A swarm of autonomous drones flying themselves. Its the start of a military revolution. Now its looking at me. Machines operating on their own. It recognized you instantly. Using Artificial Intelligence to make decisions faster than humans, and raising questions the pentagon is only beginning to grapple with. So, if the machines better, why not let it make the decision . This goes to the ethics of the question of whether or not you allow a machine to take a human life without the intervention of a human. I would say at this point, i am certain. Certain . Yeah. Thats a rare thing to say, for a prediction for a scientist, and im willing to say it. You do know how mindboggling this sounds . I mean, a new planet hasnt been discovered for 170 years. I believe you think it looks like this animation over my shoulder here . We think that its somewhere between ten and 20 times more massive than the earth. Im steve kroft. Im leslie stahl. Im bill whitaker. Im david martin. Im scott pelley. 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Bristolmyers squibb thanks the patients, nurses, and physicians involved in opdivo clinical trials. Stahl in the long, bloody history of terrorism, few acts of violence have been more savage or shocking than those carried out by isis, including the beheadings of Young American hostages in 2014. The videos went viral and catapulted isis onto the world stage. For the parents of one of those americans, art and shirley sotloff, the murder of their 31 yearold son steven was shattering because of the brutality of his execution, and because they think he couldve been saved if not for what even the white house now admits was its own ineffectiveness in dealing with the crisis. But what really sealed their sons fate, the sotloffs believe, is the governments policy against paying ransom. Steven sotloff i am Steven Joel Sotloff. Im sure you know exactly who i am by now and why i am appearing before you. Stahl Steven Joel Sotloff was beheaded by isis. His execution, on september 2, 2014, was seen around the world on a video. Did you ever watch it . Art sotloff i have viewed stevens body with his head on his chest. Shirley sotloff i had to see that because i needed to be sure that that was him. Stahl steven was born and raised in miami, attended college in israel and became a freelance journalist, reporting from war zones where information was scarce, like yemen, benghazi, libya and syria, where he went in the summer of 2013. Just before he crossed into aleppo, he called his dad. Art sotloff he contacted me and told me not to worry and. But, if i dont hear from him within four days, that i should get in touch with one of his colleagues. Stahl ooh, thats ominous. He didnt hear from his son, not just for four days; it was four excruciating months. Then, finally, they got a ransom letter with demands for the government to free all the muslims in u. S. Custody, or. Shirley sotloff then, there is a last option 100 Million Euros will secure stevens release. Stahl which is Something Like 137. Art sotloff 137 million. Stahl what was your reaction . Shirley sotloff the reaction was, how the hell are we going to get this money together . Stahl they thought the u. S. Government would help them, but they were bewildered and then infuriated when they say they met a stone wall the u. S. Policy forbidding the paying of ransom. Lisa monaco its some of the hardest work that ive done. Stahl lisa monaco, assistant to president obama for counterterrorism, oversaw the hostage crisis. Monaco these are horrible choices. On the one hand, if you dont pay a ransom, you are putting an innocent life at risk. On the other hand, if you do, youre fueling the very activity thats put them at risk in the first place. Stahl did you feel ever that the policy might be wrong . Monaco the policy, thats been a decadesold policy of not paying ransom. I think is the right policy. Stahl so, you didnt question that. Monaco we didnt. We believed that that was important to maintain. Stahl but with the exception of the u. K. , most European Countries do pay ransom without publicly admitting it. Steven was held with 22 other hostages, including the three americans james foley, peter kassig and Kayla Mueller who were all killed. Once the european governments paid ransom, isis released their citizens, one of whom smuggled out this letter from steven. Art sotloff he was speaking how he cant stand seeing all the captives leave from all different countries. How could the United States just stand by and not do anything . Stahl as the european hostages came out and spoke of mock executions and waterboardings, the sotloffs decided they would try to raise at least some of the money themselves. But then, they and the other u. S. Families attended a meeting in washington with officials on the National Security council. Art sotloff all of us were saying, well, why cant we try to save our kids . And they said, because its against the law. We do not negotiate with terrorists. Stahl did they say you would be prosecuted . Art sotloff they said, you could be prosecuted, and also your donors could be prosecuted. Stahl so, if i gave you money, i could be prosecuted . Shirley sotloff yes. Art sotloff correct. Stahl did anybody say, are you kidding me . Art sotloff yes, they did. Yes, they did. Stahl so, it was a little bit contentious. Art sotloff oh, yeah. We kind of verbally fought back. Stahl they were threatened that they could be prosecuted. Is that true . Monaco so, whats true is that some families felt threatened, and that was unacceptable. And that should never have happened. Stahl are you suggesting they may not have been threatened . Monaco no. What im suggesting is, i wasnt present when any threats were made. But what matters, lesley, is that these families felt that way as they were going through the most horrific time they will ever encounter. Stahl but was that the policy . Was that true . Could they have actually been prosecuted . Could someone who contributed to pay ransom also be prosecuted . Monaco so, whats true is that the Justice Department has never prosecuted a family, or friends of a family that has paid a ransom. Stahl but was it the policy . Monaco well, whats. The. The policy is, the United States government will not pay ransoms or make concessions to terrorist hostage takers. Stahl that policy is based in part on a presumption that paying ransom invites more hostagetaking, but that is refuted by a new study that examined the case of every known western hostage taken since 9 11. It was coauthored by peter bergen, a counterterrorism expert, for the nonpartisan new america foundation. Peter bergen they dont know necessarily youre american when they take you. Its sort of a target of opportunity. So, some countries are known to pay ransom the french, the germans, the spanish. Stahl even though they dont admit it. Bergen they dont admit it, but they do. Their citizens have much Better Outcomes than americans. Americans are huge outliers here. Youre twice as likely to have a negative outcome compared to every other western hostage. Stahl you say negative outcome, you mean murdered. Bergen murdered, die in captivity or just remain in captivity. Stahl 14 of the european hostages held with steven made it home. Those from countries that dont pay ransom didnt; four americans and two brits died. I keep playing in my own head this horrible situation where the american hostages watched the other ones be set free, and i wonder if it wouldnt have been better if. If our government did what the european governments did, which was pay ransom but then deny it, in order to save their citizens. Why couldnt we have done that . Monaco wed still be fueling their terror activity. Whether its hostagetaking or whether its terrorist plots, to kill americans here in the homeland or elsewhere, is not activity that the United States government should be in the business of funding. Stahl what do you say to critics of the policy of not paying ransom . That the beheadings of the americans ended up having more value to isis than any money would have been. Thats really what put them on the international map. These beheading videos were a gold mine for isis. Do you. Do you see it that way . Monaco i dont, and i think its giving brutal, murderous thugs too much credit. Stahl what about the argument that if you pay ransom, youre just encouraging them to kidnap more . Also, that the money is going to go toward terrorism . And so, whats the comeback to that . Its a hard thing. Art sotloff going back to what president obama said to us in person, that he would do anything in his power to save his children if he was in the same situation. And i say that he should put himself in the same situation. And i think that the government has a responsibility to protect its citizens in whatever way that they can. Stahl what do you say when you hear people argue that steven knew he was putting his life at risk by going into syria at that point and, you know, kind of, the burdens on him. Art sotloff steven was driven by truth, that he had to report the truth. He saw that there wasnt information coming out of these areas, and thats really what drove him. Stahl in the summer of 2014, nearly a year after steven was abducted, president obama ordered a military operation to rescue the hostages. Monaco this involved a number of. A large number of military Service Members and special operators, who. Stahl putting their lives on the line. Monaco putting their lives on the line, going into the heart of isil territory in syria. And as we were monitoring the operation, word came back, some very devastating words its a dry hole, which meant that they werent there. Jihadi john this is james wright foley. Stahl about seven weeks later, james foley became the first of three american hostages beheaded. Steven appears at the end of the video. Jihadi john the life of this american citizen, obama, depends on your next decision. Stahl the sotloffs then received an audio message that sounds like steven was forced to record, designed to pressure the u. S. Government. It was given them by the f. B. I. Art sotloff this is always tough for me because its actually his voice, and it just makes me feel like hes still in the room with us. Steven sotloff to mom, i do not have much time and will probably not get this opportunity again, so i would like to get straight to the point. My life depends on obamas next decision. Mom, please dont let obama kill me. Mom, you can still save my life, just like the families of my previous cellmates whom im sure youve met. Fight for me, i love you. Shirley sotloff powerful. Art sotloff i got to blow my nose. Im sorry. If i could excuse myself . Stahl its okay. Its. Its cruel. Shirley sotloff very. I dont know what they wanted us to do. Stahl and always saying mom like that. Shirley sotloff mom. Stahl mom, mom. Shirley sotloff yeah. Stahl they learned of stevens death a few days after that. Art sotloff and hes in a much better place. Shirley sotloff we know hes in a better place. Art sotloff and, you know, he isnt suffering anymore. Stahl a couple of months later, they met with president obama. Art sotloff i asked the president , i said, how did you feel when my son was being held up by his neck and they were saying that this message is for you, president obama; stevens life depends on your next decision . How do you feel about that . And he looked down, and he really couldnt answer the question. I guess its a question that shocked him because, it shocked me that i even asked him that. Stahl how do you feel now about what happened . Maybe your role with the families whose kids were beheaded. Monaco i feel like, in many respects, we did not do right by these families, that we failed them. Stahl you feel you. You failed the families . Monaco we have americans who were brutally killed. Stahl after the beheadings, she put together a task force to review how the government handles hostagetaking, that included a meeting with the families. Monaco it was a lot of raw emotion and a lot of frustration and grief. Stahl anger at you . Monaco anger at us, anger at the loss of their loved ones, anger at the government. Stahl one of the task forces conclusions was that the various Government Agencies working on hostages were not coordinating with each other, which led to the creation of this new unit. Have we seen any claims of responsibility . Not yet. Stahl led by the f. B. I. , it brings together all the key agencies that work on hostages including the c. I. A. , defense and state departments in one place to work side by side, 24 7. They share intelligence and keep the families informed. Any results . No, sir. Not yet. Stahl however, the noransom policy was not changed; it wasnt even reviewed, though the Justice Department, in this public document, all but promised not to prosecute a family or their friends who do pay ransom to terrorists. Is it a good policy now . Are you happy with the way it has turned out . Art sotloff its a better policy than what it was. I mean, now it gives at least people the opportunity to try to save their Family Members. Stahl uhhuh. Art sotloff but i think its far from really solving the problem, because there is still money that has to be raised and paid, and the average family just cant do that. Stahl and you think our government should. Art sotloff absolutely. Shirley sotloff its a human life. How do you let an american go like that, just let them be killed and murdered . Every human is valuable. Everybody has a family, and they want them to come home. Stahl the sotloffs have started a foundation in stevens memory called two lives that, among other things, funds Safety Training for freelance journalists traveling to war zones. Today, there are still dozens of americans being held hostage. In 12 days, donald trump will have to decide on the best strategy for getting them home. I may reach my blood sugar and a1c goals by activating whats within me with onceweekly trulicity. Trulicity is not insulin. It helps activate my body to do what its supposed to do release its own insulin. Trulicity responds when my blood sugar rises. I take it once a week, and it works 24 7. It comes in an easytouse pen and i may even lose a little weight. 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Oh, what a relief it is martin one of the biggest revolutions over the past 15 years of war has been the rise of the drones, remotely piloted vehicles that do everything from conduct air strikes to dismantle roadside bombs. Now, a new generation of drones is coming, only this time, they are autonomous able to operate on their own without humans controlling them from somewhere with a joystick. Some autonomous machines are run by Artificial Intelligence which allows them to learn, Getting Better each time. Its early in the revolution and no one knows exactly where it is headed, but the potential exists for all missions considered too dangerous or complex for humans, to be turned over to autonomous machines that can make decisions faster and go in harms way without any fear. Think of it as the coming swarm, and if that sounds like the title of a scifi miniseries, well, stay tuned. As were about to show you, its already a military reality. This swarm over the california desert is like nothing the u. S. Military has ever fielded before. Each of those tiny drones is flying itself. Humans on the ground have given them a mission to patrol a threesquaremile area, but the drones are figuring out for themselves how to do it. They are operating autonomously, and the pentagons dr. Will roper says what youre seeing is a glimpse into the future of combat. Dr. Will roper it opens up a completely different level of warfare, a completely different level of maneuver. Launch team on my count. Martin the drone is called perdix, an unlikely name for an unlikely engine of revolution. Launch team all vehicles up and away. Good launch. Martin roper, head of a oncesecret pentagon Organization Called the strategic capabilities office, remembers the first time he saw perdix, which is named after a bird found in greek mythology. Dr. Roper i held it up in my hands. Its about as big as my hand. And i looked at it and said, really . This is. This is what you want me to. To get excited about . You know, it looks like a toy. Martin perdix flies too fast and too high to follow, so 60 minutes brought specialized highspeed cameras to the china lake weapons station in california to capture it in flight. Launch team very nice. Martin developed by 20 and 30somethings from m. I. T. s lincoln labs, perdix is designed to operate as a team, which you can see when you follow this group of eight on a computer screen. Dr. Roper weve given them a mission at this point, and that mission is as a team, go fly down the road. And so, they allocate that amongst all the individual perdix. Martin and theyre talking to each other. Dr. Roper they are. Martin by what . Dr. Roper so, theyve got radios on, and theyre each telling each other not just what theyre doing but where they are in space. Martin how frequently are they talking back and forth to each other . Dr. Roper many, many times a second when theyre first sorting out. Martin i mean, it looks helter skelter. Dr. Roper you want them to converge to a good enough solution and go ahead and get on with it. Its faster than a human would sort it out. Martin cheap and expendable, perdix tries to make a soft landing. Nice. Martin . But its no great loss if it crashes into the ground. All units. Martin perdix can be used as decoys to confuse enemy air defenses or equipped with electronic transmitters to jam their radars. This one looks like it has a camera. As a swarm of miniature spy planes fitted with cell phone cameras, they could hunt down fleeing terrorists. Dr. Roper theres several different roads they could have gone down, and you dont know which one to search. You can tell them, go search all the roads, and tell them what to search for and let them sort out the best way to do it. Martin the pentagon is spending 3 billion a year on Autonomous Systems, many of them much more sophisticated than a swarm of perdix. This pair of air and ground robots runs on Artificial Intelligence. Captain jim pineiro im going to say start the reconnaissance. Martin they are searching a mock village for a suspected terrorist, reporting back to marine captain jim pineiro and his tablet. Captain pineiro the ground robots continuing on its mission while the air robot is searching on its own. Martin the robots are slow and cumbersome, but theyre just test beds for cuttingedge Computer Software which could power more agile machines, ones that could act as advance scouts for a foot patrol. Captain pineiro i would want to use a system like this to move maybe in front of me or in advance of me, to give me Early Warning of. Of enemy in the area. Martin this time, im the target. The computer already knows what i look like, so now well see if it can match whats stored in its memory with the real thing as i move around this make believe village. The robots Artificial Intelligence had done its homework the night before, Tim Faltemier says, learning what i look like. Tim faltemier we were able to get every picture of every story that youve ever been in. Martin how many pictures of me are there out there . Faltemier when we ran this through, we have about 50,000 different pictures of you that we were able to get. Had we had more time, we probably couldve done a better job. Martin so, because youve got 50,000 images of me, how certain would you be . Faltemier very. Martin now its looking at me. Faltemier it recognized you instantly. So, what we reported today on our scores, were about a one in 10,000 chance of being wrong. Martin while the robot was searching for me inside an auditorium at the Marine Corps Base in quantico, virginia. Lt. Cdr. Rollie wicks this will give us a technological advantage. Martin . Lieutenant commander rollie wicks was watching from a missile boat in the potomac river. Wicks what i was doing was, i was turning over control of the Weapon System to the Autonomous Systems that youve seen on the floor today. Martin had wicks given permission to shoot, the missile would have struck my location using a set of coordinates given to it by the robots. Wicks they were controlling a remote weapons system. They were controlling where that weapons system was pointing, with me supervising. Martin it will be about three years before these robots will be ready for the battlefield. By then, captain pineiro says, they will look considerably different. Will those robots. When they reach the battlefield, will they be able to defend themselves . Pineiro we are looking into that. We are looking into defensive capability for a robot, armed robots. Martin shoot back . Pineiro correct. Martin this pentagon directive states Autonomous Systems shall be designed to allow commanders and operators to exercise appropriate levels of human judgment over the use of force. What that means, says general paul selva, vice chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and the militarys man in charge of autonomy, is that life or death decisions will be made only by humans, even though machines can do it faster and, in some cases, better. Are machines better at facial recognition than humans . Paul selva all the research ive seen says, about five years ago, machines actually got better at Image Recognition than humans. Martin can a disguise defeat machine recognition . Selva if you think about the proportions of the human body, there are several that are discrete and difficult to hide. The example that i will use, as i look at you, is the distance between your pupils. It is very likely unique to you and a handful of other humans. A disguise cannot move your eyes. Martin so, if i have a ski mask on, that doesnt help . Selva not if your eyes are visible. If you have to see, you cant change that proportion. Martin so, if the machines better, why not let it make the decision . Selva this goes to the ethics of the question of whether or not you allow a machine to take a human life without the intervention of a human. Martin do you know where this is headed . Selva i dont. Martin virtually any military vehicle has the potential to become autonomous. The navy has begun testing sea hunter, an autonomous ship to track submarines. Program manager Scott Littlefield says that when you no longer have to make room for a crew, you can afford to buy a lot of them. Scott littlefield you could buy somewhere between 50 and 100 of these for the price of one warship. Martin ive heard somebody describe this ship as looking like an overgrown polynesian war canoe. laughs why does it look like it does . Littlefield to be able to go across the Pacific Ocean without refueling, this hull form, the. The trimaran, was. Was the best thing we could come up with. Martin what is its range . Littlefield we can go about 10,000 nautical miles on. On. On a tank of gas, 14,000 gallons. Martin sea hunter is at least two years away from being ready to steam across the pacific on its own. Among other things, it has to learn how to follow the rules of the road to avoid collisions with other ships. When we went aboard, it had only been operating autonomously for a few weeks and there was still a human crew, just in case. When testing is done, this pilot house will come off and the crew will be standing on the pier waving goodbye. From then on, this will be a ghost ship, commanded by 36 Computers Running 50 million lines of software code. And these life lines will have to come off, too, since theres no need for them with no humans on board. It has a top speed of 26 knots and a tight turning radius which should enable it to use its sonar to track dieselpowered submarines for weeks at a time. Littlefield many countries have diesel submarines. Thats the most common kind of submarine thats out there. Martin china . Littlefield china has them. Martin russia . Littlefield russia has them. Martin iran . Littlefield iran has them. Martin north korea . Littlefield yes. Martin i think i get the picture. Littlefield yes. Martin but of everything we saw, tiny perdix is closest to being ready to go operational, if it passes its final exam. Will roper and his team of desert rats are about to attempt to fly the largest autonomous swarm ever 100 perdix drones. Dr. Roper this is one of the riskiest, most exciting things thats going on right now in the pentagon. Martin risky not only because the swarm would be more than three times larger than anything ropers ever done before, but also because 60 minutes is here to record the outcome for all to see. Why are you letting us watch . Dr. Roper couple of reasons, david. I. I. When this first came up, i have. I have to be honest with you, my First Response was, that sound. Sounds like a horrible idea. Right . I mean, its just human nature. I. I dont want this to fail on camera. But i did not like the fear of failure being my only reason for not letting you be here. And we also wanted the world to see that were doing some new things. Martin this time, the perdix will be launched from three f18 jet fighters, just as they would on a real battlefield. Dr. Roper there they are. Martin yep. Dr. Roper all right. A little piece of. A little piece of the future. Pilot five, four, three. Martin the f18s are traveling at almost the speed of sound. Pilot mark release. Martin so, the first test for perdix is whether they will survive their violent ejection into the atmosphere. Radio complete. 104 alive. Dr. Roper thats 104 in the swarm, david. Martin 104 alive. Dr. Roper thats 100 swarm. laughs there they are. You see them . Martin yeah, yeah. Dr. Roper look at them. Look at them. They flash in the sun as the come into view. Martin theres a. Oh, yeah. As the perdix descend in front of our cameras, they organize themselves into a tighter swarm. Imagine the splitsecond calculations a human would have to make to keep them from crashing into each other. Dr. Roper look at that its just everywhere you look, theyre coming into view. It does feel like a plague of locusts. So, theyre running out of battery. Martin there are reams of data that still have to be analyzed, but roper is confident perdix passed its final exam. Radio one vehicle down. Martin . And could become operational as early as this year. Ive heard people say that autonomy is the biggest thing in military Technology Since nuclear weapons. Really . Dr. Roper i think i might agree with that, david. I mean, if what we mean by biggest thing is, something thats going to change everything, i think autonomy is going to change everything. What does this drone story have in common with a Golf Tournament . A cameraman who films flying objects. Go to 60minutesovertime. Com. 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Pluto had been considered a planet for 76 years, but pluto lost its planet status after an astronomer at cal tech discovered that pluto wasnt so special after all. His name is mike brown. Brown and other astronomers have since found hundreds of large balls of ice, like pluto, circling the sun at the far reaches of our solar system. Demoting pluto leaves us with eight planets, but mike brown is preparing another surprise. He is sure there is a real ninth planet way out far beyond pluto. He hasnt seen it yet, but he expects to soon. He believes the real planet nine is huge, and its out there. Mike brown i would say at this point, i am certain. Whitaker certain . Mike brown yeah. Thats a rare thing to say, for a prediction for a scientist, and im willing to say it. Whitaker you do know how mindboggling this sounds . I mean, a new planet hasnt been discovered for 170 years. I believe you think it looks like this animation over my shoulder here . Mike brown you know, we took a little Artistic License and put some lightning on the dark side of it, because it might have lightning on the dark side of it. We think that its somewhere between ten and 20 times more massive than the earth. Whitaker and we havent seen it . We cant see it . Mike brown its so far away that its actually just at the edge of what our biggest telescopes on the ground can. Can possibly see, because its so far away. Whitaker 50 billion miles away. Its also hard to find because it has an enormous orbit. Mike brown planet nine, we think, takes Something Like 15,000 years to go around the sun. Whitaker wait a minute, 15,000 years to make one orbit . Mike brown one orbit. Whitaker to search for planet nine, brown goes up mauna kea, the big mountain on hawaiis big island, to use the big telescope, the subaru. Brown doesnt look directly through the telescope; he monitors pictures its taking of the same sections of sky on successive nights and then compares them, hunting for movement. Mike brown we have to very systematically look at every patch of sky here, here, here, here. And what were looking for is. Is actually kind of simple. We take a picture one night, we come back the next night. All the stars, all the galaxies are in the same spot night after night after night. And planet nine, when we see it, will slowly move across the sky. Whitaker and will look Something Like this, browns discovery 11 years ago that changed the way we think of the solar system. Using pictures from successive nights, brown discovered this plutosized object, which led to the demotion of loveable pluto. You didnt love pluto growing up . Mike brown i loved pluto. I was totally fascinated by pluto. When i started in astronomy, i started looking at this region of the sky because i thought it was so interesting out there. Whitaker when pluto was first discovered, it was thought to be a big planet . Mike brown you can go back and find the New York Times headline on the day that the discovery was announced. And it says, ninth planet discovered in the outer solar system. Possibly larger than jupiter. Whitaker jupiters the biggest planet, but pluto, it turned out, was no jupiter. Mike brown these are all the planets and other objects at their real relative sizes. Whitaker this is jupiter. Mike Brown Jupiter is huge compared to the other things. This is jupiter. This is saturn without its rings. Uranus. Neptune. Mercury. Venus. Earth. Mars. And at the very edge of the solar system as we now think of it is pluto. Its only wrong by a factor of 50,000. Whitaker so, it went from being a monster planet to being a dwarf planet . Mike brown a dwarf planet. One of many that are out there, that are part of this region of the sky. Whitaker this region is the kuiper belt at the edge of our solar system, a vast realm of frozen debris created during the birth of the solar system fourandahalf billion years ago. The kuiper belt keeps brown up all night, hunting for discoveries. Mike brown its the most exciting thing i can think of doing. You know, its not just that its hard to stay up all night and so i force myself to do it; i am excited every night i go out there about what i might find. Whitaker when mike brown found that plutosized object, it was the biggest of a group of hundreds of plutolike objects recently discovered. So, brown wondered, should pluto really be a planet . But demoting pluto would mean that every textbook showing planets would have to be changed. That was fine with brown, who believes planets must be significant and that the eight large planets are. Their strong gravitational fields control everything around them. Mike brown planets are the big bullies of the planetary system that are. That basically ignore everybody else around them. And everybody else has to deal with the planets. Those are what the planets are. Whitaker and pluto didnt fit that concept. Mike brown Neptune Controls plutos orbit. Neptune is the bully of that neighborhood. Whitaker to resolve the issue, astronomers from all over the world gathered in prague in 2006. The International Astronomical union would decide whether to demote little pluto or give planet status to hundreds of similar objects. 6a is concerned with pluto and plutolike objects. Whitaker astronomers voted overwhelmingly to go down to eight planets, and brown became known as the guy who killed pluto. Mike brown i think thats probably true. Whitaker the pluto vote was illtimed for nasa. Just seven months before plutos demotion, nasa launched a mission to pluto, to learn about its surface and origins. Scientists are still analyzing spectacular pictures from nasas flyby. They show plutos mostly icy surface and closeups of craters. Now, the spaceship is heading deeper into the kuiper belt. Although pluto was demoted ten years ago, plutolovers still send brown hate mail and voicemail. He kept this one. Hey, plutos still a planet, you jackass. Whitaker even browns 11 yearold daughter, lilah, didnt like what hed done to pluto. What did you tell him that he should do to make up for that . Lilah brown well, i told him that if he found a new planet, it might make up for the fact that he killed a planet that everybody loved. Whitaker seems that he actually went out and did that. Lilah brown yeah. Whitaker what do you think of that . Lilah brown its really great. I. Im very proud of him. laughs whitaker shes referring to the huge planet nine we mentioned earlier. No one was more surprised by that discovery than brown himself. Until recently, he believed our planets would only be the big eight. Mike brown we had explored so much of the solar system beyond those eight that if there were anything else like a planet, we wouldve found it. Whitaker after all, nasas spaceships have flown past every known planet, capturing pictures of saturns rings, the pock marked surface of mercury, the gassy atmosphere of jupiter. And well beyond our solar system, the Hubble Telescope is busy taking pictures of distant galaxies. Nasa says this single image shows 10,000 galaxies. Other pictures show signs of black holes millions of light years away. And this one, a glimpse of stars being born. No wonder brown had thought wed found all our planets. So, now you think theres another pretty big planet out there . Mike brown yeah. I am pretty dead certain that its out there. Whitaker what makes you think that . Mike brown as we were studying these objects out beyond neptune, pluto and the other objects in the kuiper belt, when you get to the most distant ones, they all look like theyre being pulled off in one direction. Whitaker and you think the thing thats pulling them is a big planet . Mike brown yes. Whitaker couldnt there be some other explanation . Mike brown we tried many different explanations, trying to prove that it wasnt a planet. Nothing. Nothing works. Konstantin batygin i am 100 convinced. Whitaker browns partner, konstantin batygin, a Planetary Science professor at cal tech, came up with this mathematical proof proof, he says, that planet nine is pulling those remote objects in similar oblong orbits. It looks like mathematical gibberish to our untrained eye, but batygin told us his equation melds ten accepted formulas, and, when coupled with more than 8,000 lines of computer code, it describes planet nines orbit. So, he says, he doesnt have to see it to know it exists. Batygin the mathematics proves it. And its like being, you know, downtown and hearing an ambulance a few streets away. You havent seen it, but your other senses provide you with the information that really this ambulance is really there. Here, instead of hearing it, you see it in the math. Whitaker this is a roadmap to planet nine . Batygin exactly. This, in the end, tells you where to look on the sky. Whitaker to speed up the search, batygin and brown published their roadmap so other astronomers could join the hunt. Foremost among them is Scott Sheppard of the carnegie institution. It was sheppard who first spotted the odd orbits in the kuiper belt that led mike brown to conclude theres a huge planet out there. Now, shepphard, like brown, compares the pictures taken on consecutive nights, hoping to spot planet nine. Scott sheppard we just found some more small objects, very far in the solar system, that continue the trend that there should be a planet nine out there. Whitaker is it important to you whether you are the first to find it or another astronomer finds it . Sheppard itd be great to be the first one to find it. It is a race. Theres a lot of people looking for it. But, just to have it found is. Is what we want. Whitaker when do you think we might actually identify, spot planet nine . Mike brown i think that within three years, we will be able to cover that swath of sky that that we need to cover. Whitaker is this giant planet nine the last planet well find in our solar system . Or is there a planet ten . Mike brown is there a planet ten . Yeah, we dont know. Planet nine is already far enough away that it requires the biggest telescopes we have to find it. Planet ten is even further. Planet nine is our generations planet. Its the perfect planet to find right now. Planet ten, this is when i talk to kids, i tell them, planet ten, its yours. Go. Go find it. Im adam zuker with this cbs sports update presented by the lincoln motor company. The a. F. C. Wild card game was Police Department today, pittsburgh defeating miami 3012, advancing to the divisional playoffs next week. So next saturday night on cbs, new england will host houston, a team they beat 270 in week three. Pittsburgh will play at kansas city. Pittsburgh won their week four meeting 4314. For more sports news and information, go to cbssports. Com. If youre gonna make an entrance. [car driving upon the water] i have agerelated maculare degeneration, amd, he told me to look at this grid every day. And we came up with a plan to help reduce my risk of progression, including Preservision Areds 2. My doctor said Preservision Areds 2 has the exact nutrient formula the National Eye Institute recommends to help reduce the risk of progression of moderate to advanced amd after 15 years of clinical studies. Preservision areds 2. Because my eyes are everything. Do you know how your you might be surprised. Stimulant laxatives. 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Whitaker in the mail this week, we heard from viewers about our investigation into the surge in murder and Violent Crime in chicago. Last year, 762 people were murdered, over 4,300 shot. Thats more than los angeles and new york combined. After the Chicago Police shooting of a young black man, laquan mcdonald, and the outcry and investigations that followed, Department Statistics show an 80 drop in routine Investigative Police stops while murder and Violent Crimes soared. Im bill whitaker. Well be back next week with another edition of 60 minutes. [ female announcer ] the magic begins when jif fresh roasts peanuts to make Peanut Butter so deliciously creamy. It can even bring a kid out of her shell. Thats why choosy moms choose jif. It can even bring a kid out of her shell. But with this usp seal i know seaexactlyap. Whats in my nature made gummies. Nature made has the first gummy certified by usp. A Non Profit Organization that sets purity and potency standards. indistinct crowd conversations councilman good morning. Today we celebrate the new los angeles. applause and cheering this generation, our generation. We held our phones in our hands and we thought, by using social media, we were making a difference. We became addicts, getting high off the followers. And we all know what jay said you can do with your hashtags and retweets. laughing and applause but you. You were the ones who put down your phones, got into the streets and met your neighbors, cleaned the beaches and the parks. You fed your brothers and sisters who did not have the means to feed themselves. You made l. A. More beautiful