Twenty sixteen Olympic Games because to so many of south africa took gold in the womens eight hundred meter event but some said so many are shouldnt be allowed to compete for natural testosterone levels and usually holly so is she actually a man. You know because hormones are the only thing that determines a persons sex. The external and internal sex organs also play a role as do the chromosomes normally x. X. In women and x. Y. In men. And sometimes its a mix of all of these so determining sex is far from simple if only we could look inside the brakes. Does the brain have a gender can we tell just by looking at it we ask a neuro anatomist. To see him get a scare this is the brain of someone who donated his or her body to medical science some of the men in jail tissue has been removed from what im able to see i couldnt tell you whether its a mans brain or a womans brain that firstly. Signs isnt a reliable indicator because that also tends to depend on your body size rather than your gender but what about inside the brain or are there differences in how its wired. Antique reasons that are in this area of the spleen iom is a lot more prominent and figure in the female brain to go with men in this area is not as barbers do not just or so with steve i can all but i can also show you the brain of a woman where this distinction is not as clear. Its who you can see smooth the transition. So this structure doesnt allow us to reliably identify a mans brain or a womans brain when i get a throng and. Hundreds of studies have examined the anatomy of the brain in order to determine the differences between the sexes and International Research team has compared our best data one conclusion it came to that there are more similarities than differences. But its not just about the visible distinctions are there are differences between the brains of men and women in terms of function. Women are generally said to be more linguistically talented than men and men are considered to have better spatial awareness. The latter can be determined using their mental rotation test which of the images correspond to the first one. Men tend to perform better in their stats to the surprising thing is that womens performance is very according to their monthly cycle so one is that. M. R. I. Scans show how hormone. Change our brains. Harmonious exercise a continual influence time before birth they have a strong impact on how our brain develops but they also affect us our whole life long and thats particularly apparent with women during the course of their menstrual cycle. Estrogen increases over the course of the menstrual cycle and progesterone also starts to kick in a bit later. Studies of the effect of estrogen have revealed that when levels are low womens behavior tends to resemble mens behavior more closely. Than men on earth and that means when a woman is having her period her brain is more under the influence of testosterone than on the other days of her cycle so it isnt as straightforward as one might think. In recent Years Research has focused increasingly on transgender people their gender identity or gender expression differs from the gender that they were assigned at birth. Or their biological markers in the brain that indicate trans identity in a bid to find that out scientists measured how the brain reacts to voices. On seed is this here we see activity in the auditory cortex this is the area responsible for hearing and also how we process voices you can see that the strands womans brain lies between the different activation patterns displayed by men and women. And shows they cant simply be assigned to one sex or the other. I honestly come although the research is still in its infancy and Michelle Cleaver shows differences between men and women but also nonbinary areas. With a brain and we expected to discover that there were no fixed categories you know instead its a continuum our brain develops into what can be classed as more male or more female. On the basis of biological hormonal and chromosomal influence. Its not static that develops an interaction with our environment and our experiences. To the brain cant be clearly identified as having one single sex its a mix of male female and the many shades in between. One shot shock of electricity and frankensteins monster is jolted into life. In the classic film based on the novel written by mary shelley thats all it takes. But what happens in real life when electricity is applied to regions of the brain. Research is that the University Hospital of zurich want to give our brains a priest so Christian Wolf and his team have wired up their test subjects. And the experiment begins now. Over the subjects dont actually feel a thing transcranial brain stimulation involves a point electric current to a specific region of the organ in this case one of these known to influence mathematical reasoning. For ten minutes the subjects at about solving tricky subtraction and multiplication exercises with startling results the house before us when weve discovered that when this region is stimulated the test subjects get more subtraction problems right. So in other words it makes subtraction easier for them interestingly we found no effect on multiplication so it appears that this region is responsible for subtraction. Found for he was. Transcranial brain stimulation in general is said to hold great potential. As an ironing student in some studies test subjects were given working memory exercises they had to remember sequences of numbers and if you do that over the course of a week using stimulation four months later you discover that the ones who received the stimulation still have a better capacity than those who didnt study needs to be. And researchers elsewhere are also turning out exciting results of a team in the us likewise experimenting with electrical brain stimulation the us army is using the research to a drone pilots who have to stare at screens for hours on end looking for the proverbial needles in haystacks the slightest lapse in concentration could mean disaster. Transcranial brain stimulation can significantly increase concentration and attention span. So were looking at our future. First entry here too but inevitably there will be debate over the extent to which we should employ Something Like neuro enhancement to improve the natural functions of the brain events are doesnt and im among those who see it with a critical eye because you have to ask yourself just how much youre willing to interfere and such an organized we only do it with other organs when theyre not functioning like putting a pacemaker in a diseased heart and youve always got to ask what side effects are going to have and to what extent boosting one particular brain ability might weaken another. But lots of questions are open so this form of brain doping is still a distant process right. Now we tend to see animals. As. Different species have developed different forms of communication. Vocalizations can serve to scare. Other animals just to interact. We often think we understand these messages but is that true. Im jack im eleven and a european short hat and thats michael he lives here too. I have five brothers and sisters for a bit standoffish. Thats my other human reality she opens the tin. Im going to teach us some feline language today like how to meow im hungry or let me out. Cats and he says meow and weve got to expect doesnt like it spilled we open a fresh package kitty wants out meals and we open the door. Of course they manipulate us cat owners are probably the most easily manipulated creatures on earth. Manipulate. Maybe just need a few lines human dictionary to understand us a bit better after all we only know for humans. Thats why im going to see marina today shes a researcher who could interpret that. Brought a couple of samples on video. Because she recognizes a lot in our voices things like volume and pitch this isnt a matter of pride that was recorded during feeding then we do a lot of math calculation number of things what are the basic frequencies and here we can see the areas in purple that is the area of maximum energy what we call peak frequency. Those are the parameters we used to describe the vocalizations. That should be easy enough when i sit in front of my. Eyes caught some visits and i can actually pass and it would probably say thats a feed me now im fit but you have to remember theres a context to the me out when you cant sit in front of its bow miaowing then youll probably go to a cast and see the bowlers. And then i look cool youll interpret that behavior and know right it wants to be fed the taste but that doesnt necessarily mean its a typical fede mean yeah. Thats true you often get it wrong sometimes we just want attention thats my buddy. Fiona to him. A matter of and alexis. Covert. Manipulate. Just watch how he keeps them in line. You know every time we go out he makes exactly the same noise when he also pathetically i cant help because back upstairs. Is this high pitched. And when hes hungry then its just a mellow now. Gotta hand it to him. Hardcore meows. I was able to extract some relatively clear vocalizations as if you want to focalize ations and heres what he wants to be left out this is sort of a general emotional rule you could say went after the more negative the emotion the greater the education the longer the vocalization. And the pitch usually rises as well. As we do that too when we worked up our voice and sometimes its really hard to control that when. We found the same parameters with can when cats get more worked out of their voice cracks a bit we humans perceive a higher pitched vocalizations as more urgent. Friends home and. That holds for your human babies too when they get that high pitched cry you go running. When i create my own special way he doesnt always get the message. Well i come home and he runs to greet me i pick a moderate get a little kiss when i put him down he gets annoyed. That could mean not now or could mean pick me up i mean lets get back to this later it depends. She needs an interpreter. But he gets it. You can tell from like. Shes enjoying it to you. This is not the hering has a completely different acoustic structure its nothing like meowing for example you mainly hear it when you stroking your cats or when your cat rubs against your leg. But it can be employed in other contexts like begging for food or hired for every cat is different they all have their own personality you like a bit like humans in that respect they have different behavioral profiles and different voices. I was about to give gabby a feline dictionary but it seems you need a new one for every single cat. Even if every cas is an individual they all have one thing in Common People just cant seem to get enough of them either at home or online on facebook we asked you to share your experiences with your pets and not surprisingly got lots of responses. Chris nate told us about his furry friend ronnie who seems to be in charge. According to. Cats are totally convinced that theyre the monsters and humans are little more than slaves. Lots of you out there send him videos and photographs of your pets heroes some of the ones that really caught our eye. This seems to have got the knack of it. The first time i did a little bit on the tight side. Maybe a bit. Im david very. Thick. Now with the fs again. Its time to leave behind out pull the cattle a cat filled homes to head out into the great beyond this weeks viewer question comes from sandy. Why is it dark in outer space. There are more than one hundred billion stars in our milky way and its just one of the countless galaxies and the universe sensitive instruments like the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed that there are ten times more galaxies out there than we thought just a few decades ago and these gigantic swarms of stars are distributed quite uniform throughout space so we should see light shining at us from every direction right. Just like we see trees in every direction while standing in the midst of a huge forest but the night sky is mostly dark this apparent contradiction was first described by astronomer jaime they should have obamas around two hundred years ago thats why its called old bias paradox. Today we believe the universe formed fourteen billion years ago in whats called the big bang since then says the theory the universe has been expanding at an ever increasing rate. Here on earth we can see just one small sliver of the universe many stars are so far away that their light hasnt arrived here yet after all it takes two and a half million years for light to make the journey from our nearest galactic neighbor andromeda to the earth. And because the universe is expanding radiation from distant galaxies is also stretched into wavelengths that are no longer visible to the human eye but they are visible to the Hubble Telescope it can also observe radiation and those parts of the spectrum and even reveal stars hidden behind clouds of cosmic dust that block radiation in the visible spectrum the light. And thats why at least to our eyes the night sky is dark. If outlook is red white but only a few. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted oncet with happy to help out send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you cannot just ask. If youll find us on line under d. W. Dot com slash science and of course on twitter and facebook so get in touch. Since the very first automobile hit the road in a scene eighty five cars have changed or not. Countless millions of them have rolled off the tree feel the most important things speed and looks environmental friendliness didnt play a big role until now ecards could help us achieve the dream of a cleaner greener future but the batteries and then rely on lithium in germany plans to mine the metal are ramping up. The alps get bigger mountains are situated on the border between germany. A group of researchers from the fight that university of mining are descending eighty metres beneath the surface to examine the reserves the valuable Natural Resource is hidden in this glittering rock called lithium mica or is involved. In the dont look right here in this area is nearly one hundred persons involved so its a very lithium rich though no. For nearly five hundred years this was an active mine that yielded mainly ten people knew there was let in here but they had no real use for it back researchers have assessed the size of the deposit. For it and it was a positive compass as some ninety thousand tonnes of lithium out of work but thats just a third of the overall deposit theres twice that over on the chalk side so if we add it all up incorporating some of the older calculations we arrive at an estimate of at least two hundred fifty thousand tonnes of metallic lithium compared to other deposits around the world for example those in australia this is certainly an important deposit and of course a lot of them. For years the lithium in this mine remained virtually untouched there was no way to extract it on a commercial scale but now thats changed the fried egg researchers have developed a new process to extract Lithium Carbonate friends involved i. Used to make batteries for cell phone cameras and laptops. Its also a key material in the production of storage shelves for solar and wind. And as electronic ability takes off demand will continue to soar so this raw material that play such a Critical Role in the transition to cleaner energy is going. To visit us as need to reserve the price of lithium has nearly doubled over the last year and a half or and its been turned. Lithium carbonate is the form in which all traded now costs around thirteen thousand dollars. On the Chinese Market itself for around twenty two or twenty three thousand dollars a tonne along. The process used to extract the lithium from or is relatively simple there or is first crushed and is involved it is removed using magnets. Its then heated to one thousand degrees celsius which causes the chemical bonds in the material to break down making the various elements in the symbols like easier to separate. The fluorite aluminum and iron which used to get in the way of lithium extraction can also be refined and used. You can already say that the process is very environmentally friendly you could even call it a form of green mining because it doesnt produce any waste. The crucial step is just Carbon Dioxide and water as a leeching medium. With the help of electro dialysis pressure and heat the Carbon Dioxide escapes leaving the Lithium Carbonate behind once thats filtered and dried it can be sold commercially. As extremely unfortunate its very simple thats important otherwise it might not be economically viable the amount of lithium in sin well diet isnt very high and the extraction process has to be easy and inexpensive otherwise it wouldnt be worth it on the talks that he creates. Whats more the same process can be used to extract lithium from old battery. Until now became ion batteries collected for me cycling have been fed into a High Temperature furnace that yields an alley from which cobalt nickel and copper can be recovered. To recycle the lithium it would need to be extracted from the slack before its melted. The lithium is contained in whats called the black mass the substance layered on the cathode by adding Carbon Dioxide and water and heating the mass to at least fifty degrees celsius the other components of the black mass are melted out leaving behind a white deposit that in carbonate. The opposite also we are able to extract nearly all the lithium from first generation batteries. Its a bit more difficult with the more modern batteries but weve been able to extract seventy five or eighty percent of it already with no real problem song but im all for life. In the future recycling all the valuable Raw Materials in lithium ion batteries will become ever more important to freiburg process thats very promising. The lithium that lies slumbering and outs get taken mountains has now become a valuable resource. And the old mine here may soon be cropped back to life. That wraps it up for this week but join us again next time when well look at how researchers are trying to harness Artificial Intelligence to decode hieroglyphs faster than ever before. Graphics in the video game assassins creed origins are based on ancient egyptian sources. But Machine Learning played a key role during the song. In the project experts from the field of egyptology worked closely with Game Developers the past meets the future next time until march today see that. Movie. I want. To. Move. Into the conflict zone confronting the powerful. Serbia is. Pushing ahead with luiz join the European Union the brussels who so far unimpressed with its reforms my guest this week visiting but is the sub Prime Minister im not going to preach. Why so little progress oh so many key issues. Conflicts of. Thirty minutes d. W. Europe. What unites. What divides. The man. Trying to force. What binds the continent together going to answers and stories aplenty the. Spotlight on people. Going to focus on girls on t w. Her first day of school in the jungle. First clueless and. Then doris green the moment arrives. Join the ring in taking on her journey back to freedom lead. In our interactive documentary. Toronto a no brainer jane returns home on t w dot com to tangs. My first by psycho was the sewing machine. Where i come from women are almost by this ocean full and theres something as simple as nothing home to write them by said those isnt. Since i was a little girl i wanted to have them by cycle of my home and it took me miss two months but. Finally thinking about invention by me and by psychos and returns people sewing machine sewing i suppose was more appropriate for goes than writing im biased as knowledge i want to meet a challenge to those woman back home who are bones by their duties and social norms and informed and oded basic rights my name is the about of people home and im more at ease and. This is g. W. News coming to you live from berlin the new breakthrough in the Lunar Exploration youre looking at the first ever photo from the surface of the dark side of the moon taken on the Mission Today by the un then try new spacecraft will have all the details in just a moment also coming up just democrats take over the house of representatives to