Talks focusing on migration the encounter in Paris follows a recent spat over Italy's refusal to accept the migrant rescue ship Aquarius he was Cofield reports though the handshakes and smiles at the Elysee today no one can hide from the bitterness of this week's exchanges which began when President macron accused Italy of cynicism for failing to take in the Aquarius a spokesman of the president's political party went even further saying that Italy's policy made him void Italy's new government responded by calling in the French ambassador and canceling a meeting of the 2 countries finance ministers at the heart of the round lies the feeling that France is being hypocritical preaching to other European countries about the need to act in a humanitarian fashion but itself bearing less than its share of the migrant burden a new report in India suggests the country is suffering from what it calls the worst water crisis in its history released by a government think tank The report also predicts that the shortage of water will steadily worsen in the coming years human giving reports the report suggests that every year about 200000 people die in India because they lack adequate access to clean water groundwater is being used up at an unsustainable rate it says and as much as 70 percent of India's care and water supply is contaminated it predicts that by the year 2030 the demand for clean water could be double the available supply it calls on officials to wake up to the crisis and take urgent action such as improving the harvesting and management of water China has promised it will respond quickly to protect itself if the United States hurts his interests the warning by a firm ministry spokesman comes as President Trump prepares to unveil a 2nd list of Chinese imports that will be targeted with a round 50000000000 dollars of tariffs President Trump 1st announced the tariffs in March you're listening to World News from the b.b.c. . The defense ministers of South Korea and the United States have discussed the future of their annual joint military drills often called war games President Trump announced a surprise end to the exercises after his meeting on Tuesday with the leader of North Korea Kim Jong un he said the military drills were provocative North Korea has always condemned them as acts of aggression after more than 8 months of stalemate in the Czech Republic the Cental or Social Democrats are expected to announce later on Friday that they'll form a coalition government with the largest centrist group the I know led by under a Babbage became the largest party in parliament in elections last October the failed to secure a majority the United States has won the Syrian government not to launch a planned offensive in southern Syria the State Department said the u.s. Would take what he called firm and appropriate measures in response to violations by the Syrian government of the deescalation zones the region which is close to Syria's borders with Jordan and Israel remains outside the control of the state following 7 years of conflict the issues of the renowned theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking will be buried today in London's Westminster Abbey alongside other distinguished names of British science politics and culture Victoria Gill reports Professor Hawking has family and friends from the world of science politics film and television will gather to remember one of the world's most famous scientists as Professor Hawking ashes are in Ted his equally famous synthesized voice will feature in especially composed piece of music by Frank Ellis that will be beamed towards the nearest black hole from a large European Space Agency satellite dish in Spain Professor workings final resting place in the Navy at the Abbey will be close to that of Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton a place that the dean of Westminster has described as entirely fitting the Tory a gale and that's the b.b.c. News. Welcome to hard to work on the b.b.c. World Service with me they now are we the new Ethiopian government is making dramatic reforms in the country the state of emergency has been lifted the military and intelligence chiefs have been replaced and opposition politicians have been released on mass from prison it's all part of a response to antigovernment protests that broke out in $2151.00 of those released is. A prominent opposition leader from an organization called. 7 he'd been on death row in an Ethiopian jail for years well now he's back in London where his family live will his group renounce violence and will he go back to Ethiopia to help build the country's future and joins me now welcome to heart talk to you for having me so you were at the airport in Yemen in 2414 and then you arrested and taken to Ethiopia you were on route to Eritrea where your space just tell us briefly what happened. As you said I was the transit and I have a feeling you know sort of the some of. The knowledge that I was. In Yemen and maybe they used to be very corrupt. Yemenis intelligence officers probably paid them a lot of money I believe and they just took me out of a waiting cord and pasta me to your intelligence officers that came about 6 hours later you know they kept me in India at the airport and in some little group and then when the intelligence officers came there were 4 of the undercover mean to the back and use the heavy duty type you know Silvertip to take to my eyes and my balls and they put a sock and took me to a waiting plane just didn't know what I was they were taking me but that must have been very painful to have thick tape right across your eyes in their mouth especially the year when they uncuffed we would use you to hunt said the buck that's very very painful and he does the way that he spoke to me to you so you ended up in an Ethiopian jail it's not appropriate. It's just. You have. No windows or nothing it's just a small hole near the t.v. And I was kept there for about a year and a months until I was taken to the drug prison in the prison when as a leader of this opposition group 7 you being sentenced in absentia 2012 to death so how were you treated in prison you obviously a very very valuable opposition figure for he with orses. Well initially for about 5 days in fact they didn't remove the undercover they just kept the handcuffs for 5 whole days and it's more or less I didn't see it because you know with your hunch that the buck doesn't matter if it was in the front so that was. You know I prefer that the time you took to be shot because the pain was so much and what about the tape when they do their job and. They changed my legs and. That went on for 4 years but but. They brought it to the front and that was good for a month but the chains on made it work for 3 months. But until I saw the British ambassador after a month or quarter or half and I was into what would be my fate because I thought that would just show it to me and I didn't know what I was what really you thought that you might just be executed and just dump me somewhere so although you are an Ethiopian opposition figure you actually have a British passport and hence that's why you mention the British ambassador but your wife says that the British authorities at the time were not actually that helpful she says I would have thought that the u.k. Would have clarity on this issue and actually say yes this is wrong that you've been abducted and kept in prison like this where they were they helpful. Words there's a little bit of difference really it was. Because she's under so much pleasure and she was demanding a lot of it but for me the size of a British composite just by itself was a relief because that was the time I became certain that they would not take drastic measures so I knew you would know the outside world and knew where I was so it was a real British help yeah that was the beginning and the day they did to. Help me in because I had nothing really she was just in solitary confinement so they demanded always always good. The number of problems and the demand. Of seen by a doctor or a medical person if they did you know especially once I was out of the security and transferred to a different prison the. What they what they could because even if you're of the Ethiopian government you know what you mean they did what they could because the nature of the government you know sometimes in the country said we have you have dictators surrounding nations you push them you know sometimes and you could bike fire you know so with the you know very gentle diplomacy and what I needed really most was a contact to the outside world and the. Books really to read because I was I was on my own for years in prison and then at the end of May you were released when thousands of prisoners many of them political prisoners were released by the new prime minister Abu Ahmed you've been involved in politics so interested in politics for a very long time right from the early ninety's after the fall of Mengistu and in 2005 you went back to Ethiopia from person and involved in politics but then you were arrested kept in prison for a month and you came back to the u.k. But look here you are a major Ethiopian opposition figure you can have your nationality because the Ethiopians dental out that is for the convenient for you isn't it just when things get a bit rough you suddenly just you can just come back to the United Kingdom world I mean you know if things were really. Normal I mean I would have preferred to leave through to work and get in a country where I could contribute a lot you know but the this is the way things are so when it does help because there were there were lots of opposition to this who didn't have the luxury of a British passports who had a really tough time staying in the country trying to change things from within but the really. From the abduction. You know. But it does it does help President and in 2008 in exile you formed the patio step in this opposition group you're the secretary general of it did you have a clear vision and ideology beyond just opposing the government of Medicine our way and then in 2012 after he died of Haile Mariam to signing Yeah in fact. More than any political group here in history it is this organization that has a very clear vision a regime is based on the outcome of the 2040 looks in the election was rigged you know I mean we believe the opposition wanted to but but but this government stayed using power really. Stayed in power using his army and his security forces and the opposition went to 22 courts in fact in the quarter were filled with political cutters of the ruling parties who didn't get any and the result that we tried to take the case to the streets but I do want to stress and was banned and then then we really reflected you know what was the problem with that election and why not really the grievances of the people of North East then then we came to a conclusion well unless you have independent organization independent institutions that would make really democracy functional in a country like there was no point really going into elections so our objective became just taking power fighting for power or to to to make sure that elections are conducted fairly and and a winner takes power civilly gamebox 7 was also committed to achieving its objectives that you've just outlined by any means you've said and hearing 22 of your party supporters said that they wanted to consider all possible me. It's not the prime minister medicine are we from power fall into popular forces to overthrow the tribal and despotic regime through an own struggle some of the supporters the game sevens that that's an armed struggle is fundamental to your means Nope because in. Order for the the the guys with that formidable servant had the history that has really caused so much pain and lost by the loss of brother Ben that the army cheered when. His sister who was 20 a student was a classmate so we were very reluctant really to to really are with the resistance or while really because the. Head of Foreign Affairs pick him up and he's based in the United States told how to walk on the 9th of April this year in many parts of Ethiopia we are active our movement works not only through armed struggle but also part of civil disobedience so we espouse not of any an armed struggle but we embrace all forms of struggle including civil disobedience that is what he says yes you know using force is part of your world if if you look into what happened during the 2005 election really the the the. The terror of that was conducted by the by the by the regime in power model is really. Into was a position where. The moral right to engage in any form of struggle in fact you know since we declared we never fired a single political. In $24.00 of you are found guilty with $22.00 of $22.00 acts of attempted terrorism carried out inside Ethiopia and it is said that 7 actually claim major attacks in northern Ethiopia in March 27000 separate attacks in North cond also. In a horror regional state also you May 26th in the southern district of. Where 7 killed 20 soldiers and injured 50 and. The chairman of game box 70 organizations that this is an indication of the beginning of the fight in all directions in areas of the country so you do carry out attacks inside you know it's really this probably you know I was in prison but I can tell you as an organization. I don't think has fired a single pollutant Why would your colleague your co-leader better handle neck and say Maybe he's referring to the total resistance that took place in all these areas but you have not heard about killing 20 soldiers and injuring 50 not at all I was in Brazil. Completely completely denied of a need for working for I don't even exist really for the government. I just assume you know and since I go to alt nobody informed me in fact if it was really an organization that took this measures I would have known about it but I believe in fact there was a countrywide resistance and apos part of the resistance that a number of groups who could really take it mean but. Is still technically. Banned because it was seen as a terror organization that much you must know. Who is a terrorist in Ethiopia is it a regime to put 70000 opposition supporters in 15 days after the. Police force a terrorist you know this is a government that killed over a 1000 protesters and put all parliament elected parliamentarians into prison and the state in poll using terror and we you morally are sort of really there are more rights rather than really didn't get it went into. Use violence so when you read nonce violence now. I mean you know if the situation in Egypt is developing the way it is there will be no you know very favorable sort of. Politics in a very civil peaceful way and if we are convinced that in fact we would definitely do it because we were very reluctant in fact you know we were pushed into it it's where you are you'll notice there is no question we have to engage with the government and. There is a process but there is no question that will be very eager in fact very eager because it is not it's not good for a country like Ethiopia it's is a very complex and very sensitive country did this issue come up when you had a 90 minute face to face conversation with the new prime minister Abu Ahmed on your release still do you say to him we are all going to renounce violence Mr Prime Minister differently he didn't ask me but the discussion covered a lot of issues and he. You know. He knows us as world force for some reason what sort of individuals that we are in the form of people so when he's got a very great confidence in fact in the way we would to handle the fact that you said if you say he was not banning you were you still did he tell you did you ask if you could be on band I didn't ask him there were a number of for but I'm sure he's going to do it very soon because he has taken a measure in giving really the right for 100 to be turned around and get your money and does your story 20 people and all number of other opposition leaders of course is based in Eritrea 7 is in every trade of course in Ethiopia have had very very bad relations to put it mildly for many many years for sure very difficult war for 30 years in $80000.00 on both sides in a total died so. Do you think it was wise to be based in Eritrea or still to be based in Eritrea will not return or will have a very good relationship with the retailer a few members with. The order of organisation is basically here and. In the dark support but our relationship with Eritrea is not really based on short term gain just really for the sake of really getting assistance to fight struggle against the current government in fact in my view about. Convincing the current prime minister to take the measure he's taken in fact you know what is your view I mean you've met after work either a long time leader of Eritrea is this the man you think that I could do business with I think they can can do get there a lot of things that outside world it is biased or doesn't know about their experience I believe you know I strongly believe of course there are some issues but they would. Have a feeling that there is going to be peace between you and and a very close relationship in all in all aspects as well without being said you mention for an hour and a half what kind of used to discuss one issue is what you would do you know all the different measures you would take in order to convince the opposition groups and leaders convince you that this is somebody you can trust yeah you did hear a lot what was the personal chemistry like between you and the new prime minister. When he told me that there was a lot of resistance within his party that. That should not be released you know that but he said. He said to the ruling party he would resign or I would be released he gave that sort of choice that's what he told me and I was surprised really you know that he raised the stakes that high for my released. And that was the beginning of our relationship I think so the prime minister actually put his job on the line and threatened to resign unless you were released there to those who are exactly his words. And I believe him as well because I knew how much resistance he would within within his party there are individuals or groups within his party that had my guts he has made very very dramatic changes I mean our wall Alan Ethiopian analysts a key university in the u.k. Says out these appointment has led to moves of tectonic proportions almost revolutionary at the office the best chance for the kind of change that people are calling for change there in the military and intelligence chiefs things liberalizing the economy and so you know more investment can come in I mean all sorts of things really opposition figures such as you I mean he doesn't for the best chance isn't he cannot come in through the measures he has taken on the economy because I'm not an economist to but the. Topic. Or thing is political once you see certain degree of the political problems in Egypt. It is easy to solve the economy can social problems so in the political front what he's taken is very encouraging but the there are a number of things as well that should be done you know is taking replacing the security chief or the army chief is one thing but to change you know the institutions these 2 institutions to an impartial institutions that all people of position. All political groups is another thing that there is work to be done the one big challenge for any leader including you in your opposition is to appeal to all Ethiopians your family I'm horrid people for about 27 percent of the population in Ethiopia and fact of the matter is even though you say we offer all Ethiopians your support base is largely still. Just as the new prime minister Abu Ahmed is from the Romo and they form about 34 percent of the population and again he's got a lot of supporters among the aroma How can you. Appeal to Ethiopians of all tribal backgrounds I mean give. Maybe the rank and file members could be probably no more tomorrow you could admit but they tire leadership if you're a modest program just like the chairman but you just admitted that most of your supporters often am however it isn't a stupid idea it is an. Ethnic system Well yes I mean in the country but as an organization we are trapped quite a lot of people from different ethnic groups and we have to work. To make it more multi-ethnic more multinational as we put it in Ethiopia but it is a problem it is it doesn't look we've just seen the early action of a new national movement of I'm Harra that shows you that ethnic identity is still very important for the ticks as been entrenched now for 27 years and that's one of the major problems the current prime minister is would be 1st in but but the way he's going about it is towards really solving this problem of. Problem and creating a unified country want to sure insisted the prime minister give you that you would be welcome in Ethiopia. He demanded in fact that I shouldn't go to England as as fast as I because I met him and the very very evening that I meet him or the living so it was not up he could stay and and he wouldn't see gives you this person but we wanted to be. A sort of assurance based on. The situations. The goodwill of our problem is that is one thing but but you don't. No what the person within the security services or the person could do you know to a person and what do you want you to stay in Ethiopia to do to what companies will towards the join the governmental No no talk to different political groups those closer to him affiliated to him those. That came from abroad as well so he said you know that I should really take my time and discuss this is having a fix of a public consultation isn't he and he's appealing to opposition groups to return to take part in the political process so where do you elections that you in 2020 will you stand in those elections in work capacity or and I mean Michael is you know somehow British national in the load as into low in the Senate would you give up your British passport take it in. The way it would this is something that we have to see in the coming few We months or years time but. We cannot say not to do that when we go back. Well what I would finish discussing bitterly the appraising the. With my. Comrades because we need to have a very thorough discussion and come up with old road planning to hold this transition should you go finally do you feel like you want to be part of the efforts to build Ethiopia that has been. Our dream and vision in all throughout this not only me but those who serve and. They would love to do that provided the condition in Ethiopia is conducive. I've got to say thank you very much indeed for coming on holiday little down here for having like The Wire. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the us is made possible by American Public Media with support from condo or Airlines introducing a new nonstop service from Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport to Frankfurt Germany more information on Condor's 12 u.s. Gateways on Commodore dot com and from c 3 io t. Addressing the world's most challenging problems at the convergence of artificial intelligence io t. And elastic cloud computing more at c 3 I o t a I as a listener of k.b.s. You understand that public radio is very different from any other media either I'm John Decker I'm the director of programming here at k. P.b.s. Now you know that our values are to focus on the qualities of mind heart and craft not ratings and profit margins we dared to examine the issuers provide comprehensive analysis and cover elections in a way that few other broadcast outlets can your financial commitment to us provides the means to adhere to the highest journalism and production standards and to push ourselves to do even better your contribution makes a difference it helps keep public radio values on the air our fiscal year ends June 30th so please take a moment right now and call us with your support you'll be making sure that all the goals of the station are met and that k.p.s. Begins the next fiscal year in a strong financial position call 180-576-5727 or online at k. P.b.s. Dot org And thank you b.b.c. News with Jerry Smit Yemen says the Saudi led coalition has put on hold to the operation to retake the point of who data from who 3 rebels but local reports speak of continued as strikes the United Nations has warned against continuing the offensive. The leaders of France and Italy are meeting today following our kimonos exchanges over immigration policy Paris has criticized as irresponsible the refusal by Italy's new right wing government to accept more than 600 migrants rescued from the Mediterranean India is said to be in the middle of the worst water crisis in its history a government think tank estimates that about $200000.00 people die every year because they don't have access to clean Muhtar that the demand for an contaminated water is rising fast Amnesty International says a subsidiary of the Japanese Korean corporation gave to the Burmese military donations given to help the Ranger minority flaying a violent campaign by the authorities the company's says it's investigating the allegations about its But subsidiary. Beijing has warned that it would take countermeasures if the United States damages its interests with new tariffs President Trump is preparing a list of hundreds of Chinese products to be targeted. Turkey says its airstrikes killed more than 20 Kurdish militants in northern Iraq last year and Korea has said it will continue to target the area if Iraq can't push out the militants South Korea and the u.s. Have discussed the future of their joint military exercises after President Trump announce they'll be starved the move announced after talks with the North Korean leader has been criticized as a big concession the ashes of Stephen Hawking one of the world's best known theoretical physicists would a be interred in Westminster Abbey in London he will rest longside other greats of British science like Charles Darwin That's Isaac Newton b.b.c. News. Hello there I'm Ed Butler and welcome to business daily from the b.b.c. Coming up Shades of Grey the often unseen prejudice not just against black or Asian people but against those deemed too black your occupation is decided by the color of your skin and there is research making bears out this fact that. You are new you are in positions of relative disadvantage they call the phenomenon colorism picking on darker skinned individuals within black and Asian populations how aware are any of us about these biases we hold that work in life business daily from the b.b.c. . It was back in the early 20th century not long after Mexico's revolution that that country's leaders called for one unified Brahms' race of people a cosmic race they called it living happily without racial division it might have seemed a tall order even then with 10 percent of the country enjoying your peon ancestry that rests darker skinned Native Americans 100 years on it's clear it hasn't happened the tone of your skin effectively dictates all aspects of your opportunities in that country it seems the township recently went to a Mexican beauty pageant with a twist to learn how young women feel affected by. 20 young women adopting and estate and brightly colored traditional indigenous to. The day each is named after they carry elaborate full display of the world and don't pass. Roses and sunflowers sway at the women rhythmically in front of a crowd. This is left out of mass media and heat of a week long festival to crown the prettiest plough and then it may not like it quite. As contest. Explains it's much more than not you. Don't need to you don't just stand and look pretty This all has meaning from our sandals to our hairstyles to our skirts. It's been held every year in the south of Mexico City for over 2 centuries celebrating Mexico's indigenous and mixed ancestry in recent years it's become an unlikely forum for the empowerment of dockets skinned women by whomever do you know the judges grill participants on traditional cultural know how from farming techniques to folklore. Watching on from the sidelines. Is almost by bracing with pride. They. Did it with it is women have to be thin and that really contrasts with our reality we are brown which Sure but that doesn't mean we're not each morning like most of the candidates she's highly educated but deep sexism and racism in Mexico when all these brown skinned women face uphill battle securing decent jobs and paychecks. And knows this well as an indigenous woman herself she supports others at the semen de Beauvoir leadership institute a women's rights group. We only. This is idea that Indigenous people are lazy they're not trying but no one's thinking about all the structural issues of racism that limit your opportunities nearly 90 percent of the country's population is brown skinned but within that there's a hierarchy of color that's almost taken for granted one recent government study finally made things back. Even with darker skin or in low skilled jobs people with lighter skin color will towards the top of the pyramid nowhere is that more obvious the. Domestic workers. In the CIA come to Mexico's Domestic Workers Union where its leader my feeling about is chairing and lively me . She left her indigenous been a trend she was just 14 and became a live in maid in the capital mostly not immediately saw that her skin tone that her apart from her lighter skinned bosses 22 years on she still sees this every day but many try to compensate it includes had left him bad though and asked a copy to female bosses maybe 5 bleach my hair blonde and imitate not it's not because you want to but you think it's a way of elevating yourself and keeping a job within the me that that is the reality the contestants at the prettiest plough a pageant. But tonight the seizing this rap platform to speak their minds in front of hundreds of people waited late into the night to hear . Then you better than before I couldn't speak in front of 15 people without getting dizzy so I was like what's happening is that doesn't mean you don't yell or doesn't win the prize tonight but she walks away determined to keep challenging expectations for young women like. That as if it's a reporting so that's a snapshot for Mexico how does this trend towards favoring white skinned women and men express is of more widely around the world. Global artists like Beyonce Knowles may these days be symbols of black empowerment but even a father recently suggested that her relatively pale skin as a black woman had probably paid a big part in her rise to superstardom. Is a professor of human development at Connecticut University of the United States who studied the rise of this phenomenon around the world it's known as. Colorism while racism he says they typically be the be the expression of prejudice by one race against another colorism can come at you from your own ethnic group. In South Asia for example most Bollywood images that you see of Carolyn's and males they're all very light skinned. And even some foreign actresses of our British and part American have come in and found a way to get a role in the industry when they don't speak a word of Hindi for example because there's a kind of fetishizing nation on their white skin. In that part of the world continues on. I would say since the 1990 s. This is become global phenomena and aspiring for lightness are light skinned because that's when the global beauty industry took off which became really transnational So Brazil and China they were deeply impacted by it and that's very Eurocentric and that gets exported to many of these places you are occupation somewhat also gets decided by the color of your skin and those distinctions have any visible in the public culture if you were to take a train and if you walk on the role of who is lighter skinned and what kind of a position they have what access to wealth they have education whether you are from Asia or Latin America there is a good chance basically that if your skin is darker you're going to be economically worse off than if you have a populist Yes and there is research both and not America that African Americans research with South Asians and research in Brazil bears out this fact is colorism just as bad to say. Racism racism is an ideology or system that was created to apply to all areas of life education health care sports media colorism is a social value that's attached to particular scan so you may not be living in a racist society where everything is organized and segregated around race but yet colorism is an important feature it's a concept of beauty it's an idealization of beauty specially on white and 0 centric images but also what's called racial capital. So it's no longer just whiteness today but you also have someone in the even Let's take the example in the u.k. Are they making Marco biracial but at the same time it's a particular kind of biracial that he that's a desire that there is shades of lightness colorism in that sense is part and parcel of daily life in terms of entertainment media do you think that there is a it's a way almost of white population scaping the full implications of racism to co-opt pale skinned black people or people from an ethnic minority if you like to get around the full implications of the full meaning of the racial disparities that have existed in that cultures I mean that's one explanation you could give more closer to North America especially in the United States what you have is ethnic bridges individuals from South Asia from Latin x. Population who stand as bridges to whiteness they don't represent different shades of African American and racial tones They're very light in. Color and they're seen as basically standing in between whiteness and darker representations of beauty and so on to someone like Jennifer Lopez for example a very famous icon here in the Tina community it would sort of be a stand in these figures there co-opting in the sense the status quo really doesn't change do you think that the ethnic minority populations themselves have fully acknowledged the extent of this prejudice I think depends on what the ethnic minority population is in some cases there is internalized racism in within the communities for example within the Indian community as you know and take up any major newspaper and you would see ads for fair and lovely in no who are lighter skinned or within the Indian diaspora There is also an aspiration to have women from say back home and then who are lighter skinned and fair skinned and so on because that's equated with success and mobility and so on you know the way. That some professors so male passive on the b.b.c. World Service well for Darcus good people employees and others making yourself whiter has become big business I'm talking skin whitening creams here it's reckoned that as many as 3 quarters of Nigerian women for example use these creams regularly in 2017 the global skin whitening industry was worth some $5000000000.00 a year a figure that could double over the next decade mostly thanks to a growing Asian market and the aspiration to look quite isn't just for the sake of jobs or being deemed beautiful it's about all that's Jude's like trustworthiness a study of 12 finals and African-Americans recently demonstrated that lighter skinned black women even tend to receive shorter prison terms and the darker skin counterparts finding change isn't just about shifting basic at. To race the B.B.C.'s Daniel Gallus now reports from Brazil about entrepreneurial efforts there to get darker skinned faces into positions of power and authority Well this was I saw. What I want. This is an ad for a major hair beauty line starring actress. She's a very popular cinema and soap opera star and as you'd expect a big name in advertising in Brazil yet there's something a little unusual about seeing her fronting an ad campaign here and that's because she's black one of you mentioned I love my company in Brazil whenever you look at a nat the models are always then and white I never felt trapped Manchester called a particular. This is a young woman in her twenty's who started her own business a few years ago but she didn't want to just sell a product she wanted to address a problem but as you will find picky Brazil is a country of veiled racism I've had black female friends when they tried to get a job their employer gave them a voucher to go ahead they were supposed to get a half straightened to look white that's racism right that both of the houses were Saudi. I didn't really give you a business opportunity when she launched her online shop of African hair turbans her You Tube channel promotes African fashion is watched by hundreds of Brazilian women today she's exporting her turbans to Europe and. Most recent prices left millions unemployed and statistics show that black workers were twice as affected as white ones but some young entrepreneurs and now are fighting to change that. It is the brainchild of. Another vibrant young black intrapreneur who wants to change the way companies hire in Brazil. Because this can't is my autism if you look at statistics for Brazil's top 500 companies where 50 percent of apprentices a black but we never rise professionally only 6 percent in management are black and only 4.7 percent of executives yes in society with 50 percent that's structural racism and I work very hard every day to change that but of course h r consultancy impregnate after which would translate as employed Africans has been tackling the problem of racial inequality in the labor market amongst big corporations. Would Regas is the chief financial officer for more some 2 and one of the rare black executives in a top position in Brazil he says things are moving forward slowly but in the right direction we were not even talking about this topic than 15 years ago so I think the level of awareness that we have an issue I think is there the 2nd one is I see more companies interested in understanding really the value of diversity and the value of bringing this discussion to the table and the 3rd one I see companies starting to engage in this conversation is in having some quick wins but we still have a long path. Executive Mary Ciro Rodriguez ending that report from Brazil so answers to this colorism question it seems to represent a whole new layer of complexity doesn't it for big firms who might want to become more inclusive Professor Suneel but he says the 1st steps will be about changing popular images of skin tone and making us more aware of the depth of an unconscious bias unless and until you have a radical change in the storytellers and scripts that keep us remitted especially in media and advertisement and we one necessarily have some kind of an evolution when it comes to making this a just world where every body type every race is considered to be a valid and beautiful and so on things like the global beauty industry Miss Universe pageant industry the creams the pharmaceutical industry the media you need structural transformation I mean if I look at the businesses around the world there are many who strive to have a least a mix of racial representation within them but I can see it becoming inordinately complex if they're going to aspire to have a mix of skinned not just those different races but different skin type is represented let's say of board level it's not about just going out and measuring their it's basically saying that if this is an organization that stands in a reference to a larger society it should reflect the larger demographics of the country we are far far away from the fact that maybe we can go in and actually measure and get every skin type in every skin tone and every no that's not the idea the idea really is the principle of justice and inclusion and equity and full participation if you start from the principle of full participation you will get there eventually and it will become organic but there has to be 5 steps 1st steps a big mountain to climb to a professor. And that's business daily from the b.b.c. . The b c c.b.c. Period. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service and this week our history program witness is bringing you stories from its archives about Korea it was in 1994 that North Korea's founding communist leader Kim Il Sung died in 2014 poll shows spoke to Dr Antonio Betancourt of the Unification Church who was in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang during the outpouring of national grief it's the morning of July the 8994 and Colombian American Dr Antonio Betancourt of the Unification Church is in the North Korean capital Pyongyang waiting for an important meeting with communist officials like address I get ready for the meeting they're very formal and also they are very there's a plane in keep in schedules and I waited and waited and waited one hour and I want to happen to our Nothing happened and nobody will say anything and I began to suspect that something was happening something very big at some stage you decided I called this meeting isn't happening I'm off yeah they did send emissaries to tell me that the meeting was off they didn't tell me that Kim Il Sung had died but I didn't tell anyone that I didn't tell anyone I had my flight schedule ready to leave the country that day and so I just follow my schedule arrive in Beijing and there were people greeted me there from the North Korean embassy and they're the ones who brought the nearest to me and they're the ones who say Please don't leave please go back why did they want you to go back to Pyongyang because I was invited to be part of the very small American delegation that will be invited to the morning a funeral. That afternoon North Korea's President Kim Il Sung has died of a heart attack at the age of $82.00 Kim Il Sung was the last dollar raised the last holdout in the grisly club of communist dictators. Put into my style and at the end of the 2nd World War the announcement of the death was made in motion only on North Korean television. And to me in the in the in Pyongyang the histrionic displays give a flavor of the bizarre world Kim Il Sung built. He was pandemonium everybody is how ling Everybody's crying everybody is in total absolute desolation and expand that on the national level expand that wherever you look left right and lower anywhere you look you will see these scenes of mourning d d sadness and g.n. When tears because they were basically program since childhood to believe in the goodness of this figure and they never felt that he will ever die it sounds like they almost feel that a deity a god for them I just I mean it was not almost it was however the North Koreans are not invent their worship of a man of God Those comes from ancient traditions of absolutism when you take the rock under the people on the floor collapses what you find is scarce is that there is this period of time in which people feel totally in secure and then there is a competition to mourn who can more and more who can cry the loudest. You. See and it was genuine but it was a genuine theatrical social that they outrigger was there I will not deny why because people wear our cash them to exaggerate things for the sake of protecting their status whether it is the lively food whether it is their food tomorrow their salary or their position they have to exaggerate their love their loyalty their agreement with the ideology or whatever. You would hear. This morning music with particular know it's repeated all over and over and over time. Thought in and out it out. On the gong which makes people if their saw member it makes it more side that was what was being played on the radio played on the radio played on t.v. And is played on the big speakers in public buildings and schools and so for universities anywhere you went with there were public speakers you would find his music I mean that was just during the day wasn't day and night 24 hours a day never I was it was just an idea it was just this side of music. The soundtrack to Antonia Betancourt's previous visits to Pyongyang have been very different my. God comes he is the Unification church of Reverend Moon being trying to encourage dialogue between people Yang on the one hand and soul and Washington d.c. On the other as part of that efforts Dr Betancourt had met Kim Il Sung 5 times I 1st encountered taking place at the so-called great leaders Beth Day celebrations in 1991 he had a very strong shaking hand is like he wanted to make you feel I'm your friend that's quite a skill isn't it that's a political skill I've saluted it's what you find in messianic 3 years bad Mezei as good messiahs they have this kind of this kind of believe that they're absolutely right describe the whole For me it was quite a lavish affair was that it was a very live is a fair word about oh my goodness probably 1315 different courses it was like being in the court of a king were very high you had to get Did you build up any kind of report with him what did you. Talking about what did he Jack give his song was basically what you call a renaissance man who could talk about anything such as if you could talk about the best philosophers the best painters on the best poets from pushing you know from Russia or from Germany from in from Europe and then he could give you the conversation develops into say fishing you could talk about fishing on who would know what kind of fishes are in Alaska or he could talk about the Middle East he could talk about the Koran he could talk about religion or talk about Jesus and so for he had such a deep psychological understanding of human nature that he knew the person who was in front of him and he made you feel relaxed and comfortable Yeah he couple times he called his son. In just over 3 years later and 28 was going back to Kim Il Sung's home this time to view his body lying in state the president of the palace who became basically the most Liam the flowers I don't know where they get so many flowers but there were just millions of flowers and their arrangements were absolute this county and there's a long corridor goes on then you go the steps and there's another Korea going on there's a motor steps and they follow basically the experience of the Chinese and the Russians in having mile of Lenin in a state of constant refrigerator you know that is there looks like a life but it's not you'd only met him a short time and and you believe in his ability to change his country for the bats are what emotions went for your head looking at him lying there dead mixed feelings you know the one is that you do feel as a human being for other people his son in fire he lost his father there was a feeling of being in the presence of one figure that changed history Northeast Asia and also there was a feeling of participating in something that will never repeat itself. And something similar to Lenin and now where in the state how will you remember Kim Il Sung How should the world remember Kim Il Sung I personally I consider him and I know the times I'm on just like good lending just like stalling just like Joe said scoop just like what you mean on my own people who sincerely believe in their ideology and they were wrong because I am a democrat I am a devout Democrat I'm a devout believer in the democratic system and the rule of law as we know it from our ancestors up to Antonio Betancourt's continues to campaign for peace on behalf of the global unification movement from his base in Washington d.c. . That was bullshit who spoke to Dr Antonio Betancourt for witness in 2014 will follow reaction to the Justice Department report criticizing James Komi and we'll hear about another report done for the n.f.l. Players Association 100 mystic violence in pro football that study still secret we turn that report in 2 years ago now and it has sat on a shelf ever since we'll hear from the co-author Saturday and Weekend Edition from n.p.r. News. Saturday morning 7 to 9 am on tape T.V.'s were news matters another way to support the k p.b.s. Mission is through corporate support for more information call 619-594-5715 or e-mail corporate support at k. P.b.s. Dot org Thanks Did you miss the last n.p.r. News update here the latest newscast updated every hour just ask your smart speaker to play the latest news from n.p.r. News in Washington I'm Lakshmi saying You're listening to k. P.b.s. San Diego k 206 AC Loya and k.q. Vo Calexico. 10 am in London 5 am in Washington midday in Nairobi this is Dan Damon at the b.b.c. . The Italian prime minister and the French president are meeting in Paris off today.