Maine Senator Susan Collins says she won't be project prejudging the case I have not bait up my mind and I think of would be inappropriate for me to have made up my mind but for I hear the presentations from both sides Collins is a moderate Republican one of a closely watched few who have broken ranks on key votes in the past in a blistering letter to House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi today Trump condemned the impeachment process calling it a perversion of justice and abuse of power and part of a Democratic effort to remove him from office the House of Representatives has approved a 1.4 trillion dollar spending package to keep the government funded N.P.R.'s Claudio go Salish reports the measures were approved along a bipartisan vote House lawmakers approved 2 massive spending bills to fund the government through September 2020 the government is operating off a temporary funding measure that runs out of money Friday night the Senate is now poised to vote on the measures later this week President Trump has previously threatened to veto spending measures but White House advisor Kellyanne Conway said the legislation should become law the president is poised to sign in to keep the government open President Trump must sign the measures by Friday at midnight to avert a government shutdown clouding the Senate's n.p.r. News the Capitol u.s. Employers were throwing up help wanted signs in October pointing to continued strength in the job market Labor Department reporting today the number of available positions rose by just over 3 percent to 7300000 for almost a year now it's been easier for people to want to job to find one with more job postings than unemployed people stocks gain ground today the Dow up 31 points this is n.p.r. . Automaker Ford says it will add $3000.00 jobs at 2 of its Detroit factories the company also saying it will invest $1450000000.00 to build new pickup trucks S.U.V.s and electric and autonomous vehicles Ford says about $750000000.00 will go towards its Michigan assembly plant in the Detroit suburb of Wayne another $700000000.00 be invested in the company's Dearborn Michigan facility. Vice President Joe Biden's campaign today released a summary of his health as N.P.R.'s Richard Harris reports his doctor says he is fit to be president the most notable health issue for the 77 year old vice president dates back to more than 30 years ago when he had a burst blood vessel in his brain it was treated successfully and the problem hasn't recurring The report says Biden also has an irregular heartbeat though his doctor says it doesn't require treatment the former vice president does take a blood thinner because his heart condition increases the risk of blood clots he also takes a staten to keep his cholesterol levels low Biden does not use tobacco products or drink any alcohol the report says and the report asserts that he is $3507.00 inch shy of 6 feet tall Richard Harris n.p.r. News and the analysis shows accidental overdoses are responsible for 90 percent of all u.s. Opioid related deaths report out today showing opioid suicides account for far fewer of the deaths and previously thought Researchers blame rising use of heroin in the highly potent drug fentanyl for many of the accidental overdose deaths the opioid death rate has risen 9 fold between $22017.00 the latest year statistics are available I'm Jack Speer n.p.r. News support for n.p.r. Comes from n.p.r. Stations other contributors include the n.p.r. Shop where visitors can browse Public Radio nerd mugs totes teas and other n.p.r. Gear at n.p.r. Shop dot org And listeners like you who donate say this is n.p.r. Station. It's All Things Considered from n.p.r. News I'm Audie Cornish and I'm Ari Shapiro all of Washington is focused on the expected House vote on impeachment tomorrow President Trump was asked about it earlier today I really appreciate the work you have and I'm 19 and looking say I hopes the whole impeachment thing is a hoax and we look forward to getting on to the Senate we're not entitled to lawyers we're not entitled to a witness is we're not entitled to anything in the house it's a totally sham while the president had a few more things to say about impeachment he wrote a 6 page letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi blasting the proceedings you are declaring open war on American democracy Trump wrote national political correspondent Mara Liasson is at the White House and joins us now to talk about this letter Hi Mara Hi Ari This letter is full of exclamation points and supposed to vhs Why did the president write it he wrote it I think to get a lot of things off his chest he is hopping mad about impeachment he's very upset about it even though he has said that he's going to benefit politically by it this letter kind of reads like a 6 page tweet but he didn't take to Twitter he wanted to put this in a more formal format and he put you're not a White House that has had horrible record in his or her record now people can read what he said that this shouldn't happen to another president he said more due process was afforded to those accused in the Salem witch trials again he called the impeachment process a coup he said he did nothing wrong he complained about a long laundry dissed of what of what long laundry list of what he called the ranged and radical far left Democrats he named Maxine Waters and Adam Schiff he said the Democrats have never gotten over losing the 2016 election he says they'll pay the price in 2020 he said You are the ones interfering in America's elections you're the one subverting Americans democracy you're the ones obstructing justice you're the ones bringing pain and suffering to our republic for your own selfish personal political and partisan gain it's kind of like I'm rubber you're glue this was a fairy long angry scream and some familiar argue. That's one that really stood out is that he criticizes Democrats and Speaker Nancy Pelosi specifically for describing the proceedings as prayerful What do you make out of line of attack this is clearly gotten under his skin he said you are offending Americans of faith by continuing Lisa continually saying I pray for the president of course Nancy Pelosi is a devout Catholic he says when you know the statement is not true unless it's meant in a negative sense it's a terrible thing you're doing but you'll have to live with it not I And later in the letter he also he takes up the same theme he says perhaps most insulting of all is your false display of solemnity you expect the American people to believe that you're approaching this impeachment somberly reservedly and reluctantly and what's so interesting is that Nancy Pelosi has gone about this in a very somber manner there's no reporting that behind the scenes she is gleeful or gloating about impeaching the president and this really really offended him you could almost hear him shouting as you read the letter or how does this compare to the way President Clinton handled impeachment some 20 years ago well behind the scenes President Clinton was also hopping mad and he vented plenty but he did have a different model a different plan he showed every day that he was demonstrating he was he would demonstrate that he was working on the country's business he said I'm going to not let impeachment distract me I'm out here doing what the people sent me here to do so that was his method he didn't want to let the country know that he was really see them about it even though he was quite angry in private and President Trump acts like impeachment is all he has on his mind even though he's on the cusp of getting approval for his u.s.m.c. a Trade deal he got approval for the Space Force the White House has tried to showcase his other work in his victories but he doesn't seem to want to participate there is one paragraph in the letter where he lists all those things in a 6 pages but yes he does setting aside the letter where are we in this process what happens next well the House is meeting today to do. Determine the rules of the debate which will happen tomorrow on the floor there's not a lot of suspense about the votes the Democrats have the votes to impeach the president we don't expect any Republicans to cross over and vote yes the only question is how many Democrats will vote no we have seen a parade of Democrats from districts that voted for Trump in 2016 come out and say they will vote in favor of impeachment and that is a but big political risk it could cost them their jobs and then it moves to the Senate trial is that also a foregone conclusion I think that the president will be acquitted that's a foregone conclusion Majority Leader McConnell rejected Democratic leadership Murs request for witnesses in the past rumor McConnell has said that calling witnesses mutually assured destruction sounds like it'll be a 2 approximately 2 week trial in the Senate with no witnesses and even though the president wanted Hunter Biden and Joe Biden and Adam Schiff to testify he's going to let McConnell make the decision and P.R.'s Mara Liasson at the White House thank you thank you Pope Francis has ordered big changes in how the Catholic Church deals with clerical sex abuse of children he's a string in more transparency by lifting what's known as the rule of pontifical secrecy some churches have invoked that rule in denying victims and law enforcement access to information about their cases N.P.R.'s Sylvia Poggioli reports on this and the other announcements Francis made today. Today's announcement was welcomed by many survivors of sex abuse and their advocates Marie Collins abused by a priest as a child in her native Ireland had resigned in 2017 in frustration from a papal commission on abuse because of what she did now nst as Vatican resistance today she held the reform tweeting excellent news at last a real and positive change and Barrett Doyle co-director of the abuse documentation website vision of Accountability dot org said the pope has taken an overdue and desperately needed step as sex abuse scandals rocked the Catholic Church over the last few decades there has been mounting criticism the pontifical secrecy was used to protect pedophiles silence victims and prevent law enforcement from investigations Meanwhile from Chile to France to the United States and Australia law enforcement officials have begun to convict not only abusive priests but also bishops who failed to report them in accordance with the pope's ruling from now on information on abuse cases must be protected by church leaders to ensure its security and integrity but the high degree of confidentiality imposed by pontifical secrecy no longer applies Archbishop Charles she Clune of the Vatican's top sex abuse investigator hailed the move as an ethical decision in transparency he told Vatican Media that Pope Francis is lifting of the secrecy seal opens up avid use of communication with victims and facilitates collaboration with civilian authorities in another ruling Pope Francis raised from 14 to 18 the age that pictures of individuals can be considered child pornography for purposes of sexual gratification by whatever means or using whatever technology and into 3rd move today the pope accepted the resignation of his ambassador to France who has been accused of sexual misconduct so. Jolie n.p.r. News Rome black and Hispanic Americans are especially vulnerable to all timers but these groups are often under-represented in scientific studies of the disease N.P.R.'s Jon Hamilton says scientists are trying new ways to diversify their research scientists often look for study volunteers at clinics or medical centers but a team from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland is trying something different . On this Sunday morning they've come to a fundraising walk organized by the local chapter of the old timers Association well get everybody out there everybody knowing before the walk begins the crowd gets a pep talk from Representative Stephanie Howes she's African-American she also takes care of her mother who has dementia some days had been hard right here right but there are we've been having a lot of great days a lot of good memories a diverse crowd of about 4000 people have shown up and the ones who stopped by the vendor tables are likely to meet a Cummings one of 2 Research Associates from the medical school at Case Western So when they think their families and I know already them people with early onset it's a genetic that is Cummings explains that the goal is to find genes that contribute to memory loss especially genes that might be different in African-Americans and Hispanics it is just a more information about our study if you are to be so they are funny and then feel free to take anything out on you Ok if I'm right thank you for coming says despite the big crowd the study is a tough sell so far no one has signed up for we're hoping that will get a few names today the recruiting effort in Cleveland is part of a nationwide strategy funded by the National Institute on Aging Jonathan Haynes a professor at Case Western says diversifying research studies is the best way to answer some outstanding questions about race ethnicity and Alzheimers historically we have not been looking at a lot of the diverse populations and so there's some evidence that it's different in different Poppy. But there's a lot that we still need to learn so Haynes and other researchers are asking minority communities for help we actually need to have thousands and thousands of individuals participate in these studies to really understand the genetics of Alzheimer's disease the university is trying to make it easy to participate people who sign up can even ask to have a researcher visit their home to collect blood samples and health information but Haynes says in minority communities it's about more than convenience one of the concerns that we often deal with is an issue of trust trust in doctors and medical institutions and the good intentions of researchers that often requires building a relationship and again says talking to people at an all time as well is one way to start. Today's walkers include many African-Americans one is Robert Smith whose aunt has all timers I've been up since 230 this morning and I ran over here to make sure I made the event Smith says he's no fan of doctor visits but would consider signing up Lauren Alzheimers Study Yeah absolutely if they may help find a cure I'm all for receipt of Brantley has a grandfather who died with all timers and family works in the dementia unit of a retirement home so I ask if she's interested in joining the genetic study at Case Western Well yes because I would want to know if if this is genetic you know it is in my do you know will it be passed down again what I would do if I was asked in Case Western researchers were able to sign up for people for their study before the walk was over Jon Hamilton n.p.r. Support for n.p.r. Comes from this station and from t.i.a. Committed to the idea that while most things in life run out from clean shirts in the morning to a favorite dessert at night lifetime income in retirement shouldn't learn more it t.i.a. Dot org slash never run out and from c 3 dot a i c 3 dot a I's software enables organizations to use artificial intelligence at enterprise scale solving previously unsolvable business problems learn more it see 3 dot a I. This is All Things Considered from n.p.r. News I'm Ari Shapiro And I'm Audie Cornish there's a common but little known form of solitary confinement called Double selling to men often violent men get placed in a tiny cell together for at least 23 hours a day and 2016 n.p.r. In the Marshall Project examine the violence that results prisoners attack sometimes killed their cell mates today we follow up with one man who had major injuries it's now up to his family to do the hard work of caring for him N.P.R.'s Joseph Shapiro reports. That when Chuck almost prison sentence ended last year he came home to his mother's cozy house and Shelton Washington and that's where I went to meet him we do guy who never have. Chuck comas but to apologize for the way his body is shaking these are tremors that come and go I've been shaken for the last this going on 2nd day he says the tremors started after he was strangled by his cellmate in prison he was left with a serious brain injury and you know I'll shake for a few days then my goal weight or maybe even farm luck you know go 2 weeks but then I'll shake for nother 2 days straight. And on this day his whole body is shaking mom stop his arms and hands his legs his shoulders imagine your body. Make an uncontrollable cure uncontrollable jerks it depends on how this is going to go but maybe tomorrow he will be able to feed in self are nothing that's his mother Donna coma I'll have to be had. It be padding it's probably going to kill me they didn't say that I'm saying Chuck coma he's 51 came home from prison with other disabilities to memory loss an explosive temper his vision is blurry he has difficulty walking come a serve time for armed bank robbery he was a prisoner at the federal prison in Lewisburg Pennsylvania in the special management unit set up for prisoners considered dangerous or disruptive prisons often put 2 men into one small solitary confinement cell when we did our stories 3 years ago the Federal Bureau of Prisons justified this double cell solitary confinement suicides go up in regular solitary confinement so putting 2 men together is a way to cut down on suicides and it's troop suicides go down but homicides go up there are high rates of violence between prisoners locked together in cells no bigger than a parking space for days weeks and months on end that was the conclusion of N.P.R.'s reporting with the Marshall Project which reports on criminal justice it happened the 26th of February in 2016 a Friday afternoon the prison one called Ana across the country until Saturday it was the prison chaplain he got hold of me and he said you have a son named Charles Comey and I said yes I do and he said well the incident happened. And they don't know if he's going to live through the night the chaplain promised someone would call back with more information but then no one called 2 days later that a coma finally reached someone at the prison I said what happened they would tell of nothing and he said he tried to kill himself. Alan I know he game the injuries were life threatening her son can eat he was sped through a tube he can breathe a surgeon cut through his neck to connect another tube to his windpipe that's a brain you didn't do that's what the scars are that breathe and keep me but keep me breathe and even today the Federal Bureau of Prisons suggests come as injuries are the result of a suicide attempt in its response to a lawsuit filed by the family the government says come up was found hanging in his cell but that's false we know because we have the Bureau of Prisons own internal investigation it concludes come it wasn't found hanging and that wasn't a suicide attempt. We found the report among more than $1000.00 pages documenting inmate on inmate violence that n.p.r. In the Marshall Project up tame by filing Freedom of Information Act requests Originally it was come as some aide who said it was a suicide that he income a class SOCOM a fake the suicide thinking it would get a move to another cell but the fake suicide went wrong he gets not remember about the incident on a coma is right her son's memory of what happened is a cost but prison officials investigated and concluded the summit was whining that he had strangled coma come on was found on the floor of a cell he was in hanging a bed she was tied around his back but the she was loose on the man around his neck was one that a person can tie on himself coming had been kicked in the head the some a was disciplined he was moved to disciplinary segregation which at Louisburg meant he most likely ended up in his own cell that so many By the way had killed another inmate and another prison we asked the Bureau of Prisons to comment on what we found a spokeswoman said they can't talk about it because of the family's pending lawsuit . We've come to a fence at the water's edge on Puget Sound where police caught shot coma after he robbed a bank according to the police report this is where chalk being chased by several members of the Olympia Police Department pulled over in a white 2 door Mercury crashed through a chain link fence that's our reporting partner Christie Thompson of the Marshall Project got out of the car wearing a full scuba suit the newspapers would call it a James Bond plot but mostly it was just delusional he had robbed the bank wearing a long raincoat over a wetsuit he had scuba tanks in his car and his plan was the crash his car in the Puget Sound and swim away the police would find the submerged car and figured he drowned only the police saw him chased them. Caught him before he could get into the water today coma says he was high on drugs he spent almost 15 years in prison the last 2 and a half years in a prison hospital he came home last year the day after Christmas severely disabled after that attack by his cellmate look up came for Chuck coma he just wants to get out of his mother's house and live on his own maybe buy a motor home and drive across country but his injuries get in the way there is no doubt in my mind you won't get better because you have he's seen me shake in all day Chuck coma is an Army veteran he saw combat in Panama and the Gulf War when he came home with Gulf War Syndrome with p.t.s.d. The Veterans Health Administration was there to care for him when he came home from prison this time with even more significant injuries he went months without medical care I wear rather been dead than be in the man right now probably so coma is stuck at his mother's home arguing about how much will get better and who will take care of him after his mother dies Ok let me put it this way you know I have bone cancer you know what I go through I do not wish that I would die I want to live for another 50 years if I can. So I don't think you're in any worse shape than me probably maybe stronger. The year Chuck coma was attacked in prison the Marshall Project found there were some $3000.00 inmate on inmate assaults in federal prisons more than 90 percent of prisoners one day will come back home some of them like Chuck with lifelong injuries Joseph Shapiro n.p.r. News. This is n.p.r. News. When it comes to your child's prospects neighborhood matters the social fabric of the neighborhood helped us raise our children but a wide racial divide in most urban areas means more opportunity for some kids than others even just a few blocks down the street in one part of Albany New York some residents are trying to change that that's tomorrow on Morning Edition from n.p.r. News. It's All Things Considered from n.p.r. News I'm Audie Cornish and I'm Ari Shapiro coming up Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas is at last number one on the Billboard chart her 25 year old classic is a rare thing I don't think there are any songs that are as useful or as fraught with really emotional baggage in a good way as Christmas and holiday songs are now the news law is from n.p.r. News in Culver City California and do a nice account tell the House Rules Committee is currently locked into a marathon session debating on the rules for tomorrow's historic impeachment vote the committee's chairman Jim McGovern a Democrat from Massachusetts says the vote should not be a partisan process moments like this call for more than just reflex of partisanship they require honesty and they require courage. Are any Republicans today willing to muster the strength to say that what this president did was wrong Meanwhile Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell says he is not unusual on the question of whether the president should be removed from office he tells n.p.r. This is a political process there's not anything judicial about it the House made a partisan political decision to impeach he says in New Jersey hundreds of mourners came out for the funeral of a police detective killed last week in connection with an attack on a market that left 5 others dead N.P.R.'s Jeff Brady reports police from across the region lined the streets for blocks to pay their respects in the cold rain a procession led by officers on motorcycles lights flashing escorted detective Joseph seals cough and from the funeral home to St Aiden's church. Built world as the sheriff in Bucks County Pennsylvania he looked down the street to describe the scene blocks beyond what I can possibly see but officers easily in the thousands on our guards a couple 100 different honor guards from different apartments detective Joseph SEALs was 40 years old and a father of 5 praised for his work removing guns from the streets authorities say he was shot in a cemetery shortly before 2 people attacked a kosher market about a mile away Jeff Brady n.p.r. News Jersey City at the close of Wall Street the Dow closed up 31 points you're listening to n.p.r. . Nearly 3000000 cases of dangly fever were reported in Latin America this year the World Health Organization says it's a record high for the tropical disease Here's a ping pong reporting Danny fever hit Latin America hard this year mosquitoes have been spreading the disease from Mexico down to Argentina with huge spikes in Brazil and Central America getting donkey fever can feel like the flu headaches nausea and achy joints but in severe cases it can cause organ failure and south Catholic an epidemiologist at u.c. Berkeley says that high heat and unusual rainfall are partly responsible in the Americas it's definitely been a wet year and so there's almost certainly climate conditions that are driving it more he in standing water encourage the Miskito to breed the species also carries other diseases like yellow fever and its range is expected to grow with climate change paying Wang n.p.r. News across the south east at least 4 people are dead following severe storms and multiple tornadoes National Weather Service teams are still assessing the past of these deadly storms but the Storm Prediction Center says polemic there are reports suggest at least 27 tornadoes touched down in Alabama Mississippi and Louisiana Alabama's governor offered condolences to the victims saying While most of us slept through the storm a family woke up devastated I'm like how Tell n.p.r. News. Support for n.p.r. Comes from this station and from American Jewish World Service working together for more than 30 years to build a more just and equitable world learn more at a.j. Ws Dato argy from Trader Joe's where holiday products like Scandinavian tidings and candy cane Joe Joe's are available in stores and episodes of inside trader joe's are available at Trader Joe's dot com and wherever podcasts are found and from listeners like you who donate to this n.p.r. Station. It's All Things Considered from n.p.r. News I'm Audie Cornish and I'm Ari Shapiro Washington is full of negotiating spinning and finger pointing before the expected House vote on impeachment tomorrow if Democrats have the votes as expected a Senate trial will follow in January today Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell rejected Democratic leader Chuck Schumer's request for witnesses in a Senate trial shows this road is their duty to investigate it is their duty to made the very bar for undoing a national election Schumer was hoping to get White House officials that refused to participate in the House to testify in the Senate meanwhile President Trump sent a long letter to Speaker Nancy Pelosi objecting to the impeachment process in it he accused Democrats of interfering in America's elections and subverting America's democracy in the Senate a team of House Democrats known as impeachment managers will present the case against President Trump 2 decades ago Chris Cannon was one of the impeachment managers in the case against President Bill Clinton and the former Republican congressman from Utah joins us now welcome what is the job description of an impeachment manager Well it's kind of vague and depends a great deal on the Senate the rules they say that teacher managers essentially a prosecutor a guy who presents a criminal case or a litigator who presents a case in the civil situation and how much guidance does the Constitution actually give about the role of these managers almost 0 Ok there is a requirement that it go to the Senate if the person is impeached for a trial and the House managers are in charge of how they present the material in the Senate Ok So Congress has a lot of freedom to set the rules here and we're already hearing some rumblings about what this might look like in the New Year in the Senate with President Trump compare that to what you experienced 20 years ago with President Clinton one of the fascinating differences today is that in the case of the impeachment of Bill Clinton. When the Senate decided to set rules and what that says they became was a question answer situation where senators ask questions and the managers answer those questions and then the defense team for the president also answer those questions so there's no presentation of the case you're just kind of a q. And a I personally find it ridiculous you found it ridiculous why it ridiculous because a trial actually has meaning in the American Constitutional System That means that you present witnesses that the defendant has the right to confront those witnesses and that you have examination cross-examination presentation of evidence and then a decision in this case all you had were random questions from people who were embarrassed about the underlying issues embarrassed because it was sexual in nature yeah right as opposed to the crimes which were alleged and which got very little mentions and you could have 3 possible outcomes a trial which is basically a debate and a vote that may result in no presentation of evidence at the other extreme you'd have a full trial where you would have witnesses and examination by the managers and then cross-examination by the president and then witnesses called by the president and cross-examined by the managers and all the issues that of the president is convinced vindicate him would probably come out and that is probably. A risky process and so I suspect that it's going to be something less than that but it's up to the senators to decide several of the people who manage Clinton's impeachment went on to much higher profile roles in politics if a friend asked you for advice on whether or not to take a job like this what would you tell them. I think this is going to be a really miserable experience for a Democrat impeachment manager because they're going to be subject to the regulations of of the Senate and I don't think those are going to be favorable to even the most eloquent and articulate of prosecutors That's former Republican congressman if you talk Chris Cannon he was an impeachment manager in the trial of President Bill Clinton thank you very much a pleasure my friend it took 7 decades after World War 2 to put together a system of free trade around the world that system has been rocked in just the last 7 days the president today announced what he's calling a phase one trade deal with China 2 sides are very close on a deal on u.s.m.c. And you could see that analogous Johnson hoped his victory would bring closure to the BRICs that debate and let the healing begin on both sides of the Atlantic populous leaders are challenging long established notions of how trade should be conducted President Trump and u.k. Prime minister Boris Johnson are winning praise for their efforts in some quarters but also raising questions about unintended fallout N.P.R.'s Scott Horsley reports President Trump not wins on 2 fronts in his trade war last week congressional Democrats okayed an updated version of a trade backed with Mexico and Canada and China agreed to a preliminary deal of its own trade representative Robert light hisor told c.b.s. Long months at the negotiating table all came together at once Friday was probably the most momentous day in trade history ever both deals purport to foster cross border trade but they also include protectionist measures and to get their Trump put up road blocks ordering stiff tariffs against Canada Mexico and China those countries retaliated so farmers and manufacturers have paid a price for the trade war but White House economic adviser Larry Kudlow insisted to Fox News it was all worth it it does show that President Trump's example of being a tough. Hardnosed bargainer on trade and economic matters works an ocean away Boris Johnson is pushing his own hard nosed agenda insisting after last week's election that the u.k. Will pull out of the European Union No if buts or maybe economist Matthew Slaughter who served in the George w. Bush White House sees a common thread between Johnson and Trump we have leaders today saying that they want to be connected to the world but only on terms that they dictate and only according to the criteria for what constitutes winning and with a lot of threats that 0 sum approach is at off odds with the rules based international order that the u.s. Spent decades helping to build Johnson and Trump have little regard for that order while Johnson is bent on withdrawing from the e.u. Trump is kneecapping the World Trade Organization just last week the president blocked the ability to referee trade disputes with no referee Trump is freer to follow his own protectionist instincts slapping tariffs on friends and foes alike former Trade Representative Carl Hill says when other countries follow that example the global economy suffers therefore are going to go out you know laterally and just impose tariffs it's going to have friction and friction can explode to be sure freer trade hasn't worked equally well for everyone while some industries have thrived with access to global markets others have suffered from overseas competition Slaughter who's now at Dartmouth says populist leaders like Trump and Johnson may be well intentioned in catering to those who feel hurt by globalization but he suggest protectionist trade agreements and a withdrawal from Global Engagement are not the answers most people don't want just wall to get the globalization in general is good what they really want our bridges that will build ladders of opportunity at the same time so people wouldn't have a chance to thrive and benefits from all the dynamism of innovation in globalization the last 7 days have exposed deep crap. X. In the global trading system the months to come will show whether those cracks can be repaired or if the system is bound to crumble under populist pressure Scott Horsley n.p.r. News Washington. You're listening to All Things Considered. These days a big city police chief doesn't last long in that job for years if they're lucky that's been the case in Chicago the country's 2nd largest police department the last 2 superintendents each spent less than 5 years as the city's top cop now the city's on the search for a new one and people in Chicago have strong opinions about what they want N.P.R.'s Cheryl Corley reports. The 1st public conversations about Chicago's next police superintendent opened in the sanctuary of a church on the city's South Side Thank you good evening a foreman on the brain and Foreman as the head of the Chicago Police Board that's a group that will recruit interview and ultimately select 3 finalists to present to Chicago mayor Laurie Lightfoot the board got an earful from regular Chicagoans So what they do we want to make sure is that this process isn't another dog and pony show because the mayor isn't the only one the don't like being lied to our community does not like be allied to Eric Rosser was like many in the city who have strong feelings about the Chicago Police Department mayor Laurie like Foot who campaigned on police reform is another she fired former superintendent Eddie Johnson just weeks before he was to retire saying he lied to her about an incident where police found him asleep at the wheel of a running car 3 years ago Lightfoot led the police board when former mayor Rahm Emanuel fired Johnson's predecessor he also rejected the police board's recommendation sense elected Johnson as superintendent whoever Lightfoot selects to lead the department next will be the city's 3rd superintendent since 2011 Renee Collins says that person should come from the outside the culture inside the Chicago Police Department is so corrupt at this point that. Cannot change them but glad it's true Anderson a retired law enforcement officer favors the inside track the superintendent 1st of all has to come up to new rights they. No was happening out there the next Chicago police superintendent will have to take on some big challenges and entrenched problems prolific gun violence in some neighborhoods a lack of trust between residents and police plus he or she will have to work under a consent decree designed to overhaul the entire department that came as a result of widespread protest over a police shooting of a black teenager which led to the firing of the police superintendent at the time and a Department of Justice investigation I'd like to see a superintendent that has heart Robert Beekman a pastor says honesty and integrity are key for any police superintendent but Hart he says is just as important somebody who connects with community which has been failing in some of our previous superintendents Chuck Wexler is the head of the Police Executive Research Forum it's a police think tank based in Washington that keeps track of the reform efforts here and in other cities Wexler says just like in New Orleans in Baltimore a new Chicago superintendent might find the consent decree is not just a challenge but an opportunity to rebuild the city's police department for example changing use of force policies all require new training new technology all sorts of things that a department might not get and while the Chicago police board continues to ask people what they want in a superintendent the board is also reaching out to potential candidates locally and across the country anyone looking to turn around a big city police department has until mid January to get an application in Cheryl Corley n.p.r. News Chicago. You're listening to All Things Considered from n.p.r. News. This is All Things Considered from n.p.r. News I'm Ari Shapiro And I'm Audie Cornish more than 5000 years ago a woman in Scandinavia chewed on a piece of birch a rudimentary chewing gum of sorts that as N.P.R.'s Mary Kennedy reports has proven to be a remarkable source of ancient d.n.a. This dark little blob of birch pitch would be pretty easy to overlook at an archaeological site essentially it's a black brown substance that was obtained by heating birch bark but Hunnish Schroeder a paleo geneticist at the University of Copenhagen says a student coming from the site brought it to him with a question can we get the any out of us and you know you well you know we haven't really tried so let's give it a go people of the stone age would choose the substance and use it as a form of glue to put sharp points on to weapons they may have also used it as a kind of medicine so these were clues that it might contain d.n.a. But the researchers expected it to be difficult to extract it's still quite challenging to get you know a complete ancient human genome from human remains the d.n.a. Sequencing went better than they could have ever expected they were able to reconstruct a complete human genome Shorter's has the 1st time at an entire ancient human genome has been extracted from anything other than human bones or teeth the team published their findings in the journal Nature Communications and the d.n.a. Tells us a lot about this woman who lived about 5700 years ago she had this really you know striking combination of stark hair and dark skin and blue eyes Schroeder's has those features were common to other hunter gatherers in this area at the time which is now an island in Denmark he says that even though farmers were beginning to settle in northern Europe the woman's d.n.a. Does not show any traces of Farmer ancestry and even beyond her d.n.a. The scientists were also able to extract ancient microbes from her mouth there were sealed in the ancient gum they found traces of a virus and they also extracted remnants of what could have been the. Woman's last meal duck and hazelnuts shirt says it's unique to have d.n.a. Traces of microbes and clues about diet all from a single individual it's really the you know they were rich pictures from this kind of in conspicuous small lump of birch present Herford molecular archaeologist Christina Warner's says she thinks that was incredibly creative to try to recover information from the ancient chewing gum and the finds has a lot about her field right now as our technology that we're using gets stronger we're starting to realize that much more of the past is preserved and we ever thought she recently tried analyzing chewed up stems from a cave in Mexico though unfortunately little information was preserved as technology has dramatically improved Warrender says scientists should try to test more objects for d.n.a. That they find on archaeological sites gives me inspiration they go start looking for more of these unusual contacts in which we might find interesting information a pretty story legacy for a piece of gum Merrit Kennedy n.p.r. News. After 25 years the number one the song on Billboard's Hot 100 chart is Mariah Carey's All I Want For Christmas Is You . See thousands of new holiday songs have been released since but none has become an enduring standard like this one Chris clinic reports on the challenge of trying to crack the tiny you all type candidate. A. Right Kerry single item wish list was the punctuation mark on half a century in which a new original secular holiday song would be coming because as every few years this was $979.00. Oh. Here's 981. And. Now $984.00. And 987. Of these songs or hate them you know that something you can likely say about any You'll tunes written lately but which I mean this century people still write them about this story. They. Said that there's no way that Mrs Santa Claus isn't the most important person in the room up in the North Pole so I thought she deserved to get some sort of Aloe Blacc a Southern California singer songwriter who's been making records since 2003 had 8 new songs on his 2018 album Christmas funk it is intimidating to think about trying to write something that will stand the test of time he also wanted to try to expand the emotional palette of holiday music yeah we want to get together and have fun and give hugs and Christmas cheer there's also like some family members you just don't want to see politics and the Christmas thank. Goodness. She takes the trip Dr Demento a pop music historian who specializes in oddities and a farmer likens the contraction of the Christmas playlist to increase your earning for tradition at this time of year I mean most Americans eat pretty much the same big meal every year turkey and all the trimmings if they introduce a new recipe people will comment about it mother what's this. A piece of. Peach. Tell you my view is. That time instead of one of the more traditional Christmas desserts I mentioned peach pie. That's. Formed in the early ninety's so I like the idea of. Christmas cliches but you know you sort of have to love them. Quite a few attempts at dodging those cliches writing new songs for the band's 2018 album Love the holidays that's why some people roll their eyes when the Christmas songs start up but he's willing to risk your annoyance to write a song that sees its emotional currency renewed every year. Means something in people's lives when they can be a part of people's lives when they can be a touchstone. Songs that are as useful or as fraught with really emotional baggage in a good way Christmas. Based singer songwriters 3rd full length. Pitch to the rafters the way Mariah Carey's. Classic. Me. Would like to have an entry in the can and. Christmas song is great as it might be. But it's going to maybe take an entire generation. If that sounds farfetched consider that Mariah Carey and all I want for christmas is you just hit number 100 for the 1st time it only seems like it's been there forever. I'm Chris Cuomo. Support for n.p.r. 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Explains why this is the 1st trade agreement he's supported in 25 years or Tuesday December 17th this is All Things Considered from n.p.r. News. And I'm Audie Cornish coming up a new discovery. About a massacre of black people that took place almost a century ago. Forget something. Even though it was 5 years old donations pour into an Ohio food bank after the winner of this year's Heisman trophy talked about hunger in his hometown. Up here for the kids to go home and don't have a lot of. Hungry. People now these news headlines. Live from n.p.r. News in Washington I'm Jack Speer President Trump on the eve of an anticipated House vote to impeach him is accusing Democrats of pursuing an illegal partisan attempted coup you know a letter sent to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi Trump also may.