It by the president is to allow the secretary of war to remove not only Japanese Daily News but Japanese or American citizens from strategic areas on the west coast early in World War 2 President Franklin d. Roosevelt signed an order to force more than 100000 people of Japanese ancestry into prison camps from behind barbed wire thousands of men enlisted in the army everybody was going to fight the war and I wonder there are different but others said no and the government does you're wrong you should put this some took their resistance to court and to jail just a loss of the something that those coming up Order 9066 fighting for freedom from a.p.m. Reports 1st this news live from n.p.r. News in Washington I'm Lakshmi saying acknowledging that the trade war is having an adverse effect on farmers the Department of Agriculture is planning to provide $12000000000.00 in assistance includes payments to growers hurt by retaliatory tariffs mostly soybean farmers secretary Sonny Perdue says the $12000000000.00 is a short term solution to give the president time to develop a long term plan to lift up the agriculture sector resident trouble order tariffs on billions of dollars in goods from China and its Western allies complaining this country has been shortchanged in multiple trade agreements other nations affected by the tariffs are responding in kind European allies have been urging Washington to rethink raising tariffs on imported vehicles President Trump alluded to his meeting tomorrow with European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker at the White House they sound nice but they're rough they're all coming in to see me tomorrow. They're all coming to the one. I said you have to change they didn't want to change I said Ok good we're going to tear a few cars they said millions of cars. But European countries argue the terrorists could trigger a transatlantic trade war that will only hurt global economies House speaker Paul Ryan says he won't be inviting Russian President Vladimir Putin to the capital when he visits Washington later this year N.P.R.'s Kelsey's now reports Ryan dismissed any chance of Putin delivering a joint address to Congress President Putin will not be getting a warm welcome from congressional leaders this fall when he meets with President Trump in Washington typically visiting heads of state are asked to travel to the capital for a ceremonial visit it includes a speech before a joint meeting of the House and the Senate but House Speaker Paul Ryan says Putin will not get that same invitation we will certainly not being giving him an invitation to do a joint session that's something we reserve for allies Ryan says he's comfortable with president's meeting with foreign leaders but he says the message to Putin in those meetings needs to be that Russia must stop violating u.s. Sovereignty Kelsey Snell n.p.r. News the Capitol the vanco Trump is winding down her namesake fashion brand she formally separated from the company roughly a year ago after taking up a role as senior White House adviser and as her as another try ventures through heavy scrutiny over conflicts of interest as N.P.R.'s holding a cell you come to terms company says her absence from management and the various ethics restrictions have limited the brand's ability to grow when Donald Trump was elected his family was criticized by ethics watchdogs for deciding to continue to own and profit from various businesses while also running the country 1st daughter Ivanka Trump arrived at the White House with a fashion brand named after herself but as she became a presidential advisor she stepped down from managing the company and put it in a trust Now if Trump says because she plans to stay in Washington indefinitely it's only fair to her team and partners to close down the Volga Trump fashion brand this is n.p.r. . Hoovers cells driving cars return to Pittsburgh streets today after a 4 month hiatus Margaret j. Kraus of member station has a Reports Autonomy's driving has been disabled until further notice the vehicles will be driven like any other car by a human even in manual mode the company can collect valuable information about road conditions a spokesperson said a handful of cars will be occupied by pairs of quote mission specialists the driver will focus on driving and the passenger will know obstacles or events on a tablet the 2 people will switch every few hours to stay fresh the return to testing comes after a rigorous internal safety review the spokesperson said Hoover wants to limit distractions ensure safety is a top priority operators receive training in defensive and distracted driving it's a bird and Pennsylvania officials say they appreciate cautious approach the company hopes to resume self driving tests within the next 6 months for n.p.r. News I'm in Pittsburgh wildfires have been sweeping through seaside resorts near the Greek capital the death toll increased to 74 after flames engulfed homes and forced people to evacuate the Associated Press reported that a travel office in Poland said a Polish woman and her son were among 10 people who drowned when their boat capsized during an evacuation from the fires. Before the closing bell the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 197 points at 25241 the s. And p. Was up 13 points at 2820 and the Nasdaq was down a fraction at $7840.00 this is n.p.r. News support for n.p.r. Comes from n.p.r. Stations other contributors include the Jacob and delirium Lang lot foundation supporting the health and well being of under-served populations at Lang lot dot org And the John d. And Catherine t. MacArthur Foundation Mack founded dot org. There were any roads to speak we were just sad sagebrush that's all there was and they had these black tarpaper barracks fought all over the place and that's it those are all men. Look desolate and look dusty to me in 1902 Frank coochie and his family were living behind barbed wire at man's in our prison camp in the California desert at the beginning of World War 2 the United States government forced nearly 120000 Japanese Americans into tent camps like Manson our government intelligence said the Japanese Americans didn't pose a threat to national security but the Roosevelt administration went ahead with the camps anyway. From American Public Media in this Missoni and National Museum of American history prison camps back home and we'll hear from some of the Japanese Americans who protested their imprisonment and resisted the pressure to prove their patriotism. Sobbed. Mono and his family were taken from their home in Sacramento to a camp in northeastern California in 1902 he tells our story. Of his World War 2 More than 4000 Japanese American volunteers arrived at a place called Camp Shelby an Army training camp in this is if the War Department had created a new all Japanese American fighting force a force for 2 Regimental Combat Team some of the like group from Hawaii the Raptor from the main mom. Remember behind the bar. At the beginning of World War 2 Japanese Americans not already in the military were declared ineligible for service citizens were classified as for sea enemy he ends the government said it doubted their loyalty but as a war dragged Gaughan the need for manpower grew urgent in early 1943 President Franklin d. Roosevelt announced the formation of the force for 2 and called for volunteers when recruiting began a 21 year old named Toshi. Was incarcerated at the mini camp in Idaho at 1st Tosha was happy about the call for volunteers before we were not even if we wanted to go he can go so now I have if you were given the chance to go into the army but then he got to thinking more thought of it more upset I got and I thought that. Some of us and not have a segregated unit held out he hoped the army would change its mind but he also thought about his father who had been arrested after Pearl Harbor as an enemy alien Toshiba's dad was in the government prison camp in New Mexico finally in desperation on the last day I decided that maybe if I did volunteer they might help . My dad. Get released to the earlier go I did volunteer at 1st most of the volunteers for the 442 combat team came from Hawaii there were stories in the press in Hawaii of men who were turned away in tears they were weeping because they were not allowed to volunteer for medical reasons or age or what have you Jim neck is a retired military historian at the Army center of military history he's written extensively about the Japanese American soldiers in World War 2 that says the Army hoped to recruit a lot of men from the 10 incarceration camps after all there were 120000 people of Japanese ancestry in those camps most for American citizens it was very controversial in the camps as you can well imagine and they had a much lower turnout than the War Department had hoped for Rudy Tookie was living behind barbed wire at the post and incarceration camp in Arizona he went to a meeting where men debated the idea of voluntary effect for quite a while in the meeting everybody was saying well. For the country. But Rudy saw it differently if. It's going to give rules of well all them in this in the needs you can say that we're more bad than the United States as it turns out all the men in that meeting volunteered as a result of their. Ever having. Will be ready for us at Camp Shelby recruits from Hawaii outnumbered men and boys almost $10.00 to $1.00 Americans of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii were never held in prison camps like they were stateside their labor was crucial on the islands meanwhile. A bunch of guys were already in uniform in the. Guard but after Japan attacked the United States the military took their guns away they were told that they were not eligible for duty and yet they still showed up to try and clean up all the runways and all the debris after the bombing of Pearl Harbor Jennifer Joe this chair and curator of the division of Armed Forces history at the National Museum of American history the Hawaiians in the mainlanders didn't always get along Camp Shelby you know it was often the 1st time that the volunteers were folks that were coming out of the Hawaiian regiments were meeting up with mainland Japanese Americans and they would fight. Were described as more rowdy and happy go lucky than their main parts they also love to gamble playing cards and shootin dice since their families were not incarcerated the money from home. Was a college student when the call for volunteers went out. From California he says the men and boys with families in camp had to squeak by a. Maybe 15 or 20 bucks left of. The room. Shooting craps in the erm Ok put the money down and bang you're out of there broke. For the rest of the month you know you can do anything the boys now while you were loaded that might be why and boy gave a combat model. Broke. It to Grammar get me to want to go all out do or die the late u.s. Senator Daniel Inouye was one of those whole y. And boys he told an interviewer that he and his colleagues were horrified when they 1st learned their training camp was in the city after all the only thing we knew about Mississippi as a young man was the Mississippi was a state with a lynch people. Didn't like colored people we were colored but he no it says the Japanese Americans were generally welcomed by the white folks in the city something strange happened the 1st month we were there we received a letter which was read by every company commander to some will company and the letter was from the governor of the state of Mississippi it went something like welcome from us while you are here you will be considered to be white still some of the soldiers at Camp Shelby resented Mississippi's Jim Crow segregation as Japanese Americans they knew only too well what if like to be 2nd class citizens on night duty Tokyo and his training buddies had been out drinking in a nearby town they were about to climb aboard a local bus with a black soldier who was also in uniform but the soldier was heading to the back door of the bus the same back we have on his blocks all that in from the back. We can walk to the friends or is how could walk to the front door so we start pushing them to the front door. And so the bus driver says the black man either go through the back door for the blacks or the bus there's no oh we solve the problem real good we pick the bus driver we threw him out we took the bus back to camp Rudy and the other trainees spent a night in the stockade but no charges were filed against them. The tense relations between the whole ones and the mainlanders East after a trip to a small town in Arkansas all Daniel you know says men from Camp Shelby were invited to a social event by local Japanese Americans in the town of grower I think the whole battalion but. These companies or 15 or so. And by coincidence when we lined up were all from Wired Not a single bank the hauen Sprott the ukuleles and their guitars they looked forward to meeting some girls as a 2 trucks turned a corner you know a saw guard towers rising from the land he thought it was just some military camp they were passing by but no we came up to this kind of stop are a barbed wire fences with men there would be shooting. And greeting us of the camp the gates were men in uniform with rifles and that's not all court orders I'm telling them you look into the. Japanese American civilians presidents in their own country Alliance knew about the camps in the abstract but most had never seen one it was a 1st for you know he said the visit was sobering and when we left the atmosphere was totally different because when we arrived we were all singing and playing them having a great time when we left grossed absolute silence all the way to mists and I can imagine what was going through their minds and I think almost all of us must have asked ourselves would we have. The Florida to the incarceration kept in Arkansas in Iowa couldn't understand why the nice safe from the mainland seemed so reserved and serious now he understood many of those guys had families being held prisoners in a camp. Started to grow between the island and the stateside troops. These ponds grew deeper into. The spring of 1944 Allied troops had been dug in. Coast at as heel for months in this part of a massive push to capture roll and it was a fighting. Much of it happened at night at times the bombs and artillery shells seem to be left us right about. The Germans. Hanging almost most of it over. Every tree I was. There up and. Down in the foxholes were l. I had soldiers from several nations they included men from the all Japanese American $100.00 infantry battalion they had also trained at Camp Shelby Japanese Americans were fighting our battle and fighting and so on. Their entire out that one unit citation from President rolled. Up and 100 Japanese American. And Major Caspar Clough was one of the battalions commanders I found these men are supposed to be 1st class fighters in every respect record killed at minimum on it because I didn't have one and I'm Distinguished Service Cross through pretty frocks there were strong 31 bronze and fruit in a matter. There's got her well we're going to record in the Army the $100.00 became known as a Purple Heart the tally and its troops pursue the enemy so aggressively they took a lot of casualties they were also chosen for some of the toughest missions the men were often physically smaller than the White House but they carried the same heavy packs and weapons German soldiers cordoned and admiring a name for them little iron men. Spring $940.00 freshly minted soldiers of the 4th horde to join to their Japanese American comrades from the battle hardened $100.00 infantry battalion in is that they would fight together for the balance of the war and the troops engaged in one battle that became famous that home. From both the American president of Japanese and great old up the rescue of a lot you know World War. Over Palparan in the board run by a band from the wrong enemy right at. The action took place in mountains near the border of France and Germany and harmony unit from Texas too far out in front of the supply lines German troops cut them off and surrounded them the enemy poured on machine gun and artillery fire the Texans became known as they lost the talian they were lost and were just trapped. No one could get his a while since I was a machine gunner in the 442 The Texans had been cut off for days the supplies were running out the weather was terrible it's raining you couldn't get equipment by the Jeep or tried everything had to be hand carried reuse the everybody. Thought anybody that was able. To haul ammunition water and some food day after day the Japanese American soldiers pressed forward through thick forests towards the trapped comrades German artillery hurtle from the sky the men were costly digging foxholes the shells often exploded in the trees above them trees would burst Jagat Pinochet branches of all shapes and sizes come flying down. Just as many boys are wounded or killed by tree shrapnel as metal shrapnel from an artillery as brutal after 6 days of intense combat the Japanese American combat team broke through and saved 211 men in the last to tell you in but they took tremendous casualties historian Jennifer Jones they went in to areas and were sent in where no other regular regiments would go and they were sent in because they were expendable men in the 442 believed that on going races in the army meant that they got used as cannon fodder but the War Department also used them to boost parole on the home front. Longer are. Proving. A long better battle of the one. And what was this newsreels final assessment. 4 for 2 Japanese by parity each Americans in war. Stephany's Americans in World War 2 served and the u.s. Navy never let them in and that included the Marines so far most fighting in the Pacific was. Group of American born Japanese servicemen played a decisive role in the Pacific theater in the year before the Japanese navy attacked the Us Navy Pearl Harbor Hawaii military historian Gen not the leaders of the Army Intelligence realize the war seemed likely and in the event we went to war with Japan the Us Army would need people who could read and speak the Japanese language the military intelligence service for and. Linguists translated captured documents and interrogated Japanese prisoners of war many of the linguists were born in the us that had been sent by the family to Japan for schooling in the end as they got trained. Communications and commands most of the Japanese soldiers were farm boys these were not highly educated men so it was important to have these who could speak every day colloquial vernacular Japanese to question them the Japanese soldier were never cold. At all. Linguist he served in New Guinea and other parts of the Pacific. And right. There. What they were doing and what the Emperor may. Well. They never were cold shoulder that kept you given your name rank and serial number all some n.i.s. Linguists took part in exceptionally risky operations on the frontlines they always had white soldiers by the side moving around in the front lines of combat is dangerous for anybody but it's especially dangerous if your face looks like the face of the anime we had maybe 3 or 4 bodyguards M.I.'s linguist pervert Yes Saki because it only went that it's going to stay sprays the generals coming in and we go after them and we kept it now. And we stick our school any government propaganda described how incarcerated Japanese Americans supported the war effort so evacuees made camouflage netting and raised plants that could help meet the military's need for rubber they grew much of their own food so as not to cut into the Russian domestic supply the evacuees cooperated wholeheartedly and many loyal among them don't both with the sacrifice they could make in behalf on Americans more and I think the government realized that they couldn't keep these people incarcerated forever historian Jennifer Jones says the p.r. And propaganda was meant for the domestic audience celeb people now you know it's safe to let them back into the areas of the United States that we removed them from and that. They were also a vital work force this was very very important for establishing the public perception of Japanese Americans as Americans not hyphenated Americans and says the overall battlefield achievements of the Japanese American soldiers had a significant impact on the wellbeing of their relatives back home in the conservation camps. Some 33000 Japanese American men served in World War 2800 died and thousands were injured hundreds of Japanese American women served as nurses or in the Women's Army Corps and the 100th and the 442 were among the most decorated outfits in the war act. In 1946 ceremony on the Ellipse in Washington President Harry s. Truman awarded the 4th floor to its 7th Presidential Unit Citation as a combat team for Senate is Colors draped a rivet over the staff bearing the regimental flag not the enemy. American curator and the prejudice that people of Japanese ancestry fought during World War 2 both on the battlefield and as prisoners in American incarceration camps took a heavy toll. The question of whether they should spill their blood to show they were loyal remained unsettled for many including the rioter Yamamoto her family was imprisoned at Post and in Arizona her younger brother Johnny volunteered for the 4th for 2 and was killed in Italy he was 19 we are repeatedly told that if it weren't for the sacrifices for that we want to been allowed to go back to California through news we were but what was done to us was wrong in the 1st place I don't see that they should have had to do that to prove. Many Japanese Americans living behind barbed wire came up with ways to fight for their rights in camp and they resisted mounting pressure has to prove they were patriotic their actions were sometimes deeply controversial. You're listening to water 90663 part documentary series from a.p.m. Reports and the Smithsonian's National Museum of American history this is part 2 fighting for freedom we'll take a short break and when we return Japanese Americans fight back against the government. You can hear this entire documentary series at our website 8 pm report start or while you're there you can see photos of objects that listeners have sent in that show their connection to the incarceration we also have links to in-depth resources including the Smithsonian's online exhibition righting a wrong. Support for Order 9066 comes from the Tara Saki Family Foundation the Henry or loose foundation the Wallace Alexander grody foundation issue Yama Family Foundation and Penelope Sharma. Morna moment this is a.p.m. American Public Media. Central Coast public radio Ok c.b.s. . We'll have more of our Special Order 9066 coming up just. Basically x. Presents an evening with journalist David Greene in Kelly McEvers on August 31st at 730 at the Qwest college c back green in the governors will talk about n.p.r. Media reporting in the current political climate to get our act. Org and who records. The time is $132.00 and you're to do this are supportive of the radio. Was alone when a federal marshal came to arrest him he'd gotten a draft notice from the Selective Service but he refused to report for his physical How can I go I don't think it's right Mitt's was 19 years old he was living in a barrack behind barbed wire at Hart Mountain incarceration camp and while the mits and his family were forced to share 2 small room I said gee how can I go on fighting for democracy when I'm in. My family and friends and a constant fishing camp denied every constitutional rights mother was working in the mess hall the day he was taken to jail his junker sisters for in the camp school he hadn't told anyone but his older brother that he was going to resist the draft MIT's never had a chest to say goodbye. Camps during World War 2 only 4 people. In the order in. That 1st. Basically did what the government told them to do but. There was all sorts of resistance in the camps this is. Robinson There were riots. The government tried to ban hot plates mothers had to give you know milk to their kids and there was resistance. When the government tried to ban a meeting where people were speaking Japanese. Provided labor. Reporter to white super the. Paid little. Historian he says protested poor treatment delayed to pay. And many other problems in some of it was very explosive and in your face like you know masses of people rioting and complaining and chanting and some of it was much more mundane like work slowdowns work stoppages labor strikes. the. Indeed the Japanese American Citizens League which had supported mass removal as a temporary were strategy and to show their patriotism was hunted within the camps Japanese American citizens the activists were actually beaten up and threatened opponents of the suspected there were informants for authorities and the government there was a special label for informants in Japanese. In the fall of 1942 actions by the. Helped spark a riot. In California after Pearl Harbor Japanese Americans were banned from the service Eric at a conference in Salt Lake City the leaders gathered and announced that they wanted Japanese Americans to be able to resume serving in the Army and in fact to go off and spill their blood on battlefields to prove how genuinely true american all of the Japanese Americans were many. Supported that idea but were appalled when. Fred returned from the conference he was. All fellow prisoners in camp. They suspected of taking part in the beating a riot ensued military police were called. In the. Kitchen worker who organized a kitchen Workers Association to protest what he thought of. Corruption among the administration. Working. And the. Street or. Harry had once accused Campbell of steely sugar to sell on the black market. In the backseat of Campbell's car Harry asked that his captors tell his family where they were taking him. And. This is Harry. Some place but some day you want to. Treat. Him. As it turned out Harry was returned to Manson our briefly but over the next year he got sent to 7 different prisons in 3 different states these included the isolation center in Utah and isolation in Arizona these were basically gulags Eric says the War Relocation Authority or. Had created these separate camps to isolate Japanese Americans they considered troubled me these were lawless places in which people were confined much more rigorously and under much closer surveillance and under worse living conditions than any of the other official 10 camps and were really kind of kept there against their will without any plausible legal justification over the year that. Move from one prison to the next he was never charged with a crime. Was responsible for. Camps by the end of 942 it had come up with a surprising new policy for managing them officials wanted to find ways to move the incarcerated out as quickly as possible just to the west coast they did not want these camps to turn into permanent settlements they wanted these to be temporary way stations along the way towards lives dispersed across the country in the interior at the same time the War Department decided to create a Japanese American combat unit so they join forces with a to start clearing inmates for release from Camp these government organizations knew they had to be able to attest to the. Every person of Japanese ancestry that out after all they had forcibly removed all of them from the West Coast because they said you couldn't tell who might be a traitor so now lo and behold it turns out they do feel that they can figure out who is loyal and who is disloyal and the way they decide to do that is with this absolutely blundering questionnaire. The purpose really behind the questionnaire. Questionnaire came out was going to be. Us. To repack. The question was a 4 page form all adults in camp had to fill out of the question seems straightforward people were asked. What magazines they read the religious background but tacked on were 2 questions that splintering the community and shattering families question. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the. United States on combat duty where ever ordered question 28 will use where unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces and forswear any form of allegiance or a b.d.s. To the Japanese emperor or any other foreign government power or organization these 2 questions brought to the surface a year's worth of insecurity and anger and confusion and rage because they seemed like traps Frank and he was incarcerated at Heart Mountain when he received the questionnaire he had a wife and a young daughter when he came to question 27 asking if he would serve in the armed forces he was astonished I thought it was a very stupid. Question to ask after we were. Put into these concentration camps without even. Our citizenship rights or civil rights rights being restored and question 28 just made no sense to him as a citizen of the us Frank had never had an allegiance to just that oh good he forswear Now the question was even trickier parents' generation the Ysaye federal law at the time barred immigrants like them from becoming you as citizens for our parents to forswear allegiance to the. Country were there to become stateless persons the loyalty questionnaire created some many divisions Barbara to Kay is an expert on the segregation of Japanese Americans at a prison camp during World War 2 to Lake is in the north east tip of California where people fighting you know within families. To decide how they should answer whether they needed to give the answers they knew the government wanted to hear or whether they should stand up on principle and use the loyalty questionnaire as a form of protest there or. Yukio he was 12 years old when his family began intense discussions about how to answer the loyalty questionnaire they were incarcerated Poston in Arizona when you kill says yes yes he means answering yes to both questions his parents had serious doubts about this option my father of course with. That happen to have lost the farm and everything and here and now his whole family was in camp so he was pretty bitter Yukio was one of 10 siblings 3 of his brothers were already serving in the u.s. Army 2 others living in camp or of draft age. Parents worried that by answering yes yes the family would be split up even more extreme our mother who's. Got 3 sons in the u.s. Army. And. They have 2 more so let's declare no no. And also keep the family together in the long run Yukio as family would be torn apart by their experience in the camp but in the short run they had become so called known holes or disloyal no no or incarcerated these who answer no to questions 2728 or refused to answer their questions or they answered it in an equivocal way Eric Mauler saying yes I'll be loyal but then they would scribble into the margin you know if you give us our rights back there are about 78000 adults in the camps who are required to fill out the loyalty questionnaire. About 12000 of them became known knows that's roughly one 6th of the population some people. Are the troublemakers the. Most friends and relatives or more concerned what's going to happen to that was a good question none of this is what the War Relocation Authority expected the thought incarceration would jump at the chance to declare their loyalty to America and get out of camp it ended up having almost the opposite effect and now the government had an even bigger problem on their hands because now the whole country was watching and all of a sudden the w r a had to admit that they had literally thousands of people in the camps who had indicated that they were not loyal to the United States and that posed a very big problem. Came up with a plan they would take the disloyal. In one camp in California there were 18000 people segregated to barber to k. Has written extensively about to link at one time her mother was imprisoned there even before segregation was a camp where there was a lot of protest you know there were strikes and people were very vocal about expressing their feelings. So once segregation happened it became the place where all of the organizers and the most outspoken and the most disaffected and the angry were the ones who were segregated to 2. Of course that made. A cauldron of dissatisfaction and. And protest to Lake authorities could be rough on protesters even before the segregation started Jim Tunney Moto was living in block number 42 when the loyalty questionnaire came out more than 30 people on this block refused to sign it including Jim by a reason for not be with I was a prisoner Jim was 19 years old he says it was hard for him and his neighbors to even take the question here seriously we sort of laughed it off and you know here we are American citizens and. They did things that then are supposed to do so with just refused to sign period campus Ortiz decided to make an example of Jim and his fellow resisters one evening after dinner our barke was surrounded by military police they had rifles with their thoughts and the soldiers get over there get over there as we came out of the mess hall after dinner Jim and his peers were loaded onto trucks and taken to a jail in Oregon after 6 days they were moved again this time it went to a government camp that was run like a high security prison we couldn't do anything without permission or without regard to go the bathroom or go through the train to have a guard soldier or take you right through the door you would go in do whatever you had to do and if you didn't come out for different amount of time for God Would you guys been in there too damn well get out of here Jim and the other inmates began mimicking the guards we didn't realize this is serious we should take it as a joke we're still think. This can't happen to us but it was happening and it would only get worse. Back in while me. Almost put on trial with 62 other draft resisters from hard. The 1st they want the trial the judge called Boys. Came back. And our group said you know something the good while with the. Boys and it shows that is very prejudiced. In June 1944. Defendants were found guilty of draft evasion they were sentenced to 3 years in federal prison. Of all the camps Heart Mountain and post and had the 2 most organized draft resistance movements historian and those movements really were quite articulate about their reasons for for not complying you know their arguments were relatively straightforward at Heart Mountain everybody who resisted the draft had answered yes to the loyalty questions but their position was we have not been treated as citizens we will be willing to shoulder the great burden of military service that falls on citizens if you'll treat us like citizens if you'll give us our rights back and our families rights back we will be happy to go off and serve in the army but until then we're not going to serve the movement at Heart Mountain was led by the Fair Play Committee the committee formed after the questionnaire came out one fellow walked around camp explaining to people their constitutional rights he called himself the Fair Play committee of one but the committee quickly expanded once the draft was announced the organizers cuffed busy we were holding meetings every night various blocks Frank m.-e. Was one of the committee leaders to have. These meetings that we held in the mess halls. 3400 people and I guess. Many people supported the fair. Play committee but the group also faced intense opposition both inside and outside Camp big opponent the Japanese citizens they thought it was a disaster in a sense this was sort of their worst the j.c.l. Is worst fear being realized that in this moment when you know scrutiny was being placed on the Japanese American community that instead of doing what the j.c.l. Wanted which was to grab the American flag and run off onto a battlefield that there would be young men who would resist and who would be understood as resisting out of disloyalty no matter what they said you know no matter how much they claim to be resisting in a patriotic way on their constitutional rights that they would be seen as traitors . Actually help spread the idea that the draft resisters were traitors. Is the. Only. And the paper they editorialize calling us. In hard draft resister got the same rap from the camp do you speak for the heart of all they. Are dimwitted. After one of these. Frank. That was so long the paper had to publish it in 2 issues. Frank and he was never eligible for the draft he was a father of 2 children at the time that disqualified him but he still got punished for leading the fight against the draft at our mountain he has several Fairplay committee leaders for years in federal prison. The draft Well we felt. Strongly about the injustice of it that had to do something spontaneous in 1905 the convictions of the Fair Play committee jurors were overturned. Nearly 300 Japanese American. Were put on trial for resisting the draft except for the group they were all convicted of the same federal crime refusing to report for induction their sentences vary widely in Arizona opposed to draft resisters were given a 120 fine in Idaho resisters were sentenced to more than 3 years in federal prison. After the war president. Pardoned all the. Sisters but they weren't necessarily freed from the judgment of their own community. For Japanese Americans who oppose the draft or who protested in camp their actions are often seen as a badge of dishonor bobber take a says that's a real story of til it is a story of Japanese Americans protesting the injustice of wartime incarceration the tragedy she says is that this history has been hidden and distorted and for most of the past 70 years the stories of the people who protest have been treated like our dirty linen our community has not embraced the stories of protest and instead the people who protest to have been marginalized the people who protested were not pro Japan fanatics they were not disloyal they were people who did I'm very American thing which was to protest in justice and they were our early civil rights heroes. As World War 2 began to end it was clear that all 10 incarceration camps would close many inmates had already left the camps for school or jobs in other parts of the country or to go to war but what would happen to all the people left behind having lost their homes their jobs their businesses where exactly should they go for some people resettling after camp would prove even harder than being in camp we have no place to stay and so my father Army squad and he put it up in the back yard of our former landlord right across the street used to live. On you we lived in that tent I don't know how we survived that's in the final installment of our series order no news. 66. Quarter 9066 is produced by Kate Ellis and me Stephen Smith our narrator is softshell mono the editors are Chris chillin and Mary Beth Kirschner. The theme music is by Kenji surprised. The production team includes Alex bomb hard in a marine Yama Emerald O'Brien Andy Cruise Cory shrimp and Veronica Rodriguez Michael Osborne in John even seven's. This series is a collaboration with the National Museum of American history the team there includes Jennifer Jones the Rico Santa Fuji and Walesa Hill the special thanks to 10 show the Japanese American Legacy Project. Support for Order 9066 comes from the tourist lucky Family Foundation the Henry whose foundation the Wallace Alexander Bodhi foundation the issue Yama Family Foundation and Penelope Shawn. You can hear this entire documentary series at our website 8 pm reports start or while you're there you can see photos from the incarceration and find links to additional resources that includes the Smithsonian's online exhibition writing heroes You can also learn about our terminology like why we use the word incarceration instead of in turn That's at 8 pm reports or. Thanks for listening this is a.p.m. American Public Media. Well good afternoon for this case to be 81 Sam Most of us spoke in the 80 once in Argo and k s d x Santa Barbara were streaming online of Casey back start or. You just heard our special. Order 9066 chapters to walk up our final chapter at 1 pm next Tuesday. Support for gay sex comes from apropos ladies clothing boutique fashions for women just like you with locations in San Luis Obispo Paso Robles and a world grand day learn more at Shop apropo dot com that shop a.p.r. O.p.o. As dot com. Tell it right here thanks so much tuning in to Casey x. Coming up it's a conversation with the reluctant therapist it's a program that represents the views of the speakers and not Leslie those of k.c. B.x. He speaks welcomes the comments of those with divergent views our phone number is 805-781-3875. Good afternoon Elizabeth Barrett is a wife mother grandmother lies.