks at major airports is now a reality they have come to terms with. I think that over time it will get better. Reporter in the end, tuesdays bombings are yet another reminder that International Travel remains a major target for terror attacks. For the pbs newshour, im Jane Ferguson in istanbul, turkey. Woodruff well take a closer look at the situation in turkey, after the news summary. Meanwhile, the shock waves from istanbul also reverberated in the u. S. President ial campaign. At a rally last night, Republican Donald Trump warned of dangers at home and abroad. He said, we better get tough, or were not going to have much of a country left. And in a statement, Democrat Hillary Clinton called the attack a reminder that the United States cannot retreat. President obama and the leaders of mexico and canada defended free trade today, at a north american summit. Their comments were partly in response to Donald Trumps threats to quit the north american and pacific trade deals. Mr. Obama met in ottawa with canadian Prime Minister trudeau and mexican president pena nieto. He said cutting off trade will only make everyone poorer. The prescription of withdrawing from trade deals and focusing solely your local market, thats the wrong medicine. We cant disengage, weve got to engage more. Woodruff the leaders also called for more liberal immigration policies and action against climate change. European Union Leaders issued a warning today if britain wants continued access to the euro market, it must accept european workers. Member states met in brussels, just days after britain voted to quit the e. U. French president Francois Hollande summed up the message to leaders in london translated they have to understand that they cant just hang on to their existing advantages. You cant just say what is ours is ours, and what is yours is up for negotiations. Its an old principle but no, it doesnt work like that. Woodruff part of what drove the brexit vote was opposition to accepting thousands of workers from other e. U. States. The u. S. Senate moved today to give final approval to a Financial Rescue package for puerto rico. It cleared a key procedural hurdle, with votes to spare. The bill already passed the house. It would let the island restructure 70 billion in debt, and it would set up an oversight board. Puerto rico faces a 2 billion debt payment on friday. Toyota has announced two major recalls affecting almost 3. 4 million vehicles worldwide. About half a million of those are in north america. The recalls involve faulty airbags and fuel emissions controls. The automaker says there have been no reports of injuries or fatalities related to the problems. And, wall street made up more of its losses from the brexit selloff. The Dow Jones Industrial average gained back nearly 285 points to close at 17,694. The nasdaq rose 87 points, and the s p 500 added 34. Still to come on the newshour the c. I. A. Director talks Global Security after the istanbul attacks; overcoming barriers to educate incarcerated teens; a spacecrafts fiveyear journey to jupiter, and much more. Woodruff we return now to the terror attacks in istanbul. With newshour special correspondent Jane Ferguson, who is in instanbul; and amberin zaman, a journalist and a Public Policy scholar at the Wilson Center here in washington. And we welcome both of you to the program. Jane, to you first, i know you have been reporting on this all day. What have you learned about where exactly these attacks at the airport took place . Judy, those blasts took place at the very entrance of the airport, basically at the door where you would have had people gathering in the street, getting out of taxies and trying to enter into the building. Ironically, thats actually where the security screening is in istanbul airport at ataturk airport. As soon as you get in the glass door, there is a screening area and the bags have to go through the machine to be checked. Thats been in some place thats been in place for some time. However that leads up to a building up of people and people within queuing to get in, and that makes it vulnerable to such an attack right at the entrance there. Reporter you have been at and around the city outside of istanbul there today. What are people saying. We know there have been a string of takes in turkey. Do they view this as one more in whats been going on . Speaking at a people in a hospital today in a city where people are waiting anxiously to hear about their loved ones and friends, people were saying this attack seems to hit home even harder for them. Its partly because it was at an airport. One person said to me today that the airport should be the most secure area in the country, that those are places that are typically secure, places where typically there is a lot of police and there is a lot of checks, so people feel extremely vulnerable, and theyre also pointing out this attack was extremely brazenly against civilians. Thats something thats not lost on people here. Of course, many turks killed as well as civilians in this attacks and people are increasingly feeling very vulnerable. Woodruff amberin zaman, you know turkey well. Officials say this has the earmarks of i. S. I. S. But dont know for sure. Why would i. S. I. S. Want to make this kind of an attack . Well, this isnt the first time i. S. I. S. Has attacked inside turkey. This will be the seventh attack so far but its drawn a lot more attention, precisely as your correspondent was saying, because its such a highvalue target, its an international airport. Last year, you had around 40 Million People transit through istanbul airport. Lets not forget its the holy month of ramadan and that turkey is a predominantly muslim country, so, of course, that sort of has a Multiplier Effect in terms of the horror and indecency of it all. But turkey, you know, is an active member of the antii. S. I. S. Coalition, and since june 2015, its allowed the antii. S. I. S. Coalition led by the United States to fly missions, combat missions out of the air base in southern turkey. Turkey itself has stepped up artillery attacks against i. S. I. S. And, since may, we think around 800 i. S. I. S. Militants may have been killed in those attacks and a lot of pressure inside turkey also against i. S. I. S. Where, sadly, i. S. I. S. Is very well organized. Woodruff well, tell us about that. I mean, how much of a presence does i. S. I. S. Have inside turkey . Well, the trajectory has been quite sort o of sinuous. Turkey didnt seem to be that concerned about the i. S. I. S. Thread and the term jihadi highway was applied to turkey because they were so lacks about the fighters going in and out of turkey and, why . Because turkeys stated policy in syria is to overthrow the regime of Bashar Alassad on the one hand and also to combat kurdish separatists inside Northern Syria and, of course, the conundrum is those very same kurdish separatists are the United States top allies in the fight against i. S. I. S. So its a very sort of complicated sort of architecture that we have there, but turkey has not only used these rebel also against assad but also against the kurds inside Northern Syria because they regard them as a security threat. Reporter back to woodruff back to you jane, there at the airport. Are you already seeing security stepped up . What are you seeing there . Well, its interesting, judy. Being at the airport earlier on today, things were getting back to normal at a remarkable pace. Huge amounts of travelers arriving and leaving. Of course, the area that had been bombed has been cordoned off, now, and that will need to face a very large cleanup operation. But now what were seeing is a little bit of extra security. Were seeing some extra police, police who are heavily armed. Were seeing cars that arent allowed to stop in front of the building for a long period of time and they just need to drop off people and move on quickly. But were not seeing anything significantly different. The usual security measures that i discussed earlier were you enter through the glass doors and then you have to have your baggage checked, those are still going on. That still seems to be the security protocol here. Woodruff it is complicated. Amberin zaman, thank you very much and Jane Ferguson in istanbul, thank you. Woodruff now, to my interview with americas top spy the director of the Central Intelligence agency, john brennan. I spoke with him this afternoon at the council on Foreign Relations in washington. Director john brennan, thank you very much for talking with us. Thank you, judy. Woodruff so the administration, you and others have said that this attack in istanbul has all the earmarks of an i. S. I. S. Attack. What are the odds that they can pull off Something Like that in the United States . Well, i think its much more difficult for them to carry out Something Like that in the United States. First of all, turkey is a lot closer to their core, to is syriairaq theater, around there are a lot of steps that they would have to go through in order to be able to carry out Something Like that where they have deployed fighters. Whether or not these are individuals who came from inside syria or iraq, but they are close to that area, and we have the benefit of an ocean between us as well as some very, very comprehensive efforts that have been undertaken since 9 11 to help protect this homeland. Woodruff does the fact, though, that they continue to be able to pull off these kinds of attacks give you any better understanding of what is lacking in either the u. S. Approach or the approach of u. S. Allies in fighting i. S. I. S. . It gives me better insight into their determination to continue to kill as many innocent men, women and children as possible, and it also, i think, demonstrates that we really have to be on our guard against all different types of attacks, particularly since individuals who try to carry out these attacks are suicide bombers and shooters. That makes it very difficult for Law Enforcement security agencies to be able to stop them from carrying out. I dont think were ever going to have a situation where we are immune from this type of violence. Woodruff of course, the core of whats behind so much of i. S. I. S. Activity has to do with the war in syria, the civil war going on there thats brought in so many different elements. Secretary of state john kerry said yesterday that iran had been helpful in the fight against i. S. I. S. Is that how you see irans role there . Well, i think the iranians have a vested interest in doing what they can to prevent the growth of i. S. I. S. In that area because i. S. I. S. Has a very strong antishia dimension to it, so there are some things that the iranians can do and even some things that the iranians have done that have helped to inhibit the further growth of i. S. I. S. But there are a lot of things that iran does that tends to facilitate terrorism, and they still are the leading state sponsor of terrorism in the world. Woodruff so on balance, would you say iran is more or less helpful the fight against terrorism . On balance, i think they have to do more. I think they have done some things, but they need to demonstrate their commitment to helping defeat these terrorist organizations and being able to work with regional states, their neighbors and doing it in a way designed to destroy these organizations. Woodruff the attack in orlando by the young man who said he was inspired or was pledged allegiance to i. S. I. S. , there is no direct connection thats been shown yet to i. S. I. S. Is this the new normal for seeing what we call these lone wolf attacks in the United States . Well, its certainly one of the more worrisome features of this phenomenon of i. S. I. S. Which is being able to use the internet and to exhort and incite individuals to carry out attacks in its name. So there neednt be a direct connection and, unfortunately as we saw in orlando, individuals can take it upon themselves and with the availability to weapons or access to material, they can carry out these attacks. This is something that not just the f. B. I. And intelligence agencies are challenged with, its also the local police communities. Woodruff and is intelligence up to this challenge, or with rein a whole new front sneer. This is really it needs to be not just an allofgovernment but an allofnation effort not just here in the United States but other places as well. Woodruff does that necessarily involve profiling . No, i dont think it does. Doesnt mean that any individual of any particular faith or background or ethnicity is more prone to doing this. Woodruff the u. K. Vote to leave the european union, the brexit vote, youve said this wont have any material effect on intelligence gathering partnership with the u. K. , great britain, or with europe, and it certainly is creating political turmoil. Are you saying it wont have any effect on the ability of the u. S. And allies to Work Together against threats . It wont have any threat on the u. S. British intelligence partnership. That will stay strong. There will be complications of how they will move from being part e. U. To being outside of the e. U. As far as border agreements in how to protect the flow of people and goods because they have been part of the e. U. , so they will have to establish new structures. But as far as intelligence operations between ourselvessenned the united kingdom, that will remain strong. Woodruff according to the report issued by the house of representatives special committee yesterday looking into benghazi attack in libya in 2012, it singled out a lack of proper assessment of threat level in benghazi and other u. S. Installations at the time of the attack. Is that a fair criticism and if it is whats been done to make the situation better . I dont believe its fair criticism, these situations and types of assaults and attacks against the compounds frequently take place in a very dynamic environment, and i think there was no secret to anybody that the situation in libya was rather tenuous. So i think that the agency and the rest of the Intelligence Community had highlighted that. In terms of the strategic concerns and warnings that we had. Its very difficult to get the tactical intelligence. But we always try to take lessons away from these types of incidents, particularly when there was tragic loss of life on the part of u. S. Personnel and others that were there. So with each of these incidents, i think what we do is to make any type of adjustments we believe are necessary in terms of our processes and procedures, but im very proud of what the Agency Officers heroically did that night in benghazi, and it could have been much worse except for the work that we and others did at that time. Woodruff mr. Director, what are your counterparts in other countries saying about the rhetoric of donald trump, the potential he may be the president of the United States, do you hear any reaction from them . Well, without addressing the particular comments of any individual, i do see a real concern on the part of my counterparts about some of the commentary taking place related to the growth of terrorism and various proposals in terms of how to address it. So there is quite a bit of attention being paid by our partners by, our allies, by our adversaries about what is happening in the political circles here, but my job is to make sure that theyre reassured that the intelligence relationship between c. I. A. And their services are going to remain strong irrespective of what happens in a president ial campaign. Its one of the most important things about the agency is we need to continue to soldier on irrespective of what Political Party or what candidate may prevail in an election. Woodruff mr. Director, thank you very much. Thank you, judy. Woodruff next, a look into the poor state of education for the 60,000 children locked up in juvenile detention facilities across the nation. Hari sreenivasan takes us inside one state that is working to do better. Another in our ongoing series, broken justice. Sreenivasan Graduation Day in lowell, massachusetts, with all the typical fanfare balloons, beaming parents and motivational speeches. I guarantee you that every single adult in this room had the same thought at 17, 18, 19. What am i going to do, whats going to happen, what do i need to do . Sreenivasan yet these kids arent like most graduating from high school this time of year. At some point in their young lives, each was convicted of a crime and sentenced to the care of the department of youth services, the states juvenile corrections agency, and though theyve since earned back far more freedom, they graduate in custody. Getting committed to d. Y. S. Is a stressful time, and im proud of all of you and myself for sticking to whats important, getting an education and bettering ourselves. Sreenivasan on any given day across the country, 36,000 teenagers and young people are held in longterm state custody, more than 60 days, and two thirds of them are black and latino. In the past 20 years this incarcerated population has dropped by about half, and many are now looking at how to improve education, and thus outcomes, for juveniles who end up in this system. When you look at this population, they have been suspended multiple times, havent progressed very far in the educational system, dropped out, been expelled. And we wanted to make sure that when these kids were coming back into the community, we knew education was key. Sreenivasan Michael Thompson is executive director of the council of state governments justice center, a nonprofit whose recent report looked at education in juvenile detention settings in all 50 states. I think if you asked anyone on the street, whats important to helping turn this kids life around, they are going to say well, this kid needs an education. So i think everybody assumes they get a certain quality of education while incarcerated. But it turns out this is not an educational system that is held accountable to the same kind of standards Public Education system is. Sreenivasan his group found large gaps from state to state in education available to juvenile populations and that only onethird of states require incarcerated kids meet the same educational standards as those in public schools. We have art class, we have gym class, math, history, everything youd find in a regular school, we have here as well. Sreenivasan one state that is doing better is massachusetts by matching standards inside detention with what students would receive on the outside, tracking students progress through the system, and helping kids return to the community. Lynn allen runs the judge John Connelly detention facility in boston, the states most restrictive. One advantage, unlike most states, massachusetts centralizes juvenile education rather than spreading it among state, local and private agencies. Im assuming some of these young men or women, these kids are in for pretty serious crimes. This facility works with young men up to manslaughter charges here. So we do have some kids who have a pretty good history behind them. But again, the charges that have brought you here dont have to define who you are. Sreenivasan in 2015, 17yearold josh was convicted of manslaughter. Hes spent the past ten months at connelly and has another eight to go. Like the other 14 young men here, he lives on a secure detention floor, his movement constantly monitored. But for 5. 5 hours a day, he and the others are in school downstairs, attending academic classes like english, and math vocational courses like a. V. Engineering also known as d. J. Ing or how to build copper wiring and ethernet jacks. Josh recently began psychology Classes Online through Bunker Hill Community College Credits he hopes to put towards the university of california when he gets out. I always wanted to go to california, and i skateboard, and i always wanted to go to college, so i feel like, put them all together, that would just be dope. And i heard they have a solid music class, and i like music a lot. Sreenivasan its the goal of the state to make you realize the gravity of what youve done. Is that going to happen while youre here and in class, and taking an online course, and well, for me, i just have s for myself. I definitely do feel bad for what happened. I definitely want to do better for the people that i have two younger brothers, so they look up to me. I have people that see a lot in me, and i dont want to really let them down, or myself down, for that matter. Theyre coming back to communities. We want these kids to come out with the skills to succeed. And we know they can succeed, because theyre amazingly resilient. Sreenivasan another key difference is massachusetts support through education coordinators and caseworkers, people assigned to guide each student into and out of this system, making sure education plans, grades and credits transfer from and back to school. When a kid who is incarcerated, they are going to get out. And then you ask the question, how is the student going to follow up and enroll in school once they are released . And many of these schools, for reasons you can probably imagine, want nothing to do with the student once they come back. So the question then becomes, who is going to manage this position . Who is going to do that . Well it turns out that in most states, it is up to the parent and the kid to actually manage that transition. Sreenivasan education and Career Counselor Kelly Mcmorrow works with josh and about 75 other young men at any given time. It seems in some ways that there are these big systemic forces weighing down on them by the time they get here. They made a bad decision, clearly, by the time theyve gotten here. How do you turn that around in the limited amount of time that you have with them in a place like this . Its challenging, but i think thats our biggest goal, is to find what makes them tick, what passions they have, and try to help them figure out what path they want to take so that they can go down a positive road, so that theyre not labeled and defined by whatever their charge is. Sreenivasan finally, managing the transition from lockup to a secure facility like connelly and eventually back to the community often through Halfway Houses like this one is crucial, says commissioner peter forbes. If we have kids come in and advance grade levels and do great work and we dont hand that off to anything constructive in the community, its half a loaf. So were really trying to leverage the work that goes on while theyre in placement with a positive transition that translates into traction in the community. Sreenivasan back in lowell, 20yearold john cody estimates that he lived in nearly two dozen different juvenile facilities around the state during his more than sixyear tenure. This fall hes headed to a four year college, where he plans to play football. Yeah, yeah. I mean, like, if you can get your education in there, like at least youll have something going for you. If you dont have education or work experience, or anything, youre going to be lost. When you come out, youre going to have no friends, youre going your family is probably not going to care much, youre not going to have anything at all. Sreenivasan and many say thats a prospect still far too many young people across the nation continue to face. From boston, massachusetts, im Hari Sreenivasan for the pbs newshour. Woodruff stay with us. Coming up on the newshour why the head of rio 2016 says olympic worries are overblown; plus a book about tribal societies and what they teach us about banding together. But first, nasa is hoping for a big fourth of july this year as it closes in on the planet of jupiter for an unprecedented look. The moment is arriving after a fiveyearlong journey of more than 1. 8 billion miles. Scientists hope to gain new understandings about the largest planet in our system and the solar system itself. That is the focus of our weekly segment on the leading edge of science. William brangham takes it from there. Brangham the Holiday Weekend is often a time for big, blockbuster movies, and its safe to say that concept has not been lost on nasa. The space agency has just released a kind of movie trailer about what it hopes will be a nailbiting night on the fourth of july. Thats when the juno spacecraft, which is going to fly closer to jupiter than any spacecraft has before, is supposed to reach its destination. But getting to jupiter comes with its own risks. This is how nasa describes it in the trailer its a monster. Its unforgiving. Its relentless. Its spinning around so fast its gravity is like a giant sling shot, slinging rocks, dust, electrons, whole comets. Anything that gets close to it becomes its weapon. Brangham okay, that got my attention. Our science correspondent miles obrien is here to spell out more. Brangham okay, that got my attention. Our science correspondent, miles obrien, is here to spell out more. William, i should have brought the popcorn. Brangham exactly. We have been to jupiter before. N. A. S. A. s been there a couple of times, whats different this time . Depending on how you count, weve had about ten missions to jupiter, most flybys, voyager, pioneer, newo horizons as well. The orbiting mission of galileo which began in the early 90s to 2000s, began the search of jupiter around its moons. The Hubble Telescope captured a lot of Interesting Data from jupiter. In particular, in 19934, you may recall when the shoemaker comet struck jupiter, hubble got amazing images of the impacts, but all offthis is skin deep. Brangham so what are we trying to learn this time . Well, there is a lot of things we can learn from jupiter. Jupiter, of course, is the biggest plant in our solar system of eight planets, about two and a half times of all the rest of the solar system combined, of the planets, that is. Its really like a big deep freeze for how our solar system began 4 billion years ago. It really hasnt changed very much. So scientists want to understand kind of whats beneath the surface there, how much hired jen, how much water, what about the Magnetic Field, what about the gravitational pull, is there a solid core, all these are important clues and information for us to understand how our solar system progressed, how it developed and really how we came to be where we are today. The Principal Investigator of the mission is scott bolton and fills us in on the big questions. The major science objectives of juno are, one, to understand how jupiter formed and what is it made out of. We want the recipe of solar systems, and we are at the Ingredient List level. So were gathering the Ingredient List and understanding how jupiter is structured. So the most important objectives are understanding jupiters formation and how that relates to the formation of other planets, including us brangham so if juno isnt landing on jupiter, how is it going to see beneath the surface. Not so easy, is it . Youre talking a very hazardous place to do business, if you will. But the key is they want towns things about, for example, the Magnetic Field. Theyre using magnetometers, microwave detection ability to see beneath the clouds and identify the composition of what lies beneath the clouds, spectrometers, a device to measure the gravitational pull from the planet itself on the spacecraft and will be able to give scientists on the ground exactly how strong it is at any given point. Now, you can imagine, this is the closest orbit ever to jupiter. This will be a 14day orbit once it gets into its science mode, and building devices that are able to gather things like radiation which are important, but which, of course, are very hazardous to the spacecraft itself is very difficult, so they built a titanium box with just enough shielding to protect the instruments and then allow the data to come in. One to have the main people on the team, deputy chief engineer tracy drain. If you want to pick aside of the sun one of the scariest environments to send the spacecraft to, jupiter would be the place to go because jupiter has a gigantic Magnetic Field which traps a lot of charged particles that get accelerated along the field lines, it builds up a huge radiation field. If we were to leave the spacecraft bathing in the radiation, its not desiebd for that. So well go through the radiation belts to get into orbit and going in and out of the belts as we do the science phase. Brangham monday is the big day. Whats going to happen monday . Its a story that began five years ago with a launch. Launched in august 2011, traveling more than a billion miles in space, making its way toward jupiter, unfurling these giant solar rays, the biggest to ever go on a deep space probe. Only 40 of the suns power at jupiter relative to what we have here. Brangham its that dim. Its that dim they have to build these giant arrays. Those have been spread and theyre operating fine. Its speeding up as its captured by the gravity at 143 million miles an hour, one of the fastest manmade october ever. The trick will be reducing the speed so it wont whiz buy. It will return the rocket in the reverse direction, fire it for about 35 minutes and that should slow it down just enough for jupiter to pull it into its grasp. That will be a nail biting moment for folks in the jet Propulsion Lab in pasadena, california, as they wait to hear subsequent to this all happening, there is nothing on auto pilot, it will either happen or wont, the die is cast, they will get, like, a 3second beep and that will be the best beep these guys have ever heard, hopefully. Then the Scientific Mission ultimately will begin toward the fall with 14day orbits lasting for about 16 months. Then when theyre done with juno, juno will dive right into jupiter and have a fiery conclusion. Brangham will we see images coming back from juno . Its not an imagery mission for the scientists per se, all the data they want is the squiggly lines. However, there is a camera on board designed primarily for Public Affairs and it should be interesting because the orbit of juno is polar and we havent had a good look at follows of jupiter. In particular, one of the scientific goals is to understand one of their amazing auroras which is much stronger than what we have on earth. Brangham well be watching on the 4th of july, miles obrien, thank you so much. Youre welcome. Woodruff the summer olympics are less than six weeks away. And even for the usual drama and tension that often precedes the games, the road to rio has been especially rocky. John yang has that story. Reporter for most olympic host cities, the usual concern is whether all the venues will be ready on time. But rio presents other worries, like security and crime. Earlier today, parts of a body washed up on copacabana beach. Theres the zika Virus Outbreak and whether it poses risks to athletes and visitors, and the state of a heavily polluted bay where some of the competition will take place. I sat down with sidney levy, the c. E. O. Of rios Olympic Committee earlier this week. Sidney levy, welcome. When the olympics were award in 2009, things were very different in brazil and in rio. What assurances can you give the athletes, the spectators, the broadcasters around the world who are going to be watching this that things will be ready to go in less than six weeks . Well, we are ready. Why are we ready . Because we have been working hard for seven years. We have thousands of people working. We spent a lot of money, and we put all the resources, all the creativity we have to deliver great games, and thats a commitment for the people to do that and for the country. We are doing this for the people of our country. You say you have been working hard, but there are a lot of challenges still there. For instance, the zika virus. Just recently rory mcilroy, one of the worlds top golfers, saying hes not going to go. You have other athletes expressing concern about going for various reasons. What assurances can you give them that its not going to be a problem . Well, the World Health Organization issued a study stating very clearly that the zika virus is not a threat during the winter months. Brazil just entered the winter. So the mosquitoes, they die during the winter, its a proved thing. So, for example, i have 4,000 people working for me, in the beaches, in the parks, in tshirts, not a single case of zika today. But the concern is still there. You say its not mosquito season, you say its the winter. But the concern is still there. Well, but i have a friend of mine who went to rio the other day in long sleeves with the hat, put the spray on and went down to the beach, and there is thousands of people in the beach naked, as brazillians go to the beach naked. Not a single worry. So were not feeling that. Were seeing that the rest of the world is much more vocal about that. But we who are living there, were not being threatened by the zika. So we think this is a little bit out of proportion. We have 11,000 athletes confirmed for rio. Huge questions about whos actually going to be in the games, whether russia will have a track3and field team or not. What cloud does that put over the olympics . The commitments for clean games, we need to deliver clean games. We have to have zero tolerance for doping. So brazil built a brandnew lab, and we brought people in, people were tested. Didnt work well the first test. We are, in fact, today, bringing International Experts to supervisor our work. So we are pretty committed to deliver clean games, and thats what were going to do. But that lab has been suspended by the antidoping agency. Because the people we brought in didnt pass the first test. So were bringing in International Supervision right now. Talking about clean games, concern about clean water in the bay where the sailing events are going to be, i think some rowing events are going to b. The government said it was going to clean it up. We had a reporting team down there looking at it. In the pictures, there is still raw sewage still being dumped into that bay. I think one Health Expert said exposure to three teaspoons of water, 99 risk of infection, of illness. How can you reassure the competitors who are going to be in that water that theyre going to be safe . We run test events. We ran in 2014, 2015, where we exposed 350 athletes to the same bay. So we ran those. Nobody got sick. We have five competition areas around the bay. We are tracking them every day. Four are clean. Some days yes, some days no. If tha that doesnt work, the cr to the games, we may change the location. The further away you go, the cleaner they are. So thats what well do to assure the clean competition. So you may have to move events to the other parts of the bay in order tore hit clean water . Absolutely, we have to move. We have less than a minute left. Whats keeping you up at night . Very tough job. Its a very tough job. Its the combination of all that. Im sure certain things wont go right, but they need to be small. So how to keep everybody working together. There is 300,000 people working together to deliver the games between contractors so how to operate that in a seamless fashion, in peace, its a very tough job. But no single issue is a big issue . I dont have a single issue, and im pretty confident because i think this is a unique opportunity. The Olympic Games is a wonderful thing. Its a peace movement. Its have israelis and palestinians have breakfast at the same table, so its a very good thing. Rio is a wonderful city. The people are very warm, the nature is wonderful. Its once in a lifetime. It wont be repeated so soon. So i hope people come and enjoy. Well see in six weeks how it goes. Sidney levy, thank you for being with us. Thank you. Woodruff finally tonight, we add another book to our Summer Reading list. Its a modern take on what we can learn from tribal societies when it comes to loyalty, belonging and the quest for meaning. At the recent Bookexpo America in chicago, Jeffrey Brown talked to journalist and author sebastian junger. His new book is tribe on homecoming and belonging. Brown start with the definition. What do you mean by tribe . The real an ancient meaning of tribe is the community that you live in that you share resources with that you would risk your life to defend. I mean, thats the real meaning of tribe. Of course, in modern society, that structure, that tribal structure has been lost. That loss of tribe also costs people psychologically. Brown did that grow specifically out of your work as a war reporter or well, there was this puzzling thing that i noticed. A lot of the soldiers i was with, i was at a remote outpostat vie strepo. Men were sleeping shoulder to shoulder in the dirt and it was very intimate and close and connected, emotionally connected experience. After the deployment, which the deployment was hellish, and afterward, a lot of those guys missed the combat and they did not want to come home to america. What is it about modern society thats so repellant even to people from there . And my book, tribe, is an attempt to answer that question. Brown does a tribe have to be a certain size . Any kind of community . How organized does it have to be . Humans lose the ability to connect emotionally with people after a certain number. Right at 150. So there is a limit to the number of people we can connect with and feel capable of sacrificing ourselves for if need be. Brown what happens if youre a member of a larger corporation, a larger town, a religious group . I think the reason those things feel good is because they come close enough to replicating the connections of tribe that its sort of familiar in human terms. Theyre not tribes. Tribes, really, you have to live with the people in your tribe for it to be a tribe in the sort of ancient sense. What happens when society experiences a collapse like the blitz in london or an earthquake or Something Like that is people are forced into communal situations with each other in order to survive. Brown so youre looking at our society and seeing an affluence but kind of a disconnection . The irony of modern society for all of its very real benefits i mean, modern society is a miracle in a lot of ways, right . But as affluence goes up in society, the suicide rate tends to go up, not down. As affluence goes up in society, the depression rate goes up. When a crisis hits, then peoples Psychological Health starts to improve. After 9 11 in new york city i live in new york, and after 9 11, the suicide rate went down in new york, not up. It improved. Violent crime and murder went down. There is a sense of Everyone Needs each other. Once youre called to serve your community, in some way you sort of forget your own problems. Brown whats your sense of how Technology Changes the internet . Much discussion about the communities that small communities that can form on the internet. In some ways we lose a sense of the Larger Community but have these niche communities. I dont talk about the internet in my book. Brown yeah. Ut there are communities only in the most abstract and unhuman sense. Brown so thats not enough. Its not enough. Actually, i would say the internet is doubly dangerous and, again, for all its miraculous capacity, not only does it not provide Real Community and real Human Connection, it gives you till lunges that it does, right . So, oh, ive got lots of friends on facebook, so im good. Youre actually not good. Im not an expert in this, but from what i studied from my book, tribe, what you need is to feel people, smell them, hear them, feel them around you. I mean, thats the Human Connection we evolved for for hundreds of thousands of years. The internet does not provide that. Brown we talk about have things broken down in washington. Right. Brown then were watching a political campaign. Right. Brown very much us against them. Right. Brown does the notion of tribe allow us to have a cohesion that we also need as a country . A great question. I think what youre seeing in this political season are political camps deciding they are their own tribe and its us against them. And i think the trick and this country is in a very, very tricky place socially, economically, politically i think the trick, if you want to be a functioning country, a nation, a viable nation, you have to define tribe to include the entire country, even people you disagree with. Disagreement is great, debate is great, conflict is great, its how we all get better. What you cant do is have contempt for your fellow citizens. That is destructive. No soldier in a trench in a platoon in combat would have contempt for their trenchmate. They might not like them or disagree with them, but you dont have contempt for someone your life depends on and thats what were falling into in this political dialogue in the country and in my opinion that is more of a threat to our nation than i. S. I. S. Is. Brown but the more the tribe increases the hard interest cohesion. No one is saying its going to be easy, but you have to understand your task, you have to understand your origins. You have to understand why humans are the way we are and what the cost of modern society has been, and thats what my book tries to explain. Once you understand that, its going to be much easier to devise, to jerry rig a new solution to a new problem. Brown did all this make you think which tribes you belong to or your own tribe . Sadly, i grew up in the in te loneliest place in the world, an american suburb. I wish i had a tribe. We just dont. Thats why our depression and suicide rate is through the roof. Thats the tragedy of modern society. Brown short of a blitz or a 9 11 an apocalypse, right . Brown yeah, what do people do in their daily life to find that . I think if you imagine your life in terms of the community you live in, and you try connect personally to the people in your community, even though you drive 40 miles away to go to work, i think thats an enormously beneficial and therapeutic. Brown the book, tribe on homecoming and belonging, sebastian junger, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Woodruff you can watch woodruff and you can watch many more of jeffs interviews from Bookexpo America and other book festivals. Youll find those at the website, www. Pbs. Org bookview now. Also online, a renaissance in American Cities has helped move the American Dream from suburbia to the urban center, says one of our making sense columnists. Take a closer look at whats driving the boom. All that and more is on our web site, www. Pbs. Org newshour. And tune in later tonight. On charlie rose, ian bremmer of Eurasia Group on how the brexit is already affecting global alliances and relationships. And thats the newshour for tonight. On thursday, i discuss the global refugee crisis with the u. S. Ambassador to the united nations, samantha power. Im judy woodruff. Join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. For all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by you were born with two stories. One you write every day, and one you inherited thats written in your d. N. A. 23andme. Com is a Genetic Service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. Learn more at www. 23andme. Com. 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