Transcripts For KQED PBS NewsHour 20140220

Ifill nafta turns 20. We look at the successes and failures of the landmark agreement that stirred up a firestorm over free trade. Those are just some of the stories were covering on tonights pbs newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by ive been around long enough to recognize the people who are out there owning it. The ones getting involved, staying engaged. They are not afraid to question the path theyre on. Because the one question they never want to ask is, how did i end up here . I started schwab with those people. People who want to take ownership of their investments, like they do in every other aspect of their lives. And by the alfred p. Sloan foundation. Supporting science, technology, and improved Economic Performance and Financial Literacy in the 21st century. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff in ukraines capital city, the standoff between police and protesters exploded into mayhem. A doctor working with the protesters reported at least 70 people dead and 500 wounded in kiev. We have a report from james mates of independent Television News. A warning, some of the images may be disturbing. Reporter no one wants to call whats happening in central kiev a war. But its beginning to look very like one. As riot police began to redeploy around the citys Central Square early this morning, protesters moved forward to fill the empty space. And from that moment all hell broke loose. For a while it was hand to hand fighting. Then headlong retreat. And then the normal vocabulary of riot control or violent protest became redundant. There was suddenly no restraint. They were shooting and shooting to kill. This extraordinary footage is of protesters coming under sustained and highly accurate sniper fire. Makeshift shields were beyond useless against live rounds, as one by one they were picked off. Pictures shot from the other side show police with high powered rifles methodically taking aim and shooting at targets along the street. Victims were dragged away some clearly terribly wounded. Its impossible to know how badly. There is no evidence from these pictures that any of those shot were armed. At one end of Independence Square we found a priest giving the last rites to rows of victims, all killed in the previous hour. There were ten of them. We obviously cant show you the pictures, but i saw for myself most had been shot in the head or neck. At the opposite end of the square, the reception area of the Hotel Ukraine had been transformed into a makeshift Field Hospital and temporary morgue. Here another 11 bodies were laid out under sheets. The doctors told us of the scene that had confronted them this morning. What sort of wounds were they directly to neck, heart and lungs and eyes. Reporter so youre sure these were sniper im sure that these snipers are very professional because they dont give chance for us to save life for these 13 people who are laying here. Reporter in the course of the mornings fighting, at least 12 riot police have been surrounded and captured by protesters in the square, then given safe passage through the crowd as a priest led them away. There are, though, conflicting reports as to whether theyre still being held hostage tonight. The site of so many of their friends being shot in cold blood has only stiffened the determination of the men behind the barricades, tired and dirty after days of fighting. This is the new front line that just a few hours ago was held by police. Theyve thrown this up just this morning. The key point about it is if the police attack, they torch it. Tires, wooden pallets, itll all make an enormous burning barricade. There are talks going on but both sides in this battle now have the look of people preparing to fight to the finish. Woodruff in washington, the white house said president obama discussed the situation with german chancellor Angela Merkel by telephone. Spokesman josh earnest said the president has not made a decision yet about new sanctions against ukraine, but is not considering military action. Making a decision about sanctions is cant just be a kneejerk reaction. That its important for us to consider the range of consequences that could ensue from applying some sanctions. So but again, were there is a sense of urgency that is being felt because of the terrible violence that we saw overnight. Woodruff later, Vice President biden spoke by phone with ukrainian president yanukovich, in the latest of a series of conversations theyve had this week. The European Union, for its part, agreed to impose sanctions on ukraines government at an emergency meeting in brussels. Well focus on the diplomatic efforts right after the news summary. Iran and six world powers including the u. S. Wrapped up their opening round of Nuclear Talks today in vienna. Both sides said theyre hoping to reach a final agreement that sets limits on Irans Nuclear program. They agreed to hold further negotiations beginning march 17th. The European Unions Foreign Policy chief Catherine Ashton and irans foreign minister Mohammad Javad zarif sounded optimistic. We have had three very productive days during which we have identified all of the issues we need to address in reaching a comprehensive and final agreement. There is a lot to do. It wont be easy, but we have made a good start. translated the atmosphere of the talks was very serious, but generally all the parties who were present at the talks agreed that it was a little more positive than expected. Woodruff in a related development, the u. N. s Nuclear Agency reported irans stockpile of highergrade enriched uranium has dropped substantially under an initial agreement reached last year. A select few north and south korean families were reunited today at a north korean resort after six decades apart. Brothers, sisters, spouses and other relatives embraced and cried after years with no contact. They traded photos of relatives who couldnt attend or had died. Many are now in their 80s and 90s, and this could be their last chance to see each other. These were the first such reunions in three years. In london, the former editor of the now defunct news of the world was acquitted today on one charge in a phone hacking trial. But, Rebekah Brooks took the stand to defend herself against four other charges. She denied knowing her staffers eavesdropped on voicemails of celebrities, politicians and crime victims. At the Winter Olympics in russia, a ukrainian alpine skier pulled out of her final event, the slalom, in support of the protests in her homeland. Bogdana matsotska said she wanted to return home immediately to join the crowds in kiev. translated my friends are there at the maidan, people i know, Close Friends of mine. To go on the start line when people are dying and when the authorities broke the main rule of the olympic competition, which is peace, i simply cannot do it. Woodruff as for the days competition, a spoiler alert tune out for a moment, if you dont want to know results just yet. In womens hockey, canada beat the u. S. Three to two in overtime to win its 4th consecutive olympic gold, russian figure skater Adelina Sotnikova claimed gold in front of the home crowd and american Maddie Bowman won the womens free ski halfpipe. A report out today challenges the u. S. Militarys efforts to prevent psychological problems in its ranks. The institutes of medicine an arm of the National Academy of sciences concludes theres no proof that the efforts actually work. The report says, quote it also finds that programs are flu season is hitting young and middleaged adults har hard harder than usual, the cdc said those 18 to 64 account for twothirds of all cases, twice the norm. They also make up more than 60 of flurelated deaths. It may be due partly to a surge in swine flu which tends to affect that age group the most. News surveys a pair of new surveys out today raised concerns about the global economy. Chinese manufacturing declined for a second straight month, while European Industrial activity remained slow. Meanwhile, stocks rallied on wall street with word that u. S. Manufacturing is growing at its fastest pace in nearly four years. The Dow Jones Industrial average gained 92 points to close at 16,133. The nasdaq rose more than 29 points to close at 4,267. Still to come on the newshour ukraine protests see their deadliest day, facebook shells out billions for a messaging app, aljazeera journalists go on trial in egypt, a new form of discipline to improve high school life. Plus, the successes and failures of nafta as the trade pact turns 20. Ifill in ukraine, as the battle between Government Forces and protesters became bloodier and deadlier, diplomats labored behind the scenes to find a way to end the violence. Lindsey hilsum of independent Television News reports. Reporter they couldnt even get through the streets. Fighting prevented European Union Foreign Ministers from reaching the president ial palace in kiev this morning. They made it by the afternoon and are reported to be preparing for more talks overnight. President yanukovich reportedly left the meeting at one point to call president putin, but there was no deal. The ministers from france, germany and poland left and diplomacy moved to brussels. E. U. Foreign ministers decided to sanction key members of the ukrainian government, whom they regard as responsible for the violence. We decided as a matter of urgency we need to look at targeted sanctions. Weve agreed to suspend export licenses for equipment for internal repression and weve asked the relevant working bodies of the council to make the necessary preparations immediately. Reporter the Russian Foreign minister visiting baghdad was not impressed. translated the opposition cannot or does not want to distance itself from extremist groups. Our western partners and everyone in europe and the u. S. Have thrown the blame on the government of ukraine, and they do not condemn, as they should, the actions of the extremists. We are very troubled by all of that because the double standards are obvious. Reporter ukraine is pulled between europe to the west and russia to the east. It became independent in 1991 after the collapse of the soviet union. A quarter of its 45 million population are russian speakers, living mainly in the south and east. The majority, who speak ukrainian as a first language dominate the west. Proeurope activists in ternopil, lutsk and Ivano Frankivsk have seized control of Regional Councils and lviv has declared independence. Western ukrainians tend to be catholic, while easterners are mainly orthodox. But so far, this is a fight between the state and protesters, not between divided ukrainians. Outside intervention though may fan the flames, as ukraine becomes the victim of renewed hostility between russia and the west. Ifill the world is watching ukraine. But what do they see, what can they do and whats at stake . For more on that, were joined by William Taylor, a former u. S. Ambassador to ukraine. Hes now a Vice President at the u. S. Institute of peace. And Matthew Rojansky, director of the kennan institute, which focuses on russia and ukraine at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for scholars. Mr. Ambassador, United States, germany, sweden, france, poland, all of these countries are now engaged in conversations about what to do in ukraine. Why is ukraine central to their interests . Ukraine is at the heart of europe, so the europeans that you mentioned are very interested to see stability. They are interested to see a market. That is why the discussions between the European Union and the ukrainian on a freetrade agreement have been so important. And thats fairly close. So the Economic Issues are key but the social issues are also important. Ukrainians would like people to recognize that a, theyre sovereign. That b, theyre european. They are at the heart of europe. They know that theyre on the borders between European Union and the russians, as your map shows. So that discussion is an important one for the ukrainians in particular. But the europeans and the russians have things at stakement we have ing thises at stake. We would like to see the ukrainians make their own decisions. We without like to see a sovereign ukraine that is run by a democratic government, macking decisions that affect ukraine. Ifill but what if a sovereign ukraine there are so many russian speakers, so many of the country is still allied with russia. What if a sovereign ukraine chose russia . Well, i think one of the fundamental problems within ukraine now is not just that the country is divided between an east which prefers russia, speaks russia and a west which prefers ukraine or europe, but that the conversation as ambassador taylor mentioned isnt really about geopolitics any more. Its about decency, its about whether people have a right to protest, to speak out about what they want in the first place. Whether the government can simply steal from them with impunity which it has been dporing many years now. And its not about individual political leaders. You know, its not about getting out of prison as it was maybe a year or two years ago, this is about people dying needlessly in the streets for simply exercising basic rights and freedoms. The problem with that scenario even cutting a goo political deal, imagine russia, unit states and europe sit around a table and come tie kploms t doesnt necessarily solve the crisis in the streets swrechlt reached a deadend. Ifill last night we heard there was a truce and there was not a truce. Do we know if it was ever real. It was proposed and agreed on both sides and might have resulted in some discussions. That actually is cause for some hope that when the leaders get together, they can come to an agreement and make some plans to sit down and have a discussion about how to resolve this. Todays violence makes that much more difficult. I would say not impossible, but much more difficult. Ifill why did this escalate so fast, why did it seem, a week two, maybe two weeks ago as if things had been resolved. And then it stirred up again. And it seemed like they were on the brink of something and now were approaching a hundred deaths . I think you have at least two problems. One of them is the spoiler effect. You know, Sergei Lavrov the Russian Foreign minister mentioned the extremists that the russians refuse to condemn there are absolutely people in the crowds who from the beginning have been prepared to use shocking violence just as an almost comical if it werent so tragic example today, some forces actually pulled the bodyguards of the european Foreign Ministers who were visiting out of their cars and roughed them up. So people who are ready to go on violence are on both sides. I think the secretary problem is violence begets violence. And once you had casualties, again, the protests ceased to be about joining with the European Union, they ceased to be about geopolitics, even about domestic politics. Theyre about anger about what has been done to innocent people. And thats something that is very difficult to deescalate. So what are the options. They say that the United States had some leverage, russia had some leverage. And yanukovych is holding his ground. What are his options here . His options are to back down, difficult for him to do. Another option is to declare a state of emergency and use a larger force, the military force, which is not yet done. If he were there is fear that that is. There is fear. And we ought to be making it very clear that that is such a bad idea, that its such a terrible thing for ukraine. And for the rest of the world, for that matter, that we will take strong measures. I heard today, however, that our secretary of defense has been trying to call and isnt getting the phone calls returned, how do we make it clear . They understand this. They understand exactly what the consequences would be, in terms of financial sanctions and the europeans have done the right thing of moving forward. In terms it of travel bans, most of all of the senior people in the government have assets in europe, mainly in europe. They have their children in european schools. They value those things. These sanctions, i think, are something that we ought to push with the europeans. Matthew, what do you think about the prospect of sanctions . Is it the right time or is it too little too late. Well, its already passed in the sense that the United States has imposed a visa ban and other kinds of, i believe, financial sanctions are under way. Europe is well under way as well. My concern here is were stuck between a rock and a hard place. On the one hand we are trying to impose sanctions on people who more or less feel that their lives are at stake. Their political survival. Ukraine is not a country where you leave political office, you give up wealth and power and youre fine. So if these peoples backs are against the wall, telling them you cant vacation in floor ga, the south of france, were going to freeze your assets, it just may not be enough it may be a few grains of sand on one end of the scale tk doesnt change the balance for them. On the other hand, if we escalate sanction go after ukrainian businesses owned by the oligarch, the kingmakers in ukraine, the results could be unpredictable. Bringing powerful forces into the fight more directly, we dont know how that will end. It could mean widening violence in the country. Ifill it sounds like you believe the moment has passed and we just have to let this play out. Im not sure the moment has passed. I think we should not assume the moment has passed. Both sides recognize that they are at an impasse, and the violence shows how serious it is. Both sides recognize the seriousness of this. We should not assume that there is nothing that we can do, that we ought to just allow things to happen. And what would that be . That would be to make it clear again that there are consequences for european for European Investments that the ukrainians have. On the oligarches, they, it seems to me have been cautious about where they come down. Its not clear to me that the oligarches have been sporting the supporting the government, sporting yanukovych on this thing. I would not push them away there the possibility of supporting what we are talking about in terms of sovereignty and a negotiated settlement. Ifill is it possible that russia has more leverage in this than any of the European Countries or the u. S. . I think at this point, yes. But its a question of very fine distinctions f russia was calling the s, it to the de groh a lot of people suggest, i done think you would see the chaos you see right now. Early on in this, in november of last year, december, it maybe served the kremlins interest to make the argument, hey, you moved toward europe, you get chaos. At this point when you have blood running in the streets, russian investments, russian family ties, russias political interests in simply stability and security in its neighborhood. I mean you saw the map, these countries are joined at the hip and have been for their entire histories, this isnt in russias interest any more either. So i query whether putin really has the ability, even if he wanted to, to say stop the violence and make it stick. But thats what is need. We need a pause. We need time for people to recover and then to have serious negotiations ooez Matthew Rojansky of the World Food Center and William Taylor from the u. S. Institute of peace, thank you very much. Thank you. Woodruff now, why is facebook willing to pay 19 billion for a messaging application and service thats just four years old and has only 55 employees . Facebooks purchase of whatsapp eclipses just about any other deal made for a startup in recent years. As an instant messaging service for mobile devices, its attracting an enormous number of users around the world at a rapid pace. People can send texts, photos and video on whatsapp over their phones. There are now more than 50 billion messages sent that way each day. The first year of service is free to consumers. Afterwards it charges just one dollar a year. Cheaper than text service in many countries and there is no advertising. In the past nine months, its use has doubled to 450 million monthly users mostly outside the u. S. Reporter ellis hamburger has been covering this for the verge, a technology centered news website and he joins me now. Ellis hamburger, welcome to the program. First of all, tell us pore abouts what az app, what is t how does it work. What isapp is really such el. It was built for a replacement to help save people money watch. What you can do is you can send text messages, photo messages, voice messages to your friends, one or more friends and its private and it works just on your phone. So most importantly, though, it hooks into your phone book. So the second you start using it, you can talk to all your friends and save a ton of money on your texting bills. And what does it bring to facebook that facebook doesnt already have . I think it brings two things to facebook. One, its just the fact that its one of facebooks biggest competitors. Facebook doesnt exactly know what paths whatapp is going to go down but with 450 million active users people using it every month, its right up there with facebook in terms of the most used apps in the world an theyre afraid of telephone. They dont want people socializing on apps that arents there. And the second piece is that whats app is incredibly dominant in places in countries around the world where facebook isnt like spain where Facebook Messenger app is about 10 usage and whatsapp is higher than 85 . So i think its about acquiring a lot of new users but also they just want to a qir any company that is really threatening them in the communication space. Woodruff so spain and you are saying many other countries. Yes, switzerland is another one. And its all about for them kind of controlling the way that you talk to your friends. And were a little blind to in the United States because facebooks messenger app has been so popular and text messaging plans are cheaper here than around the world but so many places around the worlds what app is the way that people talk to their friends and family, since nobody is talking on the phone any more. They are just texting. And facebook cant let that opportunity pass. And why ask it worth 19 billion potentially. I looked it up today and was reminded that comcast paid, i think, 17 billion or 18 billion for Nbc Universal just a couple of years ago. Its hard to quantify exactly how much its worth. Facebook paid 10 of its market cap, 35 35 of the cash it has ons what app. And that is a fraction of the money face bok has to spendment but i think that its not as much as it could have have eventually meant for facebook hads what app taken over the world. World is moving increasingly to mobile devices, a place that face book has struggled. So theyre very afraid ofs what app. So the price i think matters less than kind of securing its place. Now facialbook owns the two biggest ways that people talk to each other in the world whether thats sharing something with all your friends on facebook or sharing personally with one or a group of friends on whats app. So its kind of hard to put a price tag on it. But its something thats so critical for facebook that i think whatever the price would have been, i this i they would have fell for it. So spell out a little bit more what is that facebook was afraid of here. I think they are afraid of people using other services for people to communicate with their frensd. Facebook is unwith of the original ways that people communicated with their friends online whether on Facebook Chat or posting photos. Photos, especially, are a way that we all communicate whether its on facebook or instagram. But the crazy part is that people are sharing just as many privately as they are with all their friends. So thats a place, thats a domain that facebook hasnt even d begun to give in yet. Theyre sharing with just a few people. They tried it a little bit with the new product called instagram direct but it hasnt exactly caught on. So in other words, facebook owns the space thats connecting with all your friends. Lets say, the thousand friends you have accumulated on the site but it really didnt have much of a big player in the space for private sharing. So thats really what is trying to do with its acquisition ofs what app. So does this in effect give facebook a monopoly on messaging around the world . What are we missing here . I think it does. I think it absolutely does. When you look at the charts there are a few places around the world like in south korea, an app there is overwhelmingly popular with i think 89 of the market share there. And in japan there is an app called line that everyone uses. So in neither of those places people are usings what app or Facebook Messenger very much. But pretty much every other country in the world with smart phones is overwhelmingly using was app. So you could call it a monopoly. I think when you look at the way that people are connecting on their phones over the next few years, its very likely that either facebook ors what app. I did read some speculation today that maybe this was overpriced. How will we know when, if this is too much money to have paid for this de this messaging service . I think its tough to tell you about with as much cash on hand as facebook has, its going to be willing to pay the price. Google was also throwing some chips in the game trying to acquires what app because everyone seems to agree that this is just about the most important app company in the world. Mark zuckerburg said himself thats what app is the only app in the world where engagement is higher than facebook. So its hard to put a price tag on that. But when you look at the size of face book, the 100 or so billion dollars its worth, really,s what app you know some ways could be considered a bargain even though they have hardly monetized yet. I think they had just 20 million in revenue. But with the kind of incredible engagement they had with people sharing hundreds of millions of photos and like you were saying is, 50 billion messages, there is so much room to monetize that the opportunity is pretty incredible. So do you see more of whats app coming into the United States and do you think face bock will try to change it, changes what app . To answer your second question first, a lot of situations, the companies that acquire another Smaller Company they try to exert some effect on it but i dont think face bock wants to do that they learned hen they a require acquired instagram by leaving the kmoument alone and not messing with the formula that made it successful, which some argue that because the services arent like facebook, they dont want to mess with it. Face buc c. E. O. And thes what app c. E. O. Promised that face bok want going to put add ads insides what app. I think it is pore about owning one of their biggest competitors than troying to impose their aad sport on face bok. Do you think its coming not u. S. . Thats a good question. And i dont think it is. I think that the u. S. Market for messaging apps is really fragmented. And people use the app their friends are on. And everyone around the world thats beens what app but here it might be kik messenger t mighting Facebook Messenger, i phones are incredibly popular in the United States and i phones can text each other for free with i message. There is no reason to uses what app, like i was saying the reason people chose it is to save money on texting where in the United States text are cheaper. Thank you very much. Thank you. And woodruff by the way, facebook turned the ripe age of ten this month. So we looked back at some of the companys hits and misses from liking to poking. You can vote for your favorites on our website. Ifill three Al Jazeera Television journalists arrested in egypt last december went on trial today accused of terrorism. The proceedings come amid a continued crackdown by egypts military government that has ensnared reporters as well as the political opposition. Paul mason of independent Television News has our story. Inside three journalists from the Al Jazeera Network faced terrorism charges, mohamed fahmy, and peter greste have been held since december. We asked they be released pending investigations and we also asked a question all witnesses and demanded to question the Technical Committee that examined the equipment seized. Outside, their supporters waited anxiously for news. We believe we will be acquitted. We believe in our case, an believes that we were just operating as journalists. We dont have an agenda. We have got nothing against egypt. S. What theyre accused of is more than that. This Police Footage complete with soundtrack was played on a pro government tv channel which labeled them a terrorist cell. The charges they face today include manipulating footage to give a false image that egypt is in the middle of a civil war and aiding the Muslim Brotherhood which has been designated a terrorist group. Todays trial sends a very clear message, i think. Egypt does not tolerate dissent. That is the message for International Media and also National Media in egypt. These men face very serious criminal charges but the role reason they are in jail right now is because they dare to question the merit of the authorities. And that is really what this trial is about. In december these three secular youth leaders instrumental in the original revolution of 2011 were given three years hard labor. The crackdown on the brotherhood has come along side repression of bloggers, secularists and democratic opposition parties. What we have right now is a widening circle of oppression, one that d just target supporters of morsi and news outlets like al jazeera but also bloggers like people who are very opposed to the Muslim Brotherhood when they were in power. The hearing was postponed until the 5th of march. The men remain behind these notorious walls. Woodruff now, curbing conflicts in high school. Hari sreenivasan looks at a new approach to discipline that replaces suspensions with conversations. Hey, good morning. Sreenivasan in aurora, colorado, principal Matthew Willis welcomes the recent changes at hinkley high school, where 75 of the 2,000 plus students qualify for free and reduced meals. How ya doing . Sreenivasan willis says student fights are down and respect among classmates is up. Last year we had 48 reduction in out of school suspensions. When it comes to physical altercations between 20078, we had approximately 263 physical altercations, and so far for this year weve only had 31 physical altercations. Sreenivasan the turn around, he says, began when hinkley high started using a form of discipline called Restorative Justice. Every single year over the last three full years that weve been doing Restorative Justice, you see significant declines in defiance, disobedience and use of profanity. This is a talking circle, so when we have a problems in this school we come together and talk about them. Sreenivasan now when a minor altercation does occur, students, parents and the dean face each other in a restorative circle. Restorative is that you bring back the kids, if its student with student, or if its student with staff, you restore the relationship. So you restore the harm that sreenivasan dean of students Bonnie Martinez facilitates. We speak openly and honestly, but with respect. Sreenivasan on the day we visited, two sophomores girls caught up in a physical fight were brought to a circle with their parents instead of being suspended. This is the talking stick, whoever is holding this is the one talking and everyone else is listening. You say what happened from your point of view and you say what happened from your point of view. Sometimes we dont always agree she called me the b word, and then we just started fighting. What kind of a liar of you. She say to be honest and you not honest. I was here and she come walking and she strike me. Sreenivasan students are asked to talk about the harm their actions may have caused, and martinez requires everyone to sign an agreement. What do you take responsibility for, what do you think we could do to heal the harm . Im sorry for having these problems weve been having and i dont want it to happen again. Youre not going to be enemies and treat each other with respect . To some people it may be viewed as a soft discipline, especially if you look at the western culture, you know, were about war and violence, were not about peace and harmony. But however, for those girls to come together, and for their families to come together, and talk about it, and to really, you know, to express truly what happened, how did it affect me and others, what am i responsible for, and how do i solve it . Thats deeper than just writing up paperwork. What do we know about anger . It is a secondary emotion, what is underneath anger . A lot of deeper emotions. Sreenivasan at hinkley, the Restorative Justice circles go beyond the deans office. Peer mentoring classes use role playing to teach students how to conduct circles on their own. It pisses me off because i didnt spread rumors about him. I didnt do nothing. Sreenivasan sophomore nyece smith thinks the circles bring better results than suspension. It used to be like you get sent home and sit there for five days, but that doesnt solve nothing, you just sit there and you come back with the same anger. When teachers dont resolve the harm by doing restorative, that conflict is always there usually kids will just stay angry. I dont like that teacher and so i dont care what you say and they will just disrupt, disrupt, disrupt. Im deeply sorry about whats going on. Sreenivasan models like hinkleys have gained National Attention after the Obama Administration in january directed School Districts to scrap overly zealous zero tolerance policies that lead to automatic suspensions and criminal records. Such policies, the officials said, impacted minorities at higher rates. Colorados legislature eliminated zerotolerance in schools 2012. The ideas of traditional discipline dont exist anymore. When in the old days, when a student or kid got into trouble we would spank them and we moved away from spanking because it no longer met the values of our society. The same is true with the traditional discipline where its all about punishment, punishment, punishment, its not about restoring relationships, its not about taking responsibility for your actions, its about punishment. And so that no longer fits the society of our future. What fits the society of our future is people coming together, and working on solving problems together. Sreenivasan and while colorado is ahead of the national movement, the state actually played a role in the making of zero tolerance policies after the 1999 shootings at columbine high school. Sarah park is the director of education for the denver foundation, one of the sponsors of hinkley Restorative Justice program. In colorado, our zero tolerance law was really in response to columbine. And we were scared, we were all heartbroken, we were terrified, and we wanted to make sure kids were safe. And so we thought, well, lets do this, lets make sure, lets make clear that this is non negotiable, and thats really where the intention around zero tolerance came from. Unfortunately, the way it played out was, was in more negative educational outcomes, theres studies linking suspension to incarcerations, and its much more likely that if a kid is suspended, or repeatedly suspended, that theyll end up in jail, and its much more likely that if theyre suspended even once in ninth grade, theyre more likely to drop out. Sreenivasan Aurora Police officer jake bunch, who is assigned to hinkley high school, says social media has accelerated his need to rely on personal connections that can come from Restorative Justice. With facebook and twitter, information just spreads so quickly, its hard to stay on top of it, because the kids know about something thats going to go down, way before we could ever know. If i build that relationship with kids, they know they can come talk to me, i can help them solve their problems before it becomes a violent issue. It ties right into Restorative Justice. Sreenivasan not all conflicts can be resolved through restorative circles, even supporters see the process as one of many approaches. Withinfest dors at Hinckley High School are below the state average. For his part the principal remains a strong believer in the approach and is sharing the schools methods with districts across the state. Woodruff the prospect of reaching new crossborder trade deals was very much on the mind of president obama during his trip to mexico this week. But a trade agreement thats now two decades old and still the subject of strong debate is casting a strong shadow over the president s plans. Jeffrey brown has the story. For the United States, canada and mexico are two of our largest trading partners, with trade that supports millions of american jobs. Brown president obamas one day summit with his mexican and canadian counterparts marked 20 years of the north American Free trade agreement or nafta. Thanks in part to our efforts to boost u. S. Exports, american exports to canada and mexico continue to grow faster than our exports to the rest of the world. Together our countries have strength to give north america a tremendous competitive advantage the skills of our workers, manufacturing thats growing, and new sources of energy. Brown nafta was originally spearheaded by the first president bush, in a bid to eliminate crossborder trade duties and other barriers. It got the backing and was eventually signed into law by president clinton. Supporters argued it would spur growth. But in a c. N. N debate with Vice President gore, billionaire businessman ross perot famously argued it would send thousands of jobs to lowerpaying, less regulated mexico. When youve got a 7 1 wage differential between the United States and mexico, you will hear the giant sucking sound. Now, wait theres a political lesson, theres a business lesson. This has been a good deal for both canada and the United States. Both have gained jobs, both have gained trade flows, both have become more competitive in the world marketplace as a result. And there is a tooth fairy and there is an easter bunny. Brown many years later, the debate over its effects goes on even as president obama pushes for new trade agreements one with the European Union and another, the transpacific partnership, with asian nations. So what ive said to president pena nieto and and Prime Minister harper is, well get this passed, if its a good agreement. Brown still, the proposed new agreements face opposition from both republicans and democrats, and its unclear when or even if they might move forward. We get our own assessment of what nafta has done and how that should influence coming decisions from two who have been players in this from the beginning. Carla hills served as u. S. Trade representative from 1989 through 1993 under the first president bush and helped negotiate nafta. Today she heads her own global trade and Investment Consulting firm. And lori wallach is director of the global trade watch policy group at public citizen, a non partisan advocacy organization. Welcome back to both of you. You are smiling as you saw the video of yourself involved in those negotiations. Just the other day. Brown so 20 years later, carla hills, what go nafta do what did it accomplish . Nafta was a first rate trade agreement in 1994 when it went into effect it eliminated industrial tariffs. It opened up the agricultural market which we havent been able to do in any other agreement. It had a first rate intellectual Property Protection it provided openings for our service providers. It required national treatment, protection for our investors. And as a result, our trade with mexico and canada has soared 400 . And our investment is up fivefold. Brown a success story. I believe its a success story. Brown lori wallach, i know you saw it differently back then, 20 years later, how do you see. Well, we really underpredicted what the damage would be. So there has been a large increase in trade. But a lot of it has been a flood of new nafta imports. Nafta did include investor protections. Those incentivized offshoring of u. S. Investments and jobs. So while we have sown a flood of more trade, its 700 of that is actually the imports. So weve had a growth in our trade deficit of almost 500 , 480 . So just the numbers, before nafta we had a slight surplus with mexico in trade. And with canada about a 30 billion dollar deficit. The end of year u. S. International trade commission official government trade data came out last week. We have 177 billion dollar combined nafta trade deficit. Using the administrations old multiplyer of what that means for jobs, thats a net loss of accumulation of over a million dlobs. And theres a government database that has 8 845,000 specific nafta casualties to our manufacturing workers who have been certified for assistance. Brown all right, thats a lot of numbers. Yes, thats a lot of numbers. So is this a different picture by the numbers or what explains the discrepancy . The fact is that i think its always a mistake to take a bilateral deficit. Were in a global circumstances. And our markets are so intertwined with canada and mexico that we dont just sell things to one another, we make them together. A car that we make with mexico and canada will cross our northern and southern border as many as five to eight times. And all that creates these numbers. The number you should look at is the fact that our largest export market is canada. Our second largest export market is mexico. All of our entrepreneurs love that fact. But the ones who really love it are small and Medium Sized Enterprises who sell 14 of their exports go to mexico because they are the backbone of job creation in the United States. They create half or more of our jobs in the United States. I think the nafta has been a success and i would like to build on it. Okay, well so well get to that in a moment. Let me give you one more. Theres heres the fluky thing. With the investment rules promoting the investment, our exports have declined as far as 9 growth rate so as our economies get bigger, export volumes increase. But just looking at the u. S. Itc data, our growth in exports in goods to the nafta countries is down to 62 of the level growth rate of what it was for services, its even down, actually in half. So we have a trade agreement thats actually been a penalty. And on our export growth. The only reason i mention that is the whole premise of nafta, its promise 200,000 new u. S. Jobs a year. Would hoo but thats with based on having an improved trade deficit reduction. Instead we have a huge new trade deficit. So weve hemorrhaged jobs and more importantly, the biggest effect of nafta is its fundamentally transformed the composition of Jobs Available and therefore wages. But 63 of americans dont have a college degree. Those manufacturing jobs are gone. And the Service Sector jobs, the bureau of labor statistics, pay less by 20 . This of course say big issue. The income inequality issue. Jobs and the income inequality. Your suggestion is that much of that is due to Something Like nafta. You just dont see that as a factor . I do not. On the manufacturing, you know, when i was u. S. Trade representative, i went on the factory floor of an auto company. There were people all around. Screwing in things. Making things. Today you go on the floor of an automobile factory, theres nobody there. Its done by computers. And knowledge. That has nothing to do with the nafta. I agree with lori wallach that weve got to worry about the lowest two quinntile. I care about that and i think there are things we can do. But trade is an advantage. When a Multinational Company like caterpillar invests in mexico, the Peterson Institute for International Economics has done a wonderful study to show that for a the Foreign Investment affiliate in a foreign country, i didnt say that correctly, an American Company that invests in a foreign facility actually creates jobs at home it creates employment at home, increase in research and development, Capital Equipment at home. So we should look at this as we shouldnt look at this as a negative. Brown let me try to move it up to date now because as i mentioned in our set up there are new potential agreement. When you look at Something Like a transpacific partnership, what lessons specifically do you think should be learned from nafta in thinking about whether to proceed with Something Like that . Well, the heartbreak is that the tpp is basically nafta on steroids with nine more countries. So the u. S. , mexico and canada are in it. But then so is, for instance, 28 cents an hour minimum wage, vietnam. So is malaysia. And if you look at that whole bloc, all of the rules that were in nafta that promoted this downward pressure on wages, i mean we lost 40,000 factories in the 20 years. It is true but in addition, we saw a whole shift in the composition of jobs and what kind of jobs are available for people in our economy. And theres economic consensus that actually trades a major contributor to income inequality. We have the whole literature search of all of the studies from the peerston institute to across the spectrum, on our web site at trade watch. Org. If people want to lead the studies you can link back to the different think tanks. The only debate is what percentage of income inequal sit caused by trade am now you look at the tpp. At its heart are the same rules that were in nafta, the investor protections that promote offshoring. But to an even lower wage country, vietnam, and so the companies are excited about this. They look at the ban in buy america procurement in there they look at the right time port food and products that dont meet our standards, the right to offshore, to vietnam. And you can see why theyre interested. But the public polling shows democrats, republicans, independents are against anything that even smells like a nafta expansion. But this is what the president is running up against, right. Carla hills. Hes getting alot of opposition acrosstheboard, actually, to these kinds of expanded trade agreements. Yes, politically its difficult. And i ask think tank, universities, media, to explain to people the benefits of trade. I wish to respond to the suggestion that the nafta has depressed wages. In fact, just last year there was a study by yale and our own fed which said that the wages were increased as a result of nafta, increased as a result of nafta, not hugely, but adjusted for inflation, definitely there was an increase in wages in the United States, canada, and mexico. Brown we have beenabout 30 seconds because were tend of the program so go ahead. On the transpifk partnership, which like to see us build on the nafta platform. I would like to work and create market openings in vietnam, in japan that provide the north american economies working as a partnership to do more abroad because we are the most competitive platform you can find in the world. Brown all right, we will have to leave it there. But thank you once again for sharing all that, carla hills, lori wallach, thank you. Ifill again, the major developments of the day. A tentative truce in ukraines capital exploded into violence as riot Police Open Fire on protesters hurling firebombs. A doctor treating victims reported 70 killed and 500 wounded. The white house said president obama is considering new sanctions against ukraine, but not military action. And iran and six world powers including the u. S. Wrapped up their opening round of Nuclear Talks in vienna, with plans to meet again in march. Woodruff on the newshour online right now, Joshua Oppenheimer tried to tell the story of indonesias brutal killing campaign of the 1960s from the perspective of its survivors. But when the army threatened them unless they stopped talking, he turned the camera on the perpetrators former leaders of the death squads that carried out the mass executions. The result is a chilling re enactment of the horrors of their past in the documentary, the act of killing. Watch our interview with the oscarnominated filmmaker, on art beat. All that and more is on our web site, newshour. Pbs. Org. Ifill and thats the newshour for tonight. On friday, we report on teens prosecuted as adults, then sent to solitary confinement at new yorks tough rikers island. Im gwen ifill. Woodruff and im judy woodruff. Well see you online and again here tomorrow evening with mark shields and david brooks. For all of us here at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. And the william and flora hewlett foundation, helping people build immeasurably better lives. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by Macneil Lehrer productions captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org this is bbc world news america. 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