Sorry forgot one last thing sometimes it's hard to concentrate at school I start looking out the window and then I forget what I was supposed to be thinking about I know it seems like I don't care but I do it's just difficult for me loving mom by joint parenting experts need to San Francisco sentencing resources out there I can see that distinction here I should have. To dot org and the Ad Council. Cold mishaps more goes to court a 1000000 Francis frigid cold is wreaking havoc on roadways across the country the trouble stretches from the northeast to the northwest and in between with places such as Wisconsin quick Neville reports a bridge in Green Bay Wisconsin backed down after authorities say cold weather contributed to the bridge being stuck when it went up to allow a tugboat to pass temperatures hovering around 3 degrees day or ice in Oregon causing road closures officials are urging motorists to keep a large distance between their vehicle and the one in front of them in Kansas icy roads being attributed to a wreck that killed 4 people if it's not ice causing issues it's the pure bitter cold International Falls Minnesota setting a record low of negative $36.00 degrees Fahrenheit shattering the 1924 record of minus $32.00 degree I'm Clayton a former Senate candidate Roy Moore is going to court to try to stop Alabama from sort of firing Democrat Doug Jones as the winner of the u.s. Senate race there more filed a lawsuit Wednesday evening in Montgomery circuit court that finally occurred about 14 hours ahead of today's meeting to officially declare Jones the winner of the December 12th special election Moore's attorney claims there were regularities that warrant a fraud investigation and possibly a new election Secretary of State John Merrill says his office has found no evidence of fraud will ensure New York authorities are asking the public's help in solving the murders of 2 women and 2 children in a basement apartment here Chief John today you know the emotions of a police officer. Or something you really trust because there's a job to be done. To nobody that's been involved in this case is one never forget this I can tell you that. But there's a job to be done here. And it's a time for emotions later on right now are jobs when this person just late word Authorities say an attack on a Shiite cultural center in the Afghan capital of Kabul has killed at least 35 and wounded 20 I mean we have Francis. 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What's been your favorite thing we've done so far oh that's easy it's when we help that family by hauling off all the junk that was left in the house and yard and after they had loaded up the moving. My favorite day was when we cleaned up the construction site the property so we were done in my favorite things so we worked all night long in that business so they can open the next morning like nothing had happened all you have to do we work until midnight 7 days a week call 1800 God or visit 1800 got junk dot com green light. I'm getting hungry cards changing lanes you want to meet me for pizza stop sign intersection clear again St Peter Hall in St St. It's hard to concentrate on 2 things at once like texting and driving stop the text stop the Rex How will you stop texting and driving tell us at stop text. Brought to you by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Ad Council sure humans can be a little weird at times but take it from me I'm a dog and a person is about the best thing that can happen to a shelter pet So if you want to learn how you can be that person get down to your local pet shelter or visit the shelter pet project dot org Our council My name is Dale because it's a moment here with United Way to help the homeless in my community learn to peer skills and build a basic resume I don't just wear the shirt was in the Midwest right now with 7 degrees above 0. New Year's Eve They say. What the heck story dog in those white Christmas of course and then there's a white outcome. Erie Pennsylvania experiencing the latter when a total of $34.00 inches of snow fell on Christmas Day blanketing the city and shattering the city's previous records of snowfall in a single day the snowfall total was more than 4 times the city's previous all time Christmas record $8.00 inches and what will they say about New York now if you plan on ringing in the New Year at the annual ball drop in Times Square and expect to be cold very cold a severe blast of arctic air has descended on the New York City region and temperatures will stay below the freezing mark it's going to be cold and again like I said here in St Louis it's already just plummeting implementing Roberd Felix author of Not by fire but by ice who believes we are in the stages now of an Ice Age I gotta believe you're Robert when you go outside it is freezing what's happening it's miserable you know. You didn't mention it to International Falls Minnesota hospital 136 below or something like 36 Willow 0 you know I when I was a teenager when I 16 I had my 1st car and I had my 1st chance to drive a car at 36 degrees below 0 I was raised in Vermont and I got in a car and I went driving and I thought I had a flat tire so I got out walked all around the car no flat tire I got back in the car way again thought I had a flat dire Finally I realized the tires had frozen flat on the bottom. Just like ranks and I had to drive like 5 miles to get a more and up so yeah there's going to be some cold stuff coming. For New Years they're figuring there's going to be a lot of the northern plains that are going to be in the single digits. And the and much of northern New England is going to be in the teens or the twenty's and the cold. It's even going to be down in the lower thirty's in the coastal mid Atlantic so we're looking at some big time stuff coming here and it seemed to have cropped up pretty quickly Robert I mean just about a week and a half ago at least here in St Louis it was pretty mild I mean people were walking around with little jackets on now it's just frigid How did it happen so quickly. I get e-mails from people did get e-mails from people saying you know it's this warm here where is this ice age but I you know I just see it coming closer and closer the sun has gone into sort of a hibernation period where some spots are as low as they were back during the what was called the Dalton minimum and I think we're going to be seeing more and more of this you know in between times it's going to be warm day just not going to be it's not to be cold every single day for something like that but I think we're going to be seeing more and more well here we go and Robert will be a special guest on coast to coast in January so make sure you listen Russian President Vladimir Putin officially launched his bid for a 4th term as Russia's president as his main opponent called for a day of protest against the elections Putin who has served as either prime minister or president of Russia since 1999 filed papers that paved the way for him to rule until 2024 everyone I have talked to who is in the know with Russian politics says that he is a shoo in to get reelected Dr John Curtis online columnist dot com It's an interesting world John how do you look at 2018 with all these world events Well I think certainly the Russian election is kind of a no brainer at this point I mean computing essentially of lemonades all is opposition it's one party or one candidate rule over there it's a totalitarian state always has been and you know I mean I think you know the same thing is true in China I mean you know the problem with the United States right now is. You know they're they're trying to preserve some kind of modicum of democracy and you know there's just nothing but a rash of criticism for it because you know these these other you know kind of repressive regimes don't like to have brought up you know how repressive a are you know and how they I mean there's a report about China deleting. I mean millions and millions of of posts from e-mail accounts basically just sweeping the slate clean you know from anybody getting information over there so that I think 2018 is going to be a very treacherous year for the stock market for one and for geopolitical scenarios that are yet to be seen I mean you have these so she I mean not the surgery but the sole Winter Olympics coming up and all bets are off George after the 25th of February Well that's true now you're predicting any armed conflicts next year yes I am I'm predicting that. If there is not a total disarmament by North Korea the u.s. Will attack and prevent them from hopefully you know getting a nuclear ready i c b m to hit anywhere in the United States so that it's going to be a catastrophic event for the staff the stock market so for investors that are out there you know thinking that we're it's a straight line up in this market I think they they need to hedge their bets a little bit you got to John thank you so much John Curtis tracking him on his Web site on line columnist dot com Chinese scientists are probably announcing their very 1st cloned puppy Never mind though that they purposely created him with a blood clotting disorder long long as the name of a beagle was cloned by the Beijing based research company being no gene from Apple whose genome was a. Edited so that it would develop r.t.o. Score lower osis and scientists could advance the battle against that disease in humans that's what it's all about moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all of the elements of the Apollo program and the associated moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA possibly with the aid of other organizations the most notable claim is that the 6 man landings 169272 were faked and that the 12 Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the moon it continues Up next Charles Schultz the 3rd joins us we'll talk about that and much more on coast to coast am. 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Welcome back to coast to coast we've got a great program for you in store tonight sit back and relax unless you're driving a course and you can't relax too much search Charles Schultz the 3rd back with us worked at Martin Marietta aerospace for 10 years on weapons systems and computer based automated test equipment he wrote the nuclear e.m.p. Test software for the Persian 2 missile system worked on the Patriot the Copperhead tank killer in the advanced attack helicopter systems he has performed research under grants on nuclear fusion was knighted in received a long term grant for his present research and robotics in artificial intelligence lots to talk with him about today Sir Charles welcome back sir you are night it was are always a pleasure to have you been. Oh I've been fantastic I've been working with the movie stunt team and doing some interesting projects and we'll get into that a little as well that's exciting Charles. And I think we went to the moon you think we went to the moon why did so many other people think we did not well as a very simple reason for that is because after it was done basically the project ended and no further attempts to do it had been made and so many people have grown up in a world where there's no solid evidence in their minds that it ever happened and there are a lot of things about the information that is very suspect of them so this is why some 20 percent of the u.s. Population doesn't believe it anymore but we'll get into some of those details right away is it because they don't believe government I think that has a lot to do with it nobody has any confidence in government these days we see so many projects that don't seem to pan out a lot of money seems to go nowhere and people are really worried about how their tax dollars are spent and there's a there's a no confidence feeling in a lot of people's minds these days and with good reason in many cases you know we were friends with the lady Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 he walked on the moon the guy was not lying to us when he told us the things he did and you know we've we've talked to other astronauts over the years. Astronauts have died in the snow the space program you know on the capsule for Apollo one. Sad that was losing Gus Grissom Chaffee and. Ed White and white to I mean these were great heroes I think of our space program and hundreds of thousands of people participated in the space program itself that's what I just don't get but some of the arguments that the. Naysayers present are kind of interesting I'll give them that how about that well I have to agree with you there are a lot of things that they point out that make you go not certain sometimes but you know the technology used in that day versus what we have today has significant differences that in many cases it can explain some of what we see. Could some of the the moon landings. You can say did saree creations I mean I remember watching Walter Cronkite at kite at the you know the age of 19 when we landed on the moon. Cutting to a simulated version of what was going on on the moon he said Now look at this they're doing this they're doing that and it looked like they were on the moon except it was crystal clear Could some of those pictures have been mixed in with the actual moon landing pictures and people think that's fake. Well there's no doubt that that potential does exist but you'll see that there are certain details that they couldn't possibly get right in a studio re creation and if you look carefully and think of the people who look at a movie these days and pick apart every frame and look for inconsistency is like where the hair was parted or what rubble was on the floor or how a picture was and you can see that it would be very very difficult to fake something in a studio that matched what was actually going on and on top of that we have a huge new bulk of photographs that have been released by NASA recently that show in immense detail I think of some 8400 images or so that would make it extremely difficult if not impossible to fake. A while then there's no question about that let's talk about some of these anomalies that those people present which make you question Lonely Is that possible and one of those of course is that the flag fluttering when there's supposed to be no air exactly Well you know the scientists were aware that without an atmosphere the flag didn't have any way of moving at all it was simply hanging limply and so they put an actual springy wire inside the upper edge of the flag to hold the fabric out and because there is no air that's exactly the reason why it continued to move after they hit it or moved it the spring had nothing to slow it down in its movement if you or I were to toss let's say a wad of paper through the air would slow down pretty rapidly being a resistance Well if there was a vacuum there'd be nothing to to slow that paper down in the same thing happens with the flag on the moon and if you'll look at the at the images when the lunar landers lift off at the end of the mission some of them had cameras trained on them you will see that the rocket exhaust definitely moved the flag that was standing still moments before while that's true that's true what else was out there that some of the naysayers present that make you question Well one of the things. They pointed out was that if the astronauts were actually on the moon they would have had to pass through the Van Allen radiation belts both there and on the trip back and a lot of people say well how would you have survived most people don't have a great deal of information about physics and they don't know what the intensity of radiation is the astronauts passed through the Van Allen belts in roughly 4 hours time on their flights Ok and the total exposure of radiation they picked up what about a little more than let's say a chest x. Ray It isn't life threatening it's not a place you're going to hang out for days on end and survive but it certainly isn't enough to kill you and keep in mind that 3 astronauts actually went to the moon twice in a manner of speaking. James Lovell went to orbit the moon in Apollo 8 in the $168.00 and then he went back for another pass on Apollo 13 which didn't land so he did 2 orbits of the moon on independent missions so he went to the Van Allen Belts 4 times and once a cook warns that command module is also insulated well insulation isn't going to do much and there's an interesting story behind that the radiation that we're talking about can be stopped to a small degree but the space capsules are made a very lightweight material like titanium and the for oil that it's made of is very thin and it's not going to stop the radiation Here's what was most interesting early in space program and exploration efforts the Russians made their spacecraft of heavier metals like steel and the discovery was the radiation striking the steel produced worse secondary and tertiary radiation inside the particle striking the atoms made the atoms give off radiation which would cook you and it was better to make the capsules of very lightweight materials that allow the radiation to pass right through you without generating that heavier secondary and tertiary. Kerry radiation so we actually benefited by having a less shielding than we would have even had like a steel spacecraft if we were to go to Mars Charles we wouldn't compass the same thing Oh absolutely here we're in a different regime around the Earth our magnetic field acts to trap and deflect a lot of the radiation particles and that's what forms of an Allen Radiation Belts those particles but when you leave the and the sanity of the earth away from our magnetic field the cosmic rays that come from deep space become pretty pretty nasty and radiation of the sun doesn't have anything striking or slowing it down as well so if you were to take a trip to Mars it's quite likely that if you took the 7 to 10 months of Moishe up to do most of the spacecraft to today you'd pick up half a lethal dose of radiation on the trip there and if you were to try to come back you almost certainly would be dead very quickly now part of the criticism too is that the temperatures on more on the moon are pretty darn high How could the astronauts get through that how could the equipment work how could the film not get spoiled hot How do you answer that Well exactly and it's actually pretty simple the surface of the moon does exceed 200 degrees Fahrenheit during the lunar day it gets extremely hot and there's 2 reasons for that of course number one is there's no cloud cover so you getting it with Ross sunlight right other one is the surface of the moon and it's difficult to see this normally is as dark as asphalt and because it's the brightest thing in the sky to our eyes at night lit by direct sunlight it looks very bright but the moon if you look at the composite pictures showing the moon of the earth together is very very dark and while it's true that the temperatures very high the spacesuits are insulated and they have air conditioning layers inside them the astronauts didn't get cooked because they had the proper insulation in refrigeration to keep them alive the equipment was also well insulated and the. During the earlier missions you'll notice the shielding on the cameras is something that's pretty thick and they don't have everything exposed to direct sunlight all the time what your best defense is to the onslaught of solar radiation that type of heat is actually to keep things under something that it could be as simple as a shade or an on it so the insulation in the cameras was specially designed to prevent the film from reaching high temperatures interest the equipment was insulated how bright is the moon and during this sunlight hours because it's just as close to the sun as we are in without an atmosphere to blot it out it's got to be almost like flashlight light isn't it well it's brilliant but here's the deal if you look at anything in the sky you have a number called the Albi 2 that describes how much light it reflects and absorbs out of what's striking it the moon absorbs 85 percent of the visible light striking it and only reflects about 15 percent of that light the earth reflects about 37 percent of the light striking it if I'm not mistaken so the moon is much much darker than the Earth and the only reason it appears to be so brilliant to us is because it is in direct sunlight. When the skeptics talk about the moon landing can we or did we not aim the telescopes that way the large telescopes to try to use visualize the landing field and look at the land that was left behind Oh yes absolutely and in fact one of the tests that many astronomers use to check the acuity or the effectiveness of their mirrors is to pick a day when the moon is edge lit and see if they can see the long thin scratch of a shadow left on the surface by the lunar landers and sometimes those can be resolved you see a tiny thin black line but the ability to see the actual Landers is is almost 0 and the reason for that is this the further away something is even with a very large telescope it becomes much much tougher to get the noise out of the optical So it's kind of like trying to hear a word in a distant room and many other people are talking because of the size of light waves it's difficult to get a sharp image if your telescope isn't of a certain size the telescope that was the largest in the world of the time which paladar Palomar And at that time it was in fact used to aim at the moon but they couldn't resolve the the figures you can just keep magnifying and magnifying and there are a lot of reasons for that part of it is thermal noise and then there's distortion and everything else exactly the same thing that makes the starlight twinkle in our atmosphere now if we had had 4 or 5 telescopes the size of Palomar spaced a few miles apart all and simultaneously and we could bring the data from them all together we could eliminate the whites and we could yes we could just all right Charles we'll stay with us we're going to come back in a moment and talk more about this and then we'll take phone calls with you in our next hour of course with regards to did we go to the moon. 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Got some great shows coming up for ya Scottsdale Arizona Salt Lake City the one in Salt Lake City is not too far away March 10th hard to believe we're already talking about March but it's going to come up very fast it's at the Wagner theater great guests as I mentioned with my interview with Nick Pope last night he's going to be one of them so full information on the Salt Lake City in Scottsdale a coast to coast am dot com But for those of you who live in the Salt Lake City area as well and you want to go directly to the box office you can call 8 or 13552787 or their website is art Salt Lake dot org And all over in Scottsdale April 21st at the Virginia g. Piper theatre we are going to have our live stage show these always end with a meet and greet afterwards folks so these are great events and full information at coast to coast am dot com or simply call their box office at 480-499-8587 or go to their website which is got stay. Well arts dot org. 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And we are back with the surge Charles Schulz the 3rd as we talk about the moon landing in the conspiracies that surround it don't you think the Soviet Union at the time would have really have made a stink if we had faked the moon landings just to pretend we got there 1st Charles salute Lee Absolutely and they had quite a bit of technical capacity the real reason in fact that we didn't see a moon landing by the Soviets at the time what it was because their launch system they designed had a number of flaws but they were certainly capable of seeing our launches and tracking our hardware and you know that's another thing any radio or radar installation on the ground at the time could track that hardware and it be awfully hard to have thousands and thousands of people in on the secret and nobody talking you know why did the Soviet simply stop even after we stopped our program. One of the time it was all considered to be a political mission there wasn't really it wasn't seen as something that would yield profit and it was a very expensive undertaking I think we could say safely that during the eighty's a little later we pretty much spent them under the table when it came to weapons systems I mean we had a real lead in the industry but I would say that really from their standpoint once the job was done and they could see that they didn't have the hardware to do it properly it was going to take an awful lot more to do it there really wasn't an impetus to carry it through Interesting interesting but China plans now to go to the moon in gosh how many other countries might do it well that's a good question I know that India had quite a plan for mining helium 3 on the moon there are so many resources available on the moon that aren't on the earth how do you get it back so Charles Well actually what they would do is put a factory on the moon extract it and send it back in containers just like pressurized bottles and it wouldn't take a great deal of helium 3 if you were running let's say fusion reactors and the only real source of the fuel would be on the moon so there would be a monetary reason to do it then in an energy reason. I mean the containers would have to be how big actually not very large I mean the size of a few moderate gas cylinders I'd say if you have a large propane cylinder your house that would be a container that would actually be a useful size for carrying a significant amount of helium $3.00 and $1.00 of the most expensive you're kidding and how long would that propane size tank last you it actually could run probably for about a month and a large fusion reactor. They need a lot of the a lot of tanks to keep it going but the this would be a continuous industrial applications something we'd be doing in a constant basis so they'd set up a factory I guess they'd have to send you know humans to the moon to do that right to work on the factory Absolutely but the greatest part of that would be automated . And we have that technology now actually we do you know a lot of what we're doing today in mining is automated they're trying to get human beings out of Hazard and with the ai systems that have been developed recently that sort of hardware wouldn't be very difficult to operate in fact it's been thought that with automated systems we would be able to set up factories on the moon that would start building things almost like a virus that would grow automated hardware and the only things you really would send would be the things you can't manufacture there yet what you would set up is the machinery that could mine and extract and produce all the metal parts a large thing and then you put the blades Motors to microprocessors and they would do all the hardware fabrication right there on site I'll always remember when Bart's a brawl who is a believer that we did not go to the moon challenge the Buzz Aldrin and then wanted was to put a hand on the Bible and Buzz pop the m one remember that I've seen that video and I always get a laugh out of it you know and I and I think about the moon hoax conspiracy theorists right up there with flat earth or is to be honest I can't imagine in the face of the evidence how how people could think that and the fact is we have a number of orbiters around the moon right now that are sending back very high quality images they can actually stick to the footprints. Axed as of 2001 in a survey the in between 6 and 20 percent of the Americans 25 percent of the Brits 20 percent of the Russians surveyed believe that the moon landings were faked those are still pretty high percent citing while they are there they're probably even higher now and it's because we're not doing anything past low Earth orbit about 300 miles up that's it and it you know if you want to impress people with a trick that's fine but if you want to show people facts and get them to believe that it's. Field you've got to have an established presence it's got to continue otherwise it's just wow what did they do how did they do it it's just like a magic trick now you're right about that we should have had a base on the moon by now in all kinds of things I remember talking to the late Jerry Pournelle the science fiction writer who was on the in on a lot of the moon landings and information and he said originally Charles before we went to the moon with Armstrong and Aldrin that the plan was to land an American on the moon and he knew that astronaut knew it was a one way trip but it was all geared to getting him on the moon so we could say we were the 1st ones had you ever heard about that I had and you know the decision to be able to get him back made the engineering challenge much much larger but I believe that it was the right thing to do we can't just strand a man up there you can have a volunteer suicide for something like this where would we stand morally as a nation is we if we supported sending somebody to their death like that but the guy volunteered well but I mean a lot of people volunteer for things and you know I mean. There are laws against suicide no matter how fancy the method remember that line in the movie the abyss when he was going down there in the ocean him he's you know he's texting back up to his crew I knew right was a one way trip right and you know and it's funny you say that he was texting them yes that was the earliest I think application of a cell phone sort of device I've seen. Absolutely well but what's next for Charles in space and then I want to talk with the a little bit about your fossil hunters guide to Mars and some other things that were going on there but what's next I mean our space program to date just seems to be stagnant that's my impression and it is it is and I think that it's been by design you know a lot of people feel that the reason we didn't get into. Space was because there's some secret space program or some such thing and it may be Probably not but what I would say is this is an awful lot of hardware in orbit that is military in nature and is probably you know let's say illegal by treaty and if there's easy cheap access to space anybody can get their hands on it and it could be a major problem I feel you know after looking at the systems that we've had and the things that we stopped doing and we're still capable of that it was done intentionally to prevent people from accessing so much stuff in orbit I mean that's the only reasonable explanation I can see because you know working in aerospace and working on some of the things I saw at the time it was very clear that we have amazing hardware and some of it is only becoming known today and over 30 years later so we certainly have the capability and I'm quite encouraged by the fact that recently articles were signed getting us back into space exploration it's going to be a real boost if you think about the materials that we need on earth that are getting that are getting very difficult to locate and mine and the political problems that we go through getting some of those materials it makes a lot of sense the set up new mines and support the effort to get them back here without destroying our own planet now since there's no life on the moon and there really aren't any political boundaries of any sort than companies are stablish ing mines for rare materials or needed materials on Earth and even for building in space make perfect sense and I you know I think about Ilan Musk's efforts to get people to Mars you know my real misgivings about that are that people getting their taking months at a time are certainly going to have radiation issues and if they can't there you know what I'm saying yeah there are potential biological hazards that have never been addressed that that's that is true what's amazing too for me is that we went to the moon with 50 year old technology few. 50 years old when you think of how we have evolved as as growth of a society in 50 year increment It's absolutely staggering So with this 50 year old technology and we went to the moon imagine what we could do today if we really decided to do it oh there's no question I mean look at what happened with the Wright brothers in the 1st airplanes and within a couple of decades they were everywhere I mean they were being used in warfare within 15 years you know if we went back 50 years from the moon landing that would have made it 1919 just think of the technology we had then and then jump ahead 50 years we actually went to the moon if you would tell people in 1900 we're going to go land on the moon with the humans in 50 years they would have laughed at you for what Yes certainly but they did have the vision I mean even back then they were talking about cities in space and spacecraft everywhere I think what's happened is people today have grown up in a world where you can't get to the moon but you can have you know all the knowledge of humanity in your pocket and the means to contact anyone on the planet instantly it's it's a strange inversion of what we would expect we never really thought that the Internet would be what it is and computers are what they are We thought that space travel would be everywhere in hotels under the sea and on the moon and the world didn't come out the way we expected it no it did not let's take some calls here and we've got calls next hour as well Charles that I want to talk about some of the things you're doing now and then some of the fossils on Mars Thomas in La Jolla California welcome to the show Thomas go ahead Hi George thank you for taking my thing Merry Christmas Happy New Year for the entire coast staff and coast audience and Dr Scholtz. You know I believe that we want to the mom but I feel just my opinion that the videos are very suspect and the 1950s scientist Harry sty asked and he wrote a paper on. Men and women in space suits and how they would navigate on the moon and what he addressed in his paper in the 1950 s. Was a nurse shuttle phenomenon so for example you have Neil Armstrong 180 pounds in weight and you have a space suit 180 pounds so on Earth Neil Armstrong he in that space suit would weigh 360 pounds sure but on the moon he would weigh 60 pounds because of one 6th gravity. But what Harry Stein suggested in the 1950 s. Was you still have to deal with a nerd schol phenomenon it's like riding a motorcycle or a bicycle if you're walking along you know even though you weigh 60 pounds even though you still have that 360 pounds of inertia will mass so to speak so that means if you turn to the left you have to lean way over to the left if you turn to the right you have to lean way over to the right if you stop while you're walking you have to dig in your feet or you fall flat you go forward and I had an opportunity to meet Harry Steiner at the l 5 conference and 1903 in Los Angeles and was introduced by none other than the Jerry Pournelle and so I asked Gary Stein I said you know. They're showing the video several hour of the moon videos but why don't we see the inertial phenomena you know that should be very very obvious and again Dr shelf side only for want of a man but I think that the videos have very suspect because they do not demonstrate that nourish all phenomena with any of the astronauts as they're walking on the moon and they spoke if they said it's an interesting take when you think of that charge All right well it's actually pretty straightforward it's true the inertia remains the same but we are already adapted to handling that inertia in our normal movements and you'll see that the most natural way for coping with it was did use a sort of a bunny hop rather than walking because if you walk on the moon you literally have to hold your limbs out in anticipation of landing on the foot you're so you're fallings slower so and we've done a lot of this in our methods of recreating the Moon Walk we've had some experience with seeing how this works the removal of the weight doesn't remove the inertia that's absolutely correct but the most natural way to move in to compensate for it is the bunny hop because when you land in the hop you're automatically taking up that inertia when you strike the ground Charles was there always that possibility that they would have fallen over in not been able to get back up well the possibility was certainly there you'll notice that some astronauts did actually fall over and had kind of a tough time getting up again and it's because they were trying to be very cautious about cracking the face plate I mean after all it's tough but it is a type of glass and they lost that that was it for them that would be it for them that's correct so yes there's always the possibility but it didn't take long for them to figure out how to move around you know all of us are very good at adapting to things I mean when we start carrying a lot of heavy stuff around. Under trying to balance on the latter we find ways to adapt and if you were on an environment such as the moon or other low gravity and Vironment I think it would be very tough to get around if the gravity were much lower than that on the moon the moon is probably just about the lowest that you can get away with hopping or moving that way otherwise you probably have to tag lines on the ground and follow them by hand an interesting take now the book that you wrote about a fossil hunters guide to Mars yes what do you think Mars looks like pain is a picture what it Mars looks like billions of hours ago many millions of years ago it would have been much warmer the air would have been sicker and in part that's because much less of the air would have been lost by that time it's being lost constantly and the other thing is the tilt of the poles changes the season the more severely the poles are tilted. The more severe your seasons become now Mars is basically tilted a little more than the Earth and that while bills significantly but in the past the air would have been probably 3 to 5 times thicker there would have been oceans over the whole northern half of the planet and even though there's not enough air for most things survive most things would live in the water or in the soil or underground. And in terms of fossils Well we certainly see an awful lot of that evidence even today and I think that the most we would see in the past would be probably only those fossils exposed and out of the water under the water like any biosphere everything probably would been pretty much taken up I mean look at a coral reef on the earth right and how that surface area is very valuable to all organisms so you probably wouldn't be finding a lot of just stuff laying around of the ocean's surface but on the surface of the planet where it's dry you certainly would an intelligent civilization may have been there not at all nothing on Mars ever reached any degree of intelligence probably smart. In a squid or something but if there was ever any intelligence on Mars it would have had to have come from somewhere else certainly not Mars itself but there could have been visitors Well I can't discount that you know of not having been there I know a lot of people believe that we've had visitors on the earth and I sometimes see things that make me think it's possible but I also take effort you know to take exception to some of that I mean look at some of the u.f.o. Stories you hear a great stories Charles we're going to come back in a moment a final hour to go with you and that means another hour phone calls on coast to coast a. 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