But first we turn to the trading data its big business and as so often says to me street the head of its time. Journal like. Ones and big data of how its much of the internet so how does it all work. German student Jessica Webers spends a lot of time online but would prefer to remain anonymous shes installed an ad blocker and also cleans out her browser data on a regular basis. For that was that i try to be careful and to reveal a minimum of information about myself for the settings to protect my data as far as possible while surfing. But will that prevent companies from collecting head data and composing an individual behavior profile. Is less. Concerned about his online data the growth amala born marketing student has installed twenty apps on his smartphone he uses eleven of them regularly including apps that belong to facebook and google. As an advantage for Google Facebook doubt my data and then provide me with a recommendation. We accompany the two of them through a typical digital day what kind of day terror companies gathering about them and how is it used to create personalized advertising. Martin climbin is professor of marketing at the cause School Institute of technology he and his team are trying to locate the digital trail left by the students and then assess which data could be used for individual marketing. You have to invest a whole lot of energy to surf anonymously on a. Regular people dont really have a lot of voiding their data being collected. The first stop on our tour is a news website that jessica visits regularly while she reads the site still small files with information about jessicas usage on her hard drive cookies the Marketing Experts follow what happens when jessica is on the website. The cookie store data such as jessicas preferred language and other personal page settings. What the research is also find a cookies from other domains represented here by turning all. These Third Party Cookies recognize jessica on all the sites theyre linked up to and then Able Companies to track her across the net and collect vital data on her surfing habits amazon is offered. Here we have a cookie from google pager. Doubleclick. Jessica regularly deletes have browser data including unwanted cookies so can she still be identified and tracked online. Have browser automatically sends data such as has Screen Resolution phone operating system and time zone to the provider of the site shes currently on that data helps them to optimize the site jessica visits am i unique to find out whether she can be identified and tracked it turns out she can as nobody else relays the exact same data as jessica website providers can recognize and follow her and place ads on her screen even without cookies. Meanwhile mark wants to buy a new laptop hes already tried out a range of online suppliers and found one that he likes but as hes not one hundred percent sure he puts the product in his account shopping cart and then makes his way to his next lecture. Pretty soon the Online Computer store is sending mark a steady stream of ads to his current laptop and his phone thats possible due to mark having registered with google on both devices as a result all websites he visits that have google cookies will display personalized advertising. And google also sends out its ads itself as jessica notices when she looks up frequently used search terms banners related to those words then pop up googles ads feature brands an option to determine which banners will show up on a search results page with term search for more frequently google charges more money from advertisers this form of individual marketing does not require behavior profiles. But its a different story with facebook here the Business Model involves selling ads and displaying them to specific uses sounds complicated our marketing maestros now have the task of placing an ad on mark screen with the help of some Background Information about him as a very first were going to confine the location to calls or we can also narrow down the age range and well set the gender to male. To see. I think eighteen to twenty two should work we also know that mr ately is a soccer fan and supports Manchester United so we can enter that under his interests. We know that he was born in guatemala so we can. Post the banner on facebook the question now appear on marks facebook page. Through photos and text from his friends be presented with the fake and that he doesnt find. The ones a bit worried about how Companies Like facebook and google. But with all users out there im sure there are people of greater interest to me for advertisers. So it doesnt really bother me. Despite being a frequent user of digital devices jessica does find this events aspect very annoying. It is weird knowing that there are databases somewhere with information on your shopping habits. And that data will eventually be other products without us knowing what theyll do with. Common is critical of the volume of data being collected by Companies Including data they dont even need for marketing. In practice i think companies would be hard pressed to divide up information they collect between the data they do and dont mean id say its easier for them to just collect all the data. And however cautious jessica unmocked used to be while surfing the net del inevitably be identified and then tracked all around the world. Now its time for our video of the week sit back and enjoy your is well thank you. Is the voice of the sun you might say. Its what you hear when its vibrations are transposed into sound nasa and isa recorded those libration and turned a forty day sequence of them into music its a stellar aria literally so whats next the mood. State you. In a scene eighty three thyroid tissue in one nine hundred sixty seven a hot Organ Transplantation has become an every day procedure well over one hundred thousand other forms each year uterine transplants are a new frontier for some women they offer hope but theyre controversial. In twenty sixteen gynecologists out of pocket performed germanys first uterine transplant its a complicated surgical procedure that wasnt allowed to be filmed today shes performing a hysterectomy a routine surgery but one that spells the end of a patients dream of baring her own child but offer some hope. The think about what to do here this is the uterus. This is a patsy and this patient is having a hysterectomy because shes been diagnosed with an early stage cancer. Vincy in a few years she wants to have her own baby she would be an ideal candidate for uterine transplant. Im a. Man type so i want a transplanted down a uterus could give her the chance to bear a child during the first transplant professor poco was assisted by colleagues from sweden who have experience with the procedure the worlds First Successful uterine transplant from a living donor was carried out there in two thousand and thirteen the following year vincent was born the first child carried in a transplanted womb. In a uterine transplant both donor and recipient undergo major surgery the procedure can take up to ten hours and is not without risk in most cases so far a mother donated her uterus to her daughter to enable her to bear her own child the organ is removed together with the fallopian tubes. This involves locating and severing the artery that supplies the uterus with blood. Card and i mean we can only carry out a uterine transplant if the recipient still has functioning ovary its. Not whats key to the procedure is that the patient retains her ovaries and they remain functional and do nothing for thats what makes it possible for her to bear a child that is genetically her own home and this before that she needs her own eggs so. This is over that this is an ovary and it will remain in place. After the uterine transplant eggs taken from the womans ovary are fertilized in vitro. The embryo is then transferred to the new transplanted womb. Things is this is the vagina. The uterus out. As with other Organ Transplants the patient is given immune suppressants to prevent rejection so far theres been Little Research on possible long term effects on mother and child so i presented the results of her first transplant as a Gynecology Congress in stuttgart. The procedure is controversial because its not a life saving measure like say a liver or heart transplant and many view it more as a personal choice. They are what tired him down who decides which woman gets to have the child she wants and which doesnt the doctor does there are pros and cons when it comes to uterine transplant and we need to have an open discussion about the issue in germany. So far that debate hasnt taken place the German Ethics Council has yet to officially address the issue. Professor. Is a member of the council she specializes in the ethical aspects of reproductive medicine and its social implications. Transplants are not unproblematic in an ethical sense still under Clinical Trial its not an established procedure procedure in which we know exactly what longer term consequences it might have. Planted uterus could be rejected were talking about a living donor transplant if the patient ends up getting pregnant very considerable risks for the child. Around the world at least a dozen babies have been born thanks to a uterine transplant but none so far in germany the legal ramifications are also still unclear the transplants performed in to begin were considered a therapeutic trial and didnt require approval from the universitys Ethics Commission or from the german medical association. While german law doesnt ban uterine transplants its still a great zone for professor garment basic principles of medical research are at stake. Therapeutic trials are generally a last resort for patients with life threatening conditions an option when there are no alternatives. Indian file in this case were talking about a therapeutic trial of a treatment that hasnt been approved in germany not a Clinical Trial that progress is from one step to the next. What happened here is that Invasive Surgery was the very first step. I would recommend that researches launch a regular Clinical Study around the can carry out the sensational procedures. To once again the World Medical associations policy statement supports her stance according to these ethical guidelines a physician may use an unproven treatment with informed consent but this intervention should subsequently be subjected to rigorous Clinical ResearchClinical Trials of uterine transplants are under way in north america asia and several European Countries but not yet in germany the scientists in to begin believe transplantation holds promise for women who were born without a uterus or who have lost it to disease. Vincy. For fungicide. Make me progress in medicine to be able to help people in new and better ways you have to chart new ground. To advance research you need to innovate and have the courage of your convictions. Not to release you know via teach sign that run. For new design to give birth to a child doesnt justify everything the desire for a child can be overpowering First Priority should be to address life threatening conditions how far we can go to satisfy personal desires is an ethically fraught issue. It just looked. Into being transplants have so far been carried out that one woman has already received a fertilized egg implant so it probably wont be long before germany too will see a first baby born to a mother with a uterine transplant. So she wakes in the womb and the first lies just as a baby it happens all the time yet its totally astounding. How to best Development Just keeps on going. All the time experiments let psychologists observe these processes in real time. Children observe the world with a mens curiosity eager to understand events around them the most difficult thing to understand is whats going on in other peoples minds developmental psychologists like subpoena power and have discovered that children start to develop empathy at a very early age carla is twelve months old with the help of these toys professor power and wants to find out of carla can identify the preferences of other people carl a shown how the man seems fascinated by animals while the woman cant take her eyes off of the cars and that remains the case when the cars and animals switch positions the testers repeated ten times will carla managed to conclude who prefers what asking her directly obviously isnt an option. Fortunately there is an alternative in the last part of the test the man now looks at the car and the woman at the animal will that change of preference be visible in karlas visual focus. We can see has shes analyzing events far more intensively. She also takes a closer look at the objects. Little mind is working away trying to figure out why everythings changed. Even the twelve month old babies register a change in preference always fascinated by the faces. People are looking at and how the motions theyre exhibiting is totally exciting. Yo is at a more advanced stage as is typical for three year old he displays empathy when he sees the researcher getting his hand trapped in a box he seems concerned and is eager to help. When the same man loses a balloon you know again intervenes by giving him another one in its place. But children also look very carefully to determine whether their help is genuinely needed or whether someone is just pretending. Here i only trap my sleeve and you can immediately see from her cheeky reaction that shes not taking you seriously. After a while she thinks ok i will open the box so that the game continues here she needs a bit longer to intervene. With. The child knows that the researcher didnt actually hurt himself before so when he now loses the balloon will it take longer for her to console him. To see how she hesitates first she looks at me then up at the balloon then eventually back to me it takes a little longer to decide to help me after all and possibly one of her balloons. So even here children display an urge to help what psychologists call empathic concern. That means putting myself in someone elses shoes and trying to think what the most helpful thing would be for the other person to lessen their suffering. These children exhibit a clear expression of sympathy. For you. But can children as young as three predict the behavior of someone whos thinking something completely different to them. They say this is sally and this is an shes wearing a gray dress and has red hair the two of them have a box in the basket. They also have a ball. And they put the ball into the box by going on to do an indy kist. So all is in the box yes there certainly goes to the playground cognition now she cant see or hear whats happening with the box take it and goes inside it involves takes the ball out and puts it in the basket. Its going to tell you so now sally comes back from the playground and looks for the ball opposite where will she look. In the well caught the basket and why. Because its inside it that yo gives the wrong answer like all three year olds at this age children still assume that other people are thinking the same thing as them but once they reach five like elza children can correctly predict that sally will look for the ball in the wrong place the club where will she look. What the child knows about the world is not the same as what sally knows so when the child has to predict what sally will do next they have to understand that what sally is thinking is different from what theyre thinking. As children grow so does their empathy also from observing adults. Children dont just learn when we try to teach them something they also learn from that social environment all the time. Children are faced with the task of getting used to the social and cultural environment theyre growing up in and learning all the rules of conduct. So when adults interact with children we should assume that the children absorb that information so that makes us adults role models and gives us a certain degree of responsibility for. Researchers meanwhile are faced with the task of understanding how children think in feel and what exactly is going on in their little heads. And then there are animals to figure them out all we can do as it is a. Feeling nothing likely evan dreamed a had an observation and asked us a very interesting question. While there are no polar bears in antarctica im no penguins in the arctic. When its all mainly at home in antarctic thanks to evolution some penguins do live in warmer climes so just a couple. Of other wise the birds presence is limited to the southern hemisphere. They never try to venture further north. As they can fly on one wing wouldnt get them very far given the thousands of kilometers of ocean between the two poles they offer. Decent swim. But there is a different explanation for penguins not moving to the arctic. They live off the fish that are in plentiful supply in cold sea currents heading northward being crossing the woman waters near the equator. And that would probably constitute an impossible barrier. So penguins and polar bears will never meet in nature. Theyre well adapted to their respective habitats the problem for this guy is that the sea ice vital for catching seals is melting due to Climate Change polar bears are strong swimmers but not as fast the seals in open water theyre facing a food crisis. So with their natural habitat shrinking how about simply relocating polar bears to the south pole its nice and cold there too right. Years ago scientists began toying with the idea of relocating animals certain by Climate Change to similar habitats elsewhere in the world. But moving polar bears to the antarctic has been ruled out as it would have unforeseeable consequences for the ecosystem that. Penguins for example would be completely vulnerable to this new imported predator. Undersides taunting is warming up as well. If outlet is red white and black only a fish do you have a science question that youve always wanted oncet we happy to help out send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. Can visit us on the web at d. F. W. Dot com slash science on twitter or on facebook. Thats all for now next week well take a look. In the lead in to the brain. Scientists in switzerland have done Amazing Things using electric current. Join us then for a stimulating experience. And see you soon. The book. On. The book. Going to. The back of. The big news trying to show off b. L. S. Guylaine. During World War Two two thousand four hundred kilometers long route connects alaska with the rest of. The brode most submissiveness and the story of science b. M. s going away. Some of the us fifteen million strong g. W. For. More. May nineteenth sixty eight and ill cry and go to around the world. Young people rebelled against their parents generation and if it wasnt honestly dusty fullest stupidity and systems. They demanded nothing less than a whole society. Wide maelstrom of just serial lines. How did those words or remember them. For the first time i had a feeling of being a pompous something in the. Seeds of civil rights. Piecemeal ones form of plan. Nine hundred sixty eight. The global revolt starts september first double. This is a fifteen year old girl. Being gang raped. His teacher is beating a boy for talking back and class. By the rest of the class watches. And cheering toddlers been killed by his mother. Breaking up laps. A child sleeps in the streets because her family threw her on. The. Gear. Online bowling. Pushes a teenager over the edge. Just because you can see violence against children doesnt mean others and there are make them visible visible of us might violence against children disappear. Lead. This is d. W. News a live from orlando separated by war of reunited after decades apart. Two people among dozens of north and south korean families leaving each other for the first time we look at why these reunions are happening now. Also coming up clashes break out between brazilian locals and venezuelans as tensions over migration come to a head more than a thousand tennis waylands who have fled the border town are down forced back to their crisis