Weight loss with a new generation of natural sugar substitutes. Since the beginning of the space age weve launched nearly seven thousand satellites into orbit whether g. P. S. Internet search weather forecasting or navigation many aspects of modern life now remind on data sent back from above but the data can flow in both directions a program being tested on the eye and says is now opening up new horizons in research on disaster prediction by tapping into living sensors all over the planet. In february twenty eighth seen this soyuz launcher took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in kazakhstan carrying a quip meant for these german scientists to the International Space station and then ten oclock for their a chorus. Project. For ornithologist martin because it was a dream come true. And if this is the start of a new era in observing the earth its incredible. Then an august cosmonauts on board the i assess set up the n. Ten eyes. They receive data gathered from transmitters attached to animals on earth and then beam the information back down to the scientists who are studying the animals. If we need intelligence sensors that can scan the planet for us animals are our sniffer dogs out in the wild. Animals perceive things we dont and they perceive things differently. They also roam into regions we consider remote or even inaccessible the ikarus project is seeking to harness both those aspects taking advantage of animals modes of perception and their geographical range sokolsky has been working on the project since two thousand and one scientists around the world are cooperating with the core team to perfect methods to track animals. Cutting Edge Technology in particular when it comes to miniaturization is key to the project success the tags the animals carry collect information on their behavior they store g. P. S. Coordinates movement and Environmental Data like temperature the devices have to be customized for each species has already revealed the migration patterns of a whole range of animals the researchers want to create an array of low orbit satellites that allow the planet wide observation of many different species from space. Were about to have an Intelligent Sensor Network that uses the satellites to provide information that creates a complete. Of life on earth it will also enable predictions yet those are pretty actions about the spread of diseases where animals can play a role some Research Suggests african fruit bats carry and transmit viruses that can be dangerous to humans like the one that causes sars but not much as known about their lives researchers have caught some specimens and equip them with transmitters which should reveal their movements where might the bats come into contact with dangerous pathogens and where does their range overlap with that of humans. Fitting more and more bats with transmitters should make it possible to develop a map for tracking bat movement in a number of countries across africa. And then there are goats these live on the slopes of mount etna and intermittently active volcano on the island of sicily. I think. Just since antiquity weve had the idea that animals sense natural disasters before they happen now for the first time with electronic observation methods we can record data to really find out what animals do before during and after a major event a number of goats were killed or dealt with transmitter collars g. P. S. Location data reveal where they go acceleration data reveal different kinds of movements whenever the goats are taken down into the valley the researchers can download the data they discovered that Movement Patterns and behaviors change a few hours before a volcanic eruption could such changes be harnessed to serve as an Early Warning system that would only be possible with round the clock monitoring. And thats what decorous is aiming for for now the antennas on the i assess should scoop up data from countless tank animals as the space station orbits the earth the tags are in sleep mode until the i. S. O. s gets closer then they wake up and transmit data to the caress antennas if the fleet of satellites ever goes into orbit the monitoring could be continuous i think is if you can look to come again one can hardly overstate the benefits to society these animals will constitute a distributed network of sensors spanning the globe that will enable us to predict epidemics and observe Climate Change they might even help us to predict natural disasters. Decorous still has a long way to go but it could revolutionize a range of scientific endeavors. A super organism like this swarm of bees can function in highly sophisticated ways together hundreds or thousands of insects can develop capabilities far beyond those of each individual but how does collective intelligence work exactly a range of fields are trying to answer that question and a team in canada has already begun building swarms of robots that work in similar ways. Is abuzz with conversation who has the best camera the best the lens of a nice germs are communicating they make decisions completely autonomous lee is. It strange to talk about machines as if they were people that the jones are actively communicating amongst themselves and leaving humans out of the loop completely Giovanni Bell train is from the mists lab at the technique and. His team is created the autonomy a swarm intelligence the drones are fully autonomous and they coordinate all the coordination of this war is done. And the drones talk to each other and agree on what they need to do and what they have to explore. To swarm decides how to divide up the area thats being explored. The decision is made depending on how many journeys are in the swarm if one malfunctions the rest react by recalculating and redefining the area to make up for it because. This is one of the first if not the first distributed missions that you can fly. Alone. Between communication with the neighbors. The concept also works with other robots its called a completely Defense System in it to single elements of the system and distributed over a network of computers that communicating coordinate themselves without outside intervention they make decisions based on their tasks and their capabilities so if the robot is capable of for example taking some pictures with a sort of vault to take the task that requires High Resolution pictures is voters was based on the bit so its like putting money so i say i putting hundred on this task because im really good at it and the other authors would put less because they dont have the capability so in the end the robot that has the winning bid takes. A journey to use a kind of language to make big negotiate it was developed by bell train and his team they call it buzz. It is that we have this sort of language that the robot use is used for the coordination among robots but its. Put on top of whatever infrastructure is already there so we can be a player and. The plan is to enable even completely different kinds of robots to form a swarm no matter whether they fly halt or roll all would communicate autonomous lee in the same language. Their Research Teams long time goal is to explore the moon or other planets on the moon or we expect to have. Rovers or jumping robots jumping on the moon is fairly easy because of the gravity on mars this atmosphere so we can actually use copters. Here the journey and still get assignments from a human the team is also trying to improve their communication with mechanical help those kinds of controls are ideal on future missions to the moon or mars astronauts will set assignments and the swarm will execute them. Our goal. Its to go to mars and have a rover that deploys small flying robots and this flying robots will explore the environment and report back to the robot and then the robot will go where the point of interest. But with robots working completely independently what happens if one stops taking part in swarm decisions its actually like what humans would do if you if youre sitting in a room and you have to find the spot this is there are lots of games we have to find this by being good at some point all by discussion we agree ok i think this is a spy in the everybody agrees that theres a spike might not be the spy but it will be cut off the network anyway so a kind of majority rule but could this will not also at some point choose to cut people out of the loop. Well we hope that this doesnt happen and do we actually this were actually working on a system to verify that this profit these do not emerge from the collaboration with the robots here on the chess field at least the communication between human and machine is working well and the germans are bound to come back to earth at some point at the very latest when the batteries run out. People have mixed feelings about the idea of machines that run on Artificial Intelligence we wanted to know how you feel about the issue and ask whether you think ai is amazing more frightening. Than said the field is still super scary and it depends on whether you feel you can trust decisions made by machines especially when it comes to democracy. Charlie had a straightforward answer he predicts a machine rebellion are we heading for a terminator scenario alfonso doesnt think so he says that computers can still only do what we tell them to do thats true but for how much longer thanks for getting in touch what is right right right only very. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted answered it were happy to help out send it to us as a video text over smell if we answer it on the show listen to a little surprise as a thank you cannot just ask. To find as a dot com slash science or drop us a line at d w underscore site take. Time for us now. Watch out too often we stuff ourselves without even paying attention thats not a very healthy thing to do even if what were eating is irresistible. Are there ways to make our diets a little healthier. We decided to try some novel substitutes for one of the worlds favorite foods. The luvox a family knows all about pasta juice eppy moved from italy to germany when he was only six but the classics from his home country always end up on their dinner table. Every day its in my d. N. A. But my wife. I need variety. Day on day i love hockey is getting it together with their son tonio the family is entering a new pasta territory with noodles made of chip please read lentils and greenpeace but are there solid patrician reasons to eat these alternatives and how do they taste the bhaktas try to chickpea spirit the first. As if they dont stick to each other but its pretty mealy. And drew separate doesnt like them for another reason. Sort of sorting the sauce. It just runs off of them rather than sticking to them or. You cant relate to them they fall apart into a hundred pieces but at the German Institute for Nutrition Research in potsdam those aspects are what makes the idea interesting or rather its the components of chickpea flour that have drawn until yes five noodles made from legumes like peanuts lentils and peas have one clear advantage over some alina. They contain about ten percent dietary fiber traditional noodles have just two percent in health terms dietary fiber is the most important component in food. Dietary fiber found in legumes bines water causing it to swell in your stomach and make you feel full in the large intestine bacteria break down fiber into short chain fatty acids that protect the intestinal membrane from harmful journey this benefits the immune system a diet rich in fiber stimulates the intestines which can help reduce the risk of colon cancer dietary fiber also helps lower cholesterol levels. Experts recommend that adults consume at least thirty grams of fiber daily. It can even help to keep you slim. When you eat pasta made of legumes. Your blood sugar levels rise more slowly. That means the body releases less insulin. And how you prepare the noodles plays an important grow. The way past is cooked determines how quickly its absorbed in the body if you cook noodles too long it breaks up their starch which means theyre digested very quickly and your blood sugar will spike thats not good and it releases other hormones in the intestine duh. Promote weight gain if you eat pasta identi it makes you feel full for longer your blood sugar levels stay lower and you produce less insulin and less insulin means you wont gain ways. Just the way they like says pasta but when it comes to the noodles made of green peas hes not really convinced. Hes take longer to cook much longer i wouldnt call this out there rock hard so was the green pea pasta worth the wait. While the flavor of peace isnt bad but id rather make regular pasta and add peace i think the flavors excellent and that theyd make a great side dish for certain meals i can imagine serving it with grilled salmon steak the optics alone would be great when it comes to the chemical composition one bio molecule the pasta contains stands out for its nutritional value protein nutrition experts say its an important argument in favor of legume pasta which often has protein content twice that of traditional pasta proteins which are made up of amino acids are fundamental throughout the entire body their key to muscles bones blood the immune system and the most important hormones the large molecules build up new cells and repair cells but protein can only be stored in the body to a limited extent so you should eat at least one gram of a particular of body weight daily. With one hundred gram portion of red lentils perelli andrea could cover about half of her dont like the consistency but the flavors pretty good. And legumes can even be used to help prevent a common disease fatty liver doctors say that one in three germans now suffers from it. I know in one of our studies we looked at what happens to older people with a fatty liver when they eat a very high protein diet. They lost about thirty five percent of their liver fat through a diet rich in vegetable protein mainly from peace without feeling hungry or losing weight thats what happens with protein in general animal and plant based protein alike protein controls the burning of liver fast. Just as. I know. People who eat vegetable protein also benefit from the Minerals Vitamins and fight or chemicals the plants contain for example carotene which is responsible for the vivid color of these lentil noodles. Overall back to family were more partial to a different color. Id say my favorite was the green noodles made of peas because they really tasted like pays i did say that for me they were the closest thing to regular pasta. So there are a healthy alternative but not a perfect replacement still the more legumes you eat the healthier youll be not all noodles are created equal. Dessert and one most of us love things that are colorful sticky and sweet that passion is in our genes it evolved over time when sweet things were few and far between theres even evidence dating back thousands of years that our prehistoric ancestors liked sweet things but nowadays sugar is everywhere we eat too much of it so researchers are searching for healthy natural substitutes. We all know how hard it is to resist a sweet treat but sugar really isnt good for us surely the experts must have come up with a healthy substitute by now. The researchers at the bio Economy Company brain agee in germany are looking for the ultimate sweetener. It has to be refined from Natural Sources and fulfill one other strict criteria. Is not dangerous were looking to develop a sweetener that taste exactly like shogo or enhance his sweetness so less sugar is needed in a product even though the taste remains the same. Artificial sweeteners often fail to provide the intense sweet flavor we crave. And its not exactly clear what effect sugar substitutes have on the body take aspartame for example even though reviews by various regulatory bodies declared it safe for consumption critics warn that it can cause side effects such as headaches and impaired vision but sweeteners can also influence blood sugar levels and they can actually increase your appetite for sweet things. Causing you to eat even more of them so you gain weight instead of losing it almost all the sweeteners that have been approved by the e. U. Are artificial the only exception is stevia. Gets approval in twenty eleven as the first natural sweetener sparked a lot of optimism but it can only be used in a limited number of applications. Dr default and stevia doesnt combine well with every product you wont find many milk products sweetened with stevia for instance because the taste is noticeably off were looking for a better sweetener an improvement over stevia stuff Nothing Better than stevia. To achieve that goal the researchers are systematically working their way through natures cornucopia. This deep freeze is the company vault it contains cell samples and naturally occurring compounds extracted from a wide range of plants and fungus is. Its a huge archive gathered and collected over many years from places all over the globe. To move the next big thing in sweden those could be inside any of these in conspicuous samples. As this mission is by is like looking for Hidden Treasure in organisms you already know well we test common plants like rhubarb of chili peppers and examine the individual components to see if they contain characteristics like sweetness used to be substances could be found in both edible and inedible parts of plants looks at small molecules that have even the slightest trace of sweetness on the menu today the truth. A single plant contains hundreds sometimes thousands of compounds and all of them have to be tested. The research is both time consuming and expensive. But it would be nearly impossible without the help of the artificial tongue. The same size head with his tongue with these artificial so. Ells we can test thousands of substances for their properties we can find out if theyre sweet or better and do it within a very short time. Each of these test tubes hold cells from a human tongue that react to the samples when the cells Register Sweet they generate messengers if theyre detected the system generates a light signal the many bright dots here indicate that beetroot is promising. But the artificial tongue alone cant make any choices. Only the real deal can detect decisive subtleties and nuances. And two samples are being tested today the second is a natural substance found in beetroot will it pass the human taste test. The first sample tasted sweeter the second one left a slightly metallic aftertaste thats an automatic elimination of the beetroot compound has failed to pass the audition the scientists arent interested in samples that displease the human palate but even those substances that do make the grade wont necessarily come to market no substance works well in every product. Some sweetness a very soluble those are perfect for beverage is and then there are sweeteners that dont dissolve well but still taste great those can be used in a candy bar of chewing gum for example. The Brain Company has already discovered over sixty promising sweeteners that could be used in a wide range of variety of products the researchers have made them available to food manufacturers who then conduct further research on. One candidate has cut illegal feeling hopeful its a sweet protein made by a south african berry that could be used to improve the taste of protein shakes. But for now the search for the ultimate natural. Continues and it will probably take a while for it to be discovered. Until then go ahead and indulge in treats containing good old sugar in moderation of course. 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