How can the flow of migrants be stemmed . Thats a question being debated not just in europe, but also asia, the middle east, and africa. While the Global Players are working on new policies, a look at who actually takes in the most migrants can be quite a surprise. Pakistan, itself a poor country, hosts the greatest number worldwide, mostly from neighboring afghanistan. In lebanon, a country in constant turmoil, 1 4 of the population fled conflict or oppression elsewhere, primarily syria. Many on the move in africa settle first in kenya before often moving on. Some lucky few are fortunate enough to become part of a resettlement program. One small town in the usa has discovered welcoming migrants as a way to secure its own future. Reporter Fatuma Muhammad from sudan discovers something new about American Culture every day. Today shes learning what a cookout is. An english teacher tells her and the other refugees in her class about paper plates and barbeques. Here in utica, in upstate new york, war, murder, rape, and suffering feel very far away. Fatuma muhammad i am mother and father for my children. My husband is dying. In my country in sudan, darfur. I come to kenya and live in kenya for around 10 years. Reporter 10 years in a refugee camp. Thats how long it took for her asylum application to be processed. A year ago, fatuma and her children were finally allowed to move to the u. S. In bureaucratic jargon, they were resettled. Hundreds of refugees arrive in utica every year. They all start out in this refugee center, where they fill out forms, pick up bedding, and learn english. Ba rar arrived last night. He and his family are karen from myanmar, where their minority faces persecution. They too waited ten years to be resettled. Ba rar the refugee camp in thailand was like a cage. We werent allowed to work or go anywhere. If i can get a job in a kitchen or cleaning or washing dishes, ill do it, whatever it is. Reporter fatuma is a few steps further along. The day after tomorrow shell be starting work. Her job adviser tatiana gives her some lastminute advice. Tatiana naumenko the refugees are ready to work any place any shift any hours. Theyre ready to start work fulltime, overtime, double overtime. Reporter a fourhour drive from new york, utica was a city in decline. Its economy was in a slump and its population in freefall, shrinking from 100,000 to 60,000. The city center became dilapidated. Today, 1 4 of the citys population are immigrants. The first refugees began arriving in utica 30 years ago. They came from vietnam. Later, most of them came from bosnia. They opened stores and helped revive the economy. Local authorities were keen to ensure the new arrivals started working straight away. These days, 69 of the population supports giving refugees asylum. Robert palmieri is the mayor of utica, and hes very handson in his job. Here, hes visiting a refugee from myanmar. Mayor palmieri im telling you, this gentleman has been here for eight years. You have a house that is freshly painted. You have a lot of pride. You have someone who has put a house back on the tax rolls. He is raising our family in our city to grow. The benefits far outweigh anything we could ever ask for. Reporter a few problems are inevitable. The mayor doesnt mind taking a tough line when he feels he needs to. Mayor palmieri some people with chickens are slaughtering lambs. Its a way of life. But theyre in america now and we have codes. You cant have unopened room in your house have an open grill in your house. Reporter once class is over, fatuma heads home to look after her five children and two grandchildren. She relies on food stamps to put dinner on the table. Her oldest son osman is 17. He has unhappy memories of sudan. Osman muhammad i was unhappy. It was trouble. Even something to eat, sometimes they dont get it. Sometimes, they sleep hungry. Sometimes my mom would go walk out to find something to eat or Something Like that, but she didnt tell us everything about it. When she talks about it, she feels sad. Thats why we dont want to hear about it. Thats why. Reporter now 44, fatuma would like to become a u. S. Citizen. Shell pay back part of the cost of her flight to america with her first paycheck. Ale libic has been here 18 years longer than fatuma. He fled the bosnian war, arriving in the u. S. With one bag and 50 in his pocket. He got a job helping out in a greenhouse. Now he runs a food wholesalers, supplying 100 ethnic supermarkets. Ale libic i own this place, the warehouse, its my own. I own my house. I have three more houses that i rent to other people. I own those houses also. Thats what i achieved. Thats a lot. Ale libic thanks to god and hard work. Reporter an ardent Bayern Munich fan, ale drives a german car. Its brandnew. All these houses used to be completely rundown, ales included. Uticas inner city underwent renewal largely thanks to the immigrant population. Ale libic after we came from the camp, where we lived in tents for a couple years, it gave us morale and energy to build, to do better, the house looks nice, the area, the whole street. Because we experienced something bad, so now we want to prove that were worth something. Reporter around 70 of the houses here in utica are now owned by refugees. Theyre helping revive the citys fortunes. Fatuma is starting her job as a cleaner in a casino today. Her past still haunts her. She wants to work because it helps her forget. Fatuma [speaking foreign language] reporter the work wont be hard, she says. Shes muslim, she explains, and muslims see cleanliness as very important. Fatumas new life is about to begin in earnest. She cant wait for it to start. Host life in the Palestinian West Bank is difficult. Its struggling economy is largely dependent on doing business with neighboring israel and therefore sensitive to any change in the level of tensions between the two sides. But as the situation in the town of idhna shows, israelis and palestinians are equally affected when it comes to the effect their business relations have on the environment. Reporter clouds of toxic black smoke are billowing from piles of burning electrical waste here in idhna, a town close to hebron in the west bank. The waste is delivered by trucks from israel. More than 30 tons of waste are processed here every day. Its demanding and dangerous work, but for 2 3 of the local population, it is the only way of making a living. Jamil elbatran what else should we do . Its the only way i can survive. Reporter sifer abujheish runs a small business. Things havent been going all that well lately, but he still has a dependable income. He gets between 5 and 20 shekels for a kilo of metal, the equivalent of up to 4 euros. The scrap metal is recycled using this machine, but thats rather the exception. Sifer abujheish lots of people burn copper wires like these ones here. That causes a lot of smoke which is bad for the environment. Its bad for the whole area. But we are only doing our job. Reporter on the other side of the Israeli West Bank barrier is the village of shekev. Here, too, people are affected by the pollution. Timna idan shows us around. Timna idan its all day and into night. Its absolutely terrible. Reporter timna worries constantly about the health of her three children. Their kindergarten is just a few hundred meters away from idhna. When the smoke is particularly heavy, the children get rushed back indoors. Often for hours on end. Many of them suffer from asthma and skin conditions. Timna idan im really frightened. The children are so young and they are breathing in these fumes. Small children are especially vulnerable. Reporter abd elfatah is mayor of idhna. He wants to clamp down on environmental pollution. He shows us some of the sites where the electrical waste is burned. These caves are in the wadi el sufra. Its illegal, he tells us. Local authorities do their best to stop it happening, but their efforts are futile. People need the money. Abd elfatah it makes me sad. Whats happening to the land, the plants, the air. Everythings being destroyed. Lots of people around here have cancer. Reporter the mayor takes us with him on patrol. He has some ambitious plans. He wants to boost tourism to the hebron hills region, and hed like it to be sustainable. The first step is to put a stop to the electrical waste burning. But thats easier said than done. Abd elfatah stops a car and challenges the driver. Has he been burning copper wires, he asks. The driver tells him to get lost and seems impervious to the mayors threats. Theres little he can do. These fires will no doubt be burning for some time to come, filling the skies above the west bank with toxic fumes. Its an industry that too many profit from. Israel gets rid of its electrical waste, the palestinians get to earn a living. Once the waste has been processed, its returned to israel. Jamil elbatran all we do is recycle the waste. Then we sell it to israeli factories. Thats all we do. Reporter but locals on both sides of the separation barrier are paying the price. Back in shekev, timna is meeting some friends. Today the pollution isnt too bad. Timna shows us some photos shes taken to document the pollution. Timna idan it affects us all. Not just right now. But the next generations, too, our children, our grandchildren. For wildlife, for nature. Everything will be contaminated. Reporter many in shekev have tried to combat the problem but their complaints are falling on deaf ears. In summer, locals cant switch on their air conditioning because the air is so polluted they get sick. Theres no solution in sight. And in the meantime, the trucks carry on transporting their electrical waste to the west bank. Host time to tickle your taste buds now with our latest global snack, those nofuss foods people like to enjoy around the globe. Today we are in kenya to sink our teeth into a maandazi. Just right for those of you with a sweet tooth. Reporter this week, our quest to find the worlds most delicious snacks leads us to the Aberdare Range in western kenya, where were dropping by the ngumo hotel. Hotel means in swahili snack or restaurant. For 25 years, daniel masharia has been cooking up his countrys most popular treat. Daniel masharia here in kenya people really love maandazi. The reason is that its soft rather than crispy, and its especially delicious when it is deepfried. If you add sugar, its sweet and everyone loves a sweet treat people are just crazy for the sweet variety, so i get lots of guests here. Reporter maandazi is made of milk, brown sugar, a little bit of water, sunflower oil, and flour. Daniel masharia you take the baking powder and add a little bit to the mix. If you add too much, then the dough rises too much and theres too much air in it. You only need a little bit. Reporter daniel masharia doesnt like waste. He wouldnt dream of just throwing away the baking powder packet. The next step is to knead the dough. Then its left to stand for eight hours. The dough is deepfried until it turns golden brown. On a busy day, masharia makes up to 200 maandazi. They cost the equivalent of 8 cents each and can be eaten here or taken home. I like to eat maandazi in the morning, because then you dont feel hungry the whole day. Its sweet, and it makes you strong. Even if you spend the day working in your farm, or planting trees, you dont feel hungry. Reporter and if you find a hole in your cake, theres even a prize to be won. Host savory, suite, or spicy . What kind of no fuss foods do you like when you are out . Send us a photo and you could win an apron. Sent d it by email or by facebook. Good luck. Host after that sweet treat, lets turn our attention to a leaner alternative. Shrimp is tasty and low in fat. In vietnam, environmentalists are trying to convince shrimp farmers to replenish the countrys mangrove forests. That helps increase their catches in the long run and gives nature a chance to recover. Reporter evenings the best time for catching shrimp. Tan viet hos shrimp can grow as big as 30 centimeters. Unlike many shrimp farmers in vietnam, he doesnt use chemical additives or antibiotics. Tan viet ho i have a contract to sell my organic shrimp to a major shrimp factory. Its buyers are going to inspect my aquaculture and make sure it meets the standards. If i pass then i can sell my shrimp to them directly and theyll pay me 10 more than what i currently earn. Reporter he and his family have been earning their living by shrimp farming for 25 years. Tan viet ho has four children and 13 grandchildren. They eat together most evenings. Early in the morning, tan checks again, and finds another 9 kilos tan checks his nets again and finds another 9 kilos worth of shrimp. Tan viet ho im very pleased with this catch. At this rate, it wont be long before i can build a new house and pay for my grandchildrens education. Reporter black tiger shrimps are the most lucrative variety, worth about 10 euros a kilo. The main markets are europe and the us, where demand for organic produce is growing. A kilo of organic shrimp retails for up to 30 euros in european supermarkets. At a nearby shrimp farm, we visit a mangrove reforestation project mangroves are valuable biotopes. But in the past, many shrimp farmers destroyed mangroves in their aquacultures with a view to boosting productivity. Man minh ta theres a close relationship between mangroves and aquaculture, especially shrimp. Mangroves provide a good living and breeding environment and food for sea creatures. In hot seasons, mangroves help reduce the temperature of the water. Reporter mangrove trees also help protect coastlines. Thuy thi bich nguyen is project manager with the mangroves and market scheme. Thuy thi bich nguyen the region has been suffering severe and constant soil erosion. Since 1993, we have lost 700 meters, 30 meters each year. Reporter up to 40 of the south vietnamese region could end up flooded in the next few decades. Duy van tran over the past 20 years this region has been experiencing severe changes to the environment. This includes unusual typhoons and floods and other natural disasters from the asia pacific region. The rising sea levels have also a great impact on the livelihoods of the local people here. Reporter the people here need to take action to protect their environment. The Dutch Development organization snv is teaching shrimp farmers how to plant mangroves. These workshops are funded by the International Climate initiative. Today theyre learning about water quality, vital for healthy shrimps. The shrimp farmers are investing a lot of their time. But its worth their while. Tan viet ho after joining the program our productivity has been rising significantly. Before joining the organic shrimp farming program, we earned 200 million vnd per year. And this year after two months, we already earned 100 million vnd. Reporter around 50 of vietnamese Shrimp Production is located in the ca mau region. Over a billion euros worth of shrimp was exported from here last year. The countrys biggest shrimp factory buys the harvests of aquacultures. In the long run, though, the factory is unwilling to keep paying an extra 10 for organic shrimps. Quang van le its important that farmers and government reduce their expectations. It is difficult for us to pay 10 extra. Farmers and government should reduce their expectations from 10 to 5 . This is an important factor in expanding the sector. Reporter for the time being, only 1 of Shrimp Production qualifies for organic certification. These shrimp are destined for canada. 400,000 people in the region work in aquacultures. Today the shrimp farmers are picking up free shrimp larvae, financed by the project. They and tan viet ho will be releasing them into the water, close to mangroves. It will take them five months to grow into black tiger shrimps. Tan viet ho the project helped me a lot. My wish is to receive continued support to make our lives and the lives of our neighbors better. More farmers should join the project. Reporter the snv project runs until mid2016. By then, another 1300 shrimp farmers will have learned how to integrate their farms into the mangrove ecosystems. Host you can find out more on those shrimp farms in vietnam on our website. There you can also join our global debate. Well be back again for you same time same place a week from now. For now, thanks for watching and byebye [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] steves in a nutshell, classical rome lasted about 1,000 years roughly 500 b. C. To 500 a. D. Rome grew for 500 years, peaked for 200 years, and fell for 300 years. The first half was the republic, ruled by elected senators. The last half was the empire, ruled by unelected emperors. In its glory days, the word rome meant not just the city, but what romans considered the entire civilized world. Everyone was either roman or barbarian. People who spoke latin or greek were considered civilized, part of the empire. Everyone else, barbarian. According to legend, rome was founded by two brothers, romulus and remus. Abandoned in the wild and suckled by a shewolf, they grew up to establish the city. In actuality, the first romans mixed and mingled here in the valley between the famous seven hills of rome. This became the roman forum. In 509, they tossed out their king and established the relatively democratic roman republic. That began perhaps historys greatest success story, the rise of rome. From the start, romans were expert builders, and they had a knack for effective government. This simple brick building was once richly veneered with marble and fronted by a grand portico. Its the curia. The senate met here and set the legal standards that still guide western civilization. The reign of julius caesar, who ruled around the time of christ, marked the turning point between the republic and the empire. The republic, designed to rule a small citystate, found itself trying to rule most of europe. Something new and stronger was needed. Caesar established a nononsense, moredisciplined government, became dictator for life, and, for good measure, had a month named in his honor, july. The powerful elites of the republic found all this change just too radical. In an attempt to save the republic and their political power, a faction of roman senators assassinated caesar. His body was burned on this spot in 44 b. C. The citizens of rome gathered here, in the heart of the forum, to hear mark antony say, in shakespeares words, friends, romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. Ive come to bury caesar, not to praise him. But the republic was finished, and rome became the grand capital of a grand empire. The via sacra, or sacred way, was the main street of ancient rome. It stretched from the arch of Septimius Severus to the arch of titus. Romes various triumphal arches, named after the emperors who built them, functioned as publicrelations tools. Reliefs decorating the various arches show how war and expansion were the business of state. Romes thriving economy was fueled by plunder and slaves won in distant wars. Announcer this program is made possible in part by. Historic marion, virginia, home of song of the mountains, a main Street Community in the heart of the virginia highlands. The Ellis Family Foundation encouraging economic revitalization through the restoration of Historic Buildings in downtown marion, virginia, including the general Francis Marion hotel. Teds dedicated to providing strategic Talent Management solutions. The bank of marion your community, your vision, your bank. Morehead state universitys Kentucky Center for traditional music is a proud supporter of song of the mountains. Emory and Henry College transforming lives since 1836. Bryant label, a proud supporter of our regions musical heritage. And wbrf 98. 1 fm