Toward Ukraine and undermined national security to pursue 2 investigations one into former Vice President Joe Biden and the other into a discredited theory that Ukraine attempted to meddle in the 2016 election the report is divided into 2 sections the 1st details what the committee calls the president's misconduct with regard to Ukraine this 2nd focuses on obstruction of the House investigation Democrats describe a scheme that was conducted with the knowledge and approval of several senior Trump administration officials including Secretary of State Mike Pompei o former energy secretary Rick Perry and acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney Kelsey Snell n.p.r. News Washington Republicans say the Intelligence Committee's report contains no evidence that the president committed any a peach a bowl of offenses some g.o.p. Lawmakers say it does show that the process is partisan and unfair the report now goes to the Judiciary Committee which begins impeachment inquiry hearings on Wednesday California Senator Coleman a howlers Kamel Harris is suspending her bid for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination a senior campaign aide says Harris made the decision following discussions with top campaign officials more from N.P.R.'s Winsor Johnston Harris says her campaign does not have the financial resources needed to compete for the nomination her decision to drop out comes exactly 2 months before the Iowa caucuses and shortly before the deadline to file to appear on the primary ballot in her home state after a strong start Harris started slipping in the polls in recent months and had recently cancelled a high profile fundraiser in New York N.P.R.'s Windsor Johnston reporting they are going to school shootings in Wisconsin this week Karen Powell from member station w w m reports on Tuesdays and cement and Koch where students and a high school officer were left with the injuries the shooting happened at Oshkosh West High School after an armed student allegedly confront. School Resource Officer Police Chief Dean Smith says there was an altercation in which a 16 year old student stabbed the officer and the officer then fired his weapon striking the student wants both were taken to local hospitals with non-life threatening injuries the high school was placed on lockdown during the incident but has since been evacuated this shooting comes just a day after a similar one also involving a confrontation with a school resource officer at Walkinshaw South High School for n.p.r. News I'm Taryn Powell in Milwaukee this is n.p.r. News. U.s. Department of Health and Human Services is launching a program to provide a daily age i.d. Prevention drug at no cost for people who need the protection but can't afford it HIV treatment without insurance can cost up to $2000.00 a month California based drug maker Gilliatt Sciences says it's donating HIV prevention medicines to up to $200000.00 people a year for the next 10 years the trumpet ministration says it hopes to stop the spread of HIV in the u.s. By 2030 Spotify has announced the songs most streamed on its platform over the past decade a song by British artist Ed Sheeran gets the number one spot as N.P.R.'s Neda Ulaby reports the song is shape the view from 2017 with the. Shape of us not sure it's only top song he also ranked with a single thinking out loud by Ed Sheeran was not the decade's most streamed artist That honor went to drake in part because his song one dance with singers Kyle and Wizkid was such a hit and what a 16 string. That only 5 for nobody. There artists on Spotify is the most streamed list from 2010 to now include post Malone Ariana Grande day and a musician who got his start several decades ago and then I'm not a Libby n.p.r. News Chicago because United Airlines will replace some. It's older Boeing planes with 50 new a $321.00 x l r jets for European airplane maker Airbus the decision is a setback for Boeing which is also based in Chicago I'm she Stevens n.p.r. News in Washington support for n.p.r. Comes from n.p.r. Stations other contributors include Life Lock reminding consumers that identity theft can happen any time of year including the holidays more at life like dot com slash n.p.r. And the listeners who support this in p.r. Station. I. Think. Is the best for me. That. This love of these media. Runs on. What it was. To London. In June 1948 in homage to his impending arrival in Britain old when Roberts began composing lyrics to London is the place for me is the clips that eventually became part of the soundtrack chronicling the history of Caribbean migration to Britain after the World War 2. The migrants came at the invitation of the British government which was facing a labor shortage due to the destruction caused by the conflict a cruise ship called the Empire when Rush carried almost $500.00 passengers from Jamaica to the u.k. Including Lord Kitchener a calypso singer from Trinidad by chance a local newsreel company filmed him sing in London is the place for me as he got off the ship to live in a love that you already covered by. A. Very much. Needed. Life. My name is young we're a reggae sound system operator in the u.k. I'm also a d.j. Music producer and son of the he story in just shack up. In this special World Service documentary I'm going to tell you the story of how people like my grandparents in the wind generation literally brought their music with them and how it. Change Britain for ever. When is good is going to sing you know they really should be famous scam music for reggae music Caribbean music meant Calypso it was the official soundtrack of black Britain in the 1950 s. And early 1960 s. . I started my journey by talking to composer and Calypsonian Alexander the Great about how the Beatles were influenced by a Calypsonian and how the b.b.c. Played its part in introducing clips of music to be u.k. So it was big in England because came to England and there was work particularly in London and Manchester there seem to be and also but in Liverpool and I'm not going to make the link here and I will stick my neck out when I got to stick my neck up it's a well known fact the Beatles were seriously influenced by college Sonny and his name was Lord Woodbine otherwise known as Harold Phillips at the age of 14 he stole his brother's possible and came to Britain and joined the r.a.f. Say he was 17 he flew for the Orient but the Trinidad and he came back on the wind rush and he went up to Liverpool way but it before and he ran a club called the Jacaranda to which Paul McCartney and John Lennon used to regularly come and he would teach them to play Pan and they would ask you about 7th chords and how to make different moves and all of. A nice. That people. Think it was his life I'm a. Businessman son of a slave made tame morning in the fifty's it was so popular it really was really popular that the entertainment industry was worried about rock n roll once Rock Around The Clock and come out and then president came out in 56 with this stuff they were worried that the whole of the teenage world of beeps. Seriously corrupted by this new music so he really tried to sell calypso music that wasn't going to make the kids go crazy but it didn't work to get the dynamics and. He. Became a high commissioner. An interesting thing is the b.b.c. In the 1950s in fact late 90 fifties and into the early sixty's they had a guy called so I grant famous Act In fact it was an r.a.f. Hero had been shot down in Holland he spent 2 years as a prisoner of war he went on a show called tonight with Chris Mitchell moved as a news show about 6 o'clock in the evening 6 30 in the evening on b.b.c. Was only b.b.c. One at the time b.b.c. And i.t.v. And he went on to use to round up of the days of the week's news in a short short clips. India Bristol Well some of the patients you'll be hearing about will say that you're 1st of all from Saigon and it was very very effective because the great British public there must have been quite a lot of them certainly more than 10000000 who would have watched this show and would have seen this very good looking black with a guitar singing the new we bring you. To that So the British public were introduced right in their living rooms in a way in a way they may never have done unless they went to clubs and things were taxed as before and the most the places would have been the big metropolises you know the sag a little too long my stylist my morning to need you know you really. Well I did see. A. Piece of music wasn't just became Britain it was big all over the world according to legendary d.j. David wrote again a man who fell in love of Jamaica music in the sixty's and still has a reggae music show on the b.b.c. We're here in London at the b.b.c. Headquarters in the u.k. And I'm here with Mr David wrote again how strong an influence was cliques of music in the fifty's was very influential and I think we have to point out that. Harry Belafonte was the 1st man to sell a 1000000 records on a visit Jamaican was born in Holland but reared in Jamaica and then went back to Holland and then eventually made an album of which there was famous songs on there such as we said they lived and we want to go home work. And I. Knew I. Was very important because the whole essence of Calypso was the fact that these Calypsonian singers were reflecting what was happening in their society be it in Trinidad operators wherever and of course there was Calypso sing as interim makers for. The clips the music brought by my kids to the u.k. Sure that there was a market for Caribbean music soon. And record labels will find an artist to bring up to Britain a perfect example of this was Island Records this label late to find Bob Marley and to make Tell us about their 1st big success was a teenage girl called Millie Small who was put to Britain by Islands found out Chris Blackwell in 1963. And I've worked for Trojan records for the last 25 years I started listening to my community can the 6th join charging around actually $0.90 for each time I've stayed with the company as the music consultant putting together releases writing books. You name it I've done it the mainstream introduction to Jamaica music in the u.k. Was really my boy lollipop by Millie Small she came over from Jamaica in the early sixty's and recorded the track in the u.k. I was amongst the 1st Jamaican Afro Caribbean artists to have commercial success outside of the effort Caribbean community became a huge hit and got massive radio airplay was a massive hit number 2 in the u.k. And a big hit or around the world so that was the entry point for most people of known Afro Caribbean heritage to discover music from the Caribbean. A. Number of Jamaican artists came over in the wake of really small was huge success people like the route is the pyramids number of all to start but and they pay to make sure sky and soul within the u.k. And help spread the whole sound. Scar started off from the Jamaican sort of gets I really came from sound system culture and that was. In the late fifty's early sixty's there were a number of hugely influential Jamaican produces such as to create and coax an adult and they would carry their sound systems around on the back of trucks around Jamaica playing originally American r. And b. And the sound of r. And b. That was most influential or most popular monks to make an audience is was American rhythm and blues with a certain style people like Roscoe gold Fats Domino were particularly popular a lot of their records emphasize the backplate and that would develop into scar by the early sixty's. They voted as passion for Jamaican music was dizzy young stuff when he watched many small perform her hit on the Ready Steady Go t.v. Show how did you find very gay music advocate music find you which one you found me as a teenager in the summer of 67 I was blown away by this new music from Jamaica which was called ska I'd heard snatches of it in 6465 with Blue beat the classic everyone knew because there's a pop Smash which was my for. Lollypops Milly I remember when my father was fine records I saw this the new believed the sound on posters with Lauren Lake Kim what was the 1st break a record you've got just the 1st record I 1st put the name reggae on it was do the reggae spelled r.-e. t t a Y on the big shot label by the May towns I mean I member the 1st record I bought it was Telstar by the tornadoes and that was I think in 1962 the 1st album was definitely clubs cost 67 that was the album that if you didn't have that album is like you know what planet were you from so many people have. Been reflected the fever and enthusiasm and passion that everyone had for this music the king of scale music was Prince Busta legendary record but she said Dennis but fell for me in the sixty's Prince bust it was out in a big way Prince Foster was like the godfather of talking on Sky One of these pieces where he takes the 10 commandments and rewrites there's quite funny but 10 commandments. Given tool man she would be inspirational. Points Boston. People were at that time I think it was Streets new reggae Finsbury and singers like Desmond Baca took us and tomatoes Jimmy Cliff all these people started singing on the new label brought by the 1st Blackwell to La and this was his new reggae in England label the record label was called Trojan. Living. Day by remount can't be a whole me. Yet not to me many of the pioneers of music in the u.k. Where the produces working behind the scenes they didn't become famous folk quoting to Lawrence Kane honey said they made their mom. Started off in the u.k. And when I came to drought in the basement of one of my Cambridge Road was a little studio and it was the 1st studio it was actually owned and managed by someone of Africa being to send it to someone who's been largely overlooked in the history books and his name is Tony Robinson he went on to foam and manage overcharge records Sonny was a pioneer and helped people such as standing in the mob bells and a number of u.k. Based Jamaican acts get their music for called it in the late sixty's numerous other producers of Caribbean descent made their mark on the British music same law she threw Trojan records the people at Chosin clad as Brian Webster showed up who began their musical apprenticeships working in record shops selling Jamaican music . Music City record shops and they later became in-house produces as a coast a dandy and dandy living stars were named Robert Thompson he was the 1st Afrikaner been produced saw who lived in the u.k. To take into the mainstream when his production of Red Red Wine by Tony tribe made the u.k. Charts in the summer of 1969. For Jamaica musicians coming over to England the experience was overwhelming and one successful at it was David and so Collins who had a huge hit with double barrel. And the Magnificent. I'm shocked it was so. Slow. Down to. My name a stripper a star a guitarist from Kingston Jamaica and I'm up to date went on to call in band and hi hello my name is Dave aka Dave Collins you know and what I tell you we're here right here in kind of a street you know shop so Mike yes they were you know it's nice to come back to Carnaby Street out of time I feel a bit emotional I'm going back to the were in twenty's beer we used to raise you know the 1st time make a good day's met with landed him and we will bro it's sure to kind of a straight arrow into India and it was amazing the people was excited to see you know Smeaton us you know the ball just drinks made us feel and we danced and everything was a phone man wonderful you know and this is where all the musicians and artists used to hang out you know it was good to see some of my friends and was here before us like the pioneers there were year as rare days Monday so when we came up it was like oh man I truly did for the 1st black club so we didn't have much places to go you know I mean safety yeah you just it's very emotional for me you know. It's good you know you're talking about he's to give a note everything you know we're getting up in age you know we need to kind of set the pace sort of music scene you're here because you know to reggae music was just coming from the disco on a rock steady you know so when a record come on each year it was like walking you know I mean a table where we go we appraise our member you know Roy Black Ok that was so nice I was amongst a group called the sensations Johnny Osborne and guys like that and one night we were on West Street and the phone rang inside with some English then got the call came back called looking very excited to listen what you said to was God. That was a call from Trojan England on to say that we need to jump on the plane like now to come to England because the burial is on its way to the number one slot. Thank you very much. The same time I. Was stopped at a pub so you you know when I came up I missed a couple of pops show you know you got to get it done one series of Top Of The Pops was with some different guys you know some of that not from Jamaica you know it was a very very strange experience for me because coming from Jamaica simple reason why when we were rushed to the b.b.c. To appear on top of the Pops when we were called out to do test runs I was bumping into guys like Rod Stewart Cliff Richard all the other people absent of wow is this real you know I really you know it could a long story short it was a wonderful experience but I must say this I was extremely nervous but in the nervousness I was still very very excited. The success of double barrel was built on its appeal to the white working class you from the u.k. Particularly among those who call themselves skinheads now the term is associated with right wing politics and racists but the original Skinheads were all about fashion and love black music Lawrence Kane Honeysett sees the music as bringing to give a different communities it was really reggae that proved vital in ending the rift between black and white teenagers and sort of cross-pollination sounds to the charts really it was Trojan at the time was promoting reggae in the late sixty's and it was at that time really but you had the most time lightly a group of people from white background championing reggae in the u.k. And they were the skinheads and then really the 1st group of skin as the 1st generation of skinheads the come along they were the fashion kind not the fascist kind and they were very much into my community can really it was a mingling of cultures in the light sixties really that had a profound influence in terms of multiculturalism that would later follow it was from that time that reggae started appearing in the charts thanks to their buying power look but. Don't. Listen to music was breaking through to the pop charts but for the interest generation and their children their musical culture was separate from the mainstream and it was based on local record shops that sold the hottest something to make up and the local sound systems that played the house parties they were specialist people who were bringing in the records from the Caribbean and from Jamaica maybe like packings who had his records but this record store was servicing mainly sound systems and the few people but you were there were because there were a little bit more expensive than ordinary released records was very were free release records there were books this kind of how make reggae what reggae is around Europe. I went to visit Butterworth picking his records and award winning record labels here in London Kristie. Tell me how he's continuing the legacy of his father George Pickens Price who established the business as a record dealership in 1966 George was the 1st person to bring that you're making sounds pretty good. Except Pickens record stores so tell us about that in person just not that they told price they grew up in your Maker of all the great producers of today so we're talking about to create Cox and guard me Barry proved by stuff that the sound system has 2 big sounds on the island Cox and you create your Cox and who's a pioneer from Jamaica music really studio one that came in 96 the 1st person to sew and informative making music in England is the hub of Studio one you could only buy studio one from cricket for ever if there was. A specialist record shops were crucial in spreading music from the Caribbean to the Cape David wrote and told me more about record shop culture at that time record shops were cleaned of sound systems really because the sound systems I had in there was amazing but often when you go home you put the record but in some others in the shop you want to thank you but I think I got mugged off this sounds crazy but in the sound system with everyone in the shop with a room you can get all your article as you get at home you put it on your own 10 pound sign is this so short so sound systems. To. Elaine Smith was one of the 1st wave of u.k. Female black D.J.'s she went on to present the B.B.C.'s flagship chart show Top Of The Pops in the early ninety's this was decades off the pioneers like many small and Dave and some college had appeared on the show d.j. Lane told me how her mum used to buy her music from record shops and breaks the market she wanted to be the 1st in our area to get a later. Jamaican song that he didn't want for people to know what they were well when I was growing up I remember my mom playing a lot with the. Rock steady many small things on whole us cherry baby was played a lot more musical Yes definitely more than my dad it was my mom my mom used to buy 2 records every single way from Brixton market and I'm pleased to say that I still have quite a few of those 7 inches and she thought she was some sort of a sound system because when you look at 7 inches she's crossed out the names because she complained that the woman next door used to come and copy her title so she crossed out the names. Whenever I look back at my childhood we had a life style that was all the way we dress the way we passed we still had a lot of parents in us from the christenings So we still had the traditions of op Aarons and we still loved parents music we were raging against to system a lot of us much to our parents' disappointment to calm the rest of fear in movement you know the main and Russ's we just jumped in and out of it down. To a good listening to b.b.c. World Service radio that in a 2nd off we're told the story of how the children of 950 West Indian migrants made their mark on music they even made their mark on politics with movements like look it's racism that emerged in the 1970 s. In reaction to the rise in racist attacks on the streets of the u.k. . But also look at how multi racial groups emerge from the in the cities of England to dominate the charts with new versions of reggae and skill that they had heard while growing up. Distribution of the b.b.c. World Service in the u.s. Is supported by c 3 dot addressing the world's most challenging problems with the convergence of artificial intelligence io t. And elastic cloud computing learn more at c 3 a I and from t. Rowe Price offering a strategic investing approach that examines opportunities 1st hand since 1937 price invest with confidence. This is Steve Inskeep when you roll out of bed bleary eyed and groggy if you're like me the 1st thing on your mind is getting something to wake you up so turn on the radio N.P.R.'s Daily News program Morning Edition has been working through the night to get you the news you need it's essential to your morning is your cup of coffee so hit the ground running by listening to Morning Edition from n.p.r. News also live local news updates weekdays from when you wake up and throughout your commute on k.c.a.l. You and the case. For me reggae's my family my history of my culture I'm a d.j. And. A lot of the music so a lot of rap rap music came from the reggae and then you know what you got dubstep then you got regular time. That's pretty Caribbean roots off the. B.b.c. News with Danielle yow of yet scour China has reacted furiously after the u.s. House of Representatives passed legislation aimed at countering the detention of an estimated 1000000 Muslims in the West and Chinese region option Jiang China's foreign ministry described the bill which still requires Senate and presidential approval as malicious defamatory and a serious violation of international law the 2nd day of NATO 70th anniversary meeting in Britain is set to deal with concrete issues after a fractious 1st day today's meeting will consider an agenda including how the alliance deals with threats from space and cyber attacks and the challenges presented by an assertive China. Rugby Australia has reached a confidential settlement with the former player Israel Folau to end his lawsuit over his sacking for making anti-gay comments on social media for Lao who's a conservative Christian had sued the sport or far as he is the millions of dollars in compensation arguing he was a victim of religious discrimination. Australia has repealed a law which gave doctors the right to evacuate asylum seekers from offshore detention centers for medical treatment the medivac law was passed by opposition and independent lawmakers in February but the prime minister argued that it posed a threat to national security and attack targeting the head of a Japanese aid agency in Afghanistan has killed 5 people Dr Tetsu Nakamura was wounded but survived when gunmen attacked his car a new study says the growth in global c o 2 emissions is slowed this year largely because of an unexpected drop in the burning of coal but experts are warning the drop in calls offset by the strong growth in natural gas and oil consumption u.n. Aid agencies are asking for a record $29000000000.00 to fund humanitarian operations next year launching the appeal in Geneva the u.n. Says that globally one person in $45.00 needs lifesaving help with food shelter or medical care and that's the latest b.b.c. News. Welcome back I'm young warrior on the b.b.c. Boards of his radio. We're going to look at how sound system culture was brought to the u.k. With the mass immigration of Jamaicans in the 1960 s. And 1970 s. For those that may not know a sound system is a large scale discotheque which can be transported around the globe My father just Shaka has been operating his route through reggae Jamaican sound system since the early 1970 s. And by the end of the decade he had a rapidly gained a large and loyal follow it thanks to the combination of spiritual content high energy rhythms and his dynamic personal stuff. My father used to play his sound system at house parties for our kind of people we treasure Macomb people we didn't have places to go there wasn't any radio stations playing our music there wasn't much for us so we had to create our own community we'd have D.J.'s rappers and singers in these house parties maybe the female of the house running the bar in the kitchen and you would have the party plus 2 floors in your bedroom and in your front room later needy centers the town halls and even concert boards became the place for our music where artists such as the maxi priest or general Levy got their big break. Well I followed in my father's footsteps to create my own sound system linking young people to the heritage of the original sound system culture which came from Jamaica and the Caribbean English d.j. And record producer Ronnie size talks about growing up listening to sound clashes and how the film bubble up introduced him to sound system culture I remember growing up we used to get these tapes and these tapes used to come from London there was to sell systems to. It was like circus and and it was sex and there were still was Josh shockers Well of course you know everyone you shuttle was special didn't have the MCs Chuck was just strictly baselines boost music and you know window shattering music but Saxon of course and they had the mc and these 2 sound systems were at the heart of London they were where happen this is where it all came together you hear them cash have a sound Cash song cash I remember watching this film and this film changed my life by being on the sound system it was a group of guys each person would have their role in sound system and they would hire a van and they would build the speakers and they would take them to anywhere which they could just play sound system all night long. Show us what we want to do my most memorable night ever was say in town I was too young to go out and sit in down down home and listen to David Goldberg of my verses. And this is live on the radio business Mays in the event it was this clash of all crashes there was a certain point in the cash where David Baldwin just draws for this one Sheen by Wayne Smith could slang Tang and baseline comes in brutal brutal blah blah blah blah blah blah to. A great. Display and. Kills them you know for a day with all the guns it goes to make up and go on the own turf and to play against these guys and so when it was incredible it was the best school to ever go to for someone like myself now I know that I'm not on music star who grew up of sound system culture was patio but until he didn't just get his love of music from sound systems he called his name by name. But that was it. I started. Listening to you. From Jamaica. I mean. People. Look. Up to. Never. Interested experience we were just getting the worst racial tension. Of the I guess. Michael Riley of reggae band Steel Pulse thinks the heavy face of the sound system star changed British music extend has reggae and bass inspired music impacted the music industry Jamaica music changed the sound of music production changed the how we listen to music is the equipment we listen to music on it changed our tolerance for low frequencies because initially music was produced for radio it's mid-range it changed how we gauge music within a space because it's an outside mega disco if you like this inside because of the climate in the u.k. So then that basically gives a number take of stiffish into the sound system obviously playing this music on a loud the scale in a deeper level of a then the radio sound system production that is music is produced for sound systems when played on radio sounded completely different and for a long time there were winding out the bottom end on radio to place it back into a spectrum audio spectrum that they understood but what they also found is that people saying actually that song sounded really great on a radio. How was it produced and they didn't really understand that it's produced being played outside for speakers sound systems. Without sound there'd be no reggae according to one of the major British writers on music Bradley I had a big say headquarters interview in good good friend of base coach out wherever he was came a sound system it was this interface between the produce of the consumers and music it was almost a democracy you move to a truck so therefore you need to do 2 things you need to satisfy the crowd you've got you need to give them what. You need to extend the little bit you need to move them in a certain direction but your throws of a sound system and she serves a marketing me to video conferences and as to what Rocco due to the release of money coach least informant starts. Friday off to know you played no down Friday evening the true for away from you. If you'll never do another record again if you're religious but not spread the shots. So you can thing moving quickly or being content with. This is what you want this not a bunch of 40 year old turning tables Jones what. About sound system does that mean system is very crucial in reggae music if it need to be there. And sometimes. There's absolutely no way of getting away from. Developing the right number so. In 19721 of the pioneers of reggae Bob Marley came from Jamaica to London to record catch fire with turning to record Exodus and in 1977. Bob son Julian told me about Ricky culture in the seventy's and his father's legacy . Being Jamaica being the House lose because the creation of reggae music stems from Jamaica in search of a cultural thing because obviously when you go to England you're surrounded by everything I would be and I like I mean are different people who are so for me what you've done for. The Caribbean people coming into the u.k. . Their college their music. The my part of my universe your music that I studied you know that you go to school is the School of Music for me you know and then opening up the door from there and then use that if you tour it to get to audition to jazz blues from now. You know but the 1st musical in this ng is. Very good music means not bowing to any oppressed and getting things together as a people you know universally sort of college up to me and if and when she is a very vibrant when it comes to reggae music you know a lot of positive things I mean you know I bought my. English reggae no being by doing that no you know I basically live few doors down from where I think we're very rooted in that culture. Group that lived down the road from Chile Mali as what one of Britain's most important Breaking Bad's family was princely for I think in the u.k. Reggae music was generally the sound systems there were a lot more clubs that you could go to and. Reggae music I remember in the early days in Harrow several times I would watch took some a tells the pioneers some good friends of mine were the same runs and I travelled a lot with them up and down the country in a van another place was buttons in Cricklewood Broadway. All thin lots of different sound systems with common you would listen to Wall of this music also in those days we had a situation where you would have a band playing but it would be the sound system and the group would probably use to 12 speakers and normally when the band got on it just didn't have the same power that the sound systems did and this was one of the things that I think as what were the 1st to do to take p.s.a. But suddenly you had like a 100 watts of kick in now and they have to stand back. About the things that affected us we would go in through and in the early days obviously it was the black situation we were all young black British born young men and later on I think during the times of the 3 day week the coal strike when things started to really change I think in the u.k. We started to find that people came and said I can identify with what you're saying you know there was that the time when people started not to be able to just come out and find an apprenticeship and just go straight into it things started to get more dark in the u.k. And then after a comment that was made by a well known musician they started rock against racism racism gave a platform for all everything to to have a voice and I believe that that was one of the building blocks of where we are today because it meant that 50000 people who would not have listened to reg. Suddenly now in the same place and listening to a bit of reggae and then listening to a bit of this and I like that I can I can go with. You to this. Bridge. Not against racism broke down barriers but one thing you couldn't do was stop the racism experienced by young men and women growing up in the u.k. Michael Riley of legendary bare minimum reggae band still powerless I grew up in a house with as did the other members of the band and we grew up as 1st generation black British born individuals which meant that the experience of being and you make it and once removed it was reinforced by parents who as a community were all maps it was a very tight Jamaican community where the culture of Jamaican culture make it is it was strong that came with the music. Came the politics came with the experience of being black and being British but the complexity of being 1st generation black British so we assume tenuously Jamaican hardcore but was born in Britain so the generation that grew up with that identity crisis are we more Jamaican I was British. But there was a reality growing up in the seventy's which was you know being told you're not British but this day by the government by the police the band represented that Identity Crisis and realising through reggae music that we had to stand up be counted we had to fight to discover. And then fight to hold on to what we were and so that came about and realizing we were not going to talk about you make it because we don't Nugent. Ok except through the music so we embraced British experience and said we have to put that into the music. Many of the bands growing up at that time will make sure some black and white youth the Special see you the 40 the English speak they all talk to make music and we made it. In Birmingham reggae singer Patti Bantam was part of that scene for 17 years but was interested growing up to. Give the 2 tone bands there were black and white you see issues during the seventy's it was a time when I was 'd just leaving school and become the adult early becoming of musician at the same time there was a great life still before t.v. The English be used to enter and out of town out to shoes and just take any opportunity to get noticed 'd I remember English people trying to fit in poles with just up the road from and what was interesting they had to tell it to us just before it was going to fall I managed to get to college just just in time. So I was the last one on stage once I wouldn't. Be just me and ranking right you're READY invited me over to his recording studio and we ended up recording the song. You got to sing so much but also during this time you before to your cue cry because of the chops and cable working on about the cool factor it in and gave green pride to the local. To convert to single rock or you know. New Generation wasn't just breakin into the charts it was making. British reggae music it was different from the Jamaican reggae because it was far less connected to west a fairy an ism and as the name suggests. Over mantic. Was one of the pieces creating the style when he helped set up a London based record label. Some tracks that come on the jointer of all of course. The ultimate anthem of that is a song by Janet Kay called City. One song I had constructed this song. I then tried to find a singer who could hit that very hard I approached it to say that. You know the rest is history. To a top of the chart position in the u.k. And. The 1st female reggae vocalist the cha. Music right from. The fellas approach has been distinctly British. So I think. He created something that was from. The people so you didn't stop into the cave and stuff. It's just not the same pretty stuff so she was bringing to the potty trained. Trying to sound trite but they're so strong to go below people crying about stone to the so Actually this sounds like a cross this sounds representative of some something that comes out of a stupor and creative stuff I don't believe it was that deliberate process but after. The opportunism of reggae it's something to. Just successful in the u.k. It crossed back to Jamaica with artists like. Brown. Just good. Brown was known as the crown prince of reggae I spoke to his daughter the singer Marla Brown about how far and her upbringing in London I didn't know the play over my dad's tie to quote unquote until he passed because my dad was such a humble grounded man and music was something that he loved but he died when I was 12 so I didn't understand the extent of his contribution to the industry until now really when I had to mount classical as many people think if you're like Celsius son or daughter of think that is your biggest influential perinatal biggest But he said her life well I don't like it my dad was just kind of feel like you're going to get that yesterday as it was his 20th anniversary in July just come and I was told people it took me 10 years to accept that my dad had gone but there's always certain songs I draw. When I need to speak to my dad so it is just I don't I it's bigger than musical influence to me says the landlord Yes in your in your household what kind of music would be playing what was the vinyl collection what's the take collection What do you remember. Yes I did days of music again many reggae. My mama died of a conscious yes I love my love. With a passion I love yeah I love your dad to see. How do you think Ricky music has shaped the musical genres that have come forward now you know I think reggae is the foundation you know it's Africa it's our home the music so it derives from somewhere and from our people and you will find people globally so wherever you go ever will be influenced by that it goes to show how heavy reggae influence is on us as a people and us as a message specially where the world is changing so much now and people are wanting to know their roots and their culture so now that you've obviously you've come from reggae you know all of these different from and says When would you say would be your 1st reggae session or sound system session or that's that's part of the journey. In doing it I remember when I 1st went to Jamaica and we had a street party and I'm sure the director and I bowed on the my. Bow which is really nice it was fun it was like a play so when you do will forgive me the deed necessarily for home yeah of course and it's kind of like the underdog because it's not commercial Ok so I find that a lot of people are trying to be a bit noisy you know I mean. Let me listen in and when you go to festivals I've done a lot for festivals in various different countries and honestly it's like they're lifted and that's what made even as a kid supposed to do it takes you to new heights and I find that very question about it's not foreign to me it's just it's almost like a fantasy that I see and I feel blessed to be a part of. We don't shine. By the British working could produce songs that could sell millions around the won't Pass the Dutchie by musical use hit number one in 1982 and went top 10 in the state. Not back to some school kids from. Lead singer Danny Seaton told me the story. Back in 1982 when we released the single we've got to go back to school so we didn't want to tell our friends so we said because it might be a failure might be a flop then the charts used to come out on a Tuesday but that afternoon to sing the country number 26 and it was a buzz around the school and. Then we'd left to go to London. Single went to number one on the record company they were shocked because they thought and I was coming in at 55 when he went in at 26 and when it went to number one they were caught on the back foot and pandemonium just broke loose We then went driving to venues we were flying from London to Newcastle so that was one. We didn't believe that would number one because we're told at 10 30 in the morning and the come at 1 o'clock in the afternoon and we had to go and listen to radio to get . Their results and then it was just like that I can still remember the tingle down my back of my neck from hearing. Music to you. So we hear. It from me but of reggae music because we've got so many branches alongside music even before so you've got the likes of maybe 40 to. The beat even though it's a bit more and still polls even spent a lot of time in Birmingham we did we would nominate for the best newcomer Grammy in $983.00 and we were alongside Culture Club who single Do you really want to hit me was also a reggae track. And then you're in the mix and big country and they didn't have a section for reggae so the following year the header section for reggae and steel poles were the 1st recipients of that reggae Grammy and ever since that year they've had reggae Grammys I was and then we went from Jamaica to New York and we went to do an interview at m.t.v. Studios m.t.v. When playing black artists we would have 1st black artists to actually go in and do interviews with m.t.v. So we got the look he does. Sound. To me reggae's my family my history and my culture. Through a lot of the music so a lot of rap rap music came from the reggae and then you know what you got dubstep then you got Reg Aton and then you got you know even rappers now all we had was people singing about the hardships. The rest of that movement had so they sing about their experiences but then they love something when you listen to Los Suns in the Keys and it's just something to behold in Jamaica they created reggae music for an identity because when they got independence they needed their own We've got the 1st generation of the Windrush generation coming over and their children 2nd generation now thinking well this is what my mom and that is this is what I want to play when you listen to British reggae artists and to make a record they play it slightly different if you listen to the likes of us what steel poles even musically he's terms of how we try to regulate it is reggae but he's got a different feel and reggae anybody with any reggae is always about the feel. You know I'm doing this documentary I got a deeper sense of my own heritage and a better understanding of the rich mixture of music John was put to London from the Caribbean. Black British music of the fifty's sixty's and seventy's was a real melting pot. Sound taking us up to the present day with a music style is even harder to define we've got a lot to be thankful for and I for one know that British music with some very different today without the influence of the wind generation. I'm young warrior and this documentary has been produced by John offered for the b.b.c. World Service Radio. From the pollute studios at California Lutheran University this is listener supported k.c.a.l. You Morning Edition goes to the source to the people affected by the news this point because shut down and a lot of good people could lose their jobs like this it's completely ridiculous that we should feel safe to go to school and. For stories that matter to you in every weekday to Morning Edition from n.p.r. News also live local news updates weekdays from when you wake up and throughout your commute on k.c.a.l. You and. Bringing you the sounds and stories of the California coast this is 88.3. 2.3 f.m. 1340 am Santa Barbara and 89.7 k.c.a.l. And key. 92 point one in San Luis Obispo We're live on Meineke dot org 2. Hello welcome news date from the b.b.c. World Service Clement thanks for joining us. Top stories today the House of Representatives in the u.s. One sanctions on China over what it calls a program of mass incarceration China says it is ridge occasion aimed at the Muslim minority we are sending a message to Beijing America's watching and we will not stay silent but House Speaker Nancy Pelosi so will the egos welcome this move we will speak to an activist outside of China also the murder in Berlin that might have echoes of the case here in the u.k. 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