How does the learning process really work. Many teachers have to scratch their heads over that question. And scientists also know very little about what happens in the brain when we learn. One research has set up a number of experiments to find out but not with school kids. The pigeons are reputed to be not very smart but might we be wrong about them lets take this average pigeon we call it right now were going to do an experiment to find out if i can distinguish between photos with and without humans in them. We show id have pictures of dogs and peer. Family and adrian. Caro and. The pigeon passes easily disestablishment it works because its identified you. As a category i have been trained and shown lots of pictures with them without people in them. The pigeon clearly didnt memorize the pictures but learned something abstract from them recognizing a human being and it can apply that to any picture. But. The team of neuroscientists observe the pigeons learning behavior in whats known as a skinner box the process of learning how to distinguish between pictures with and without humans appears to follow certain principles in order to investigate them the tests are carried out according to strict rules and you see its always close to the food. The pigeon picks out a yellow patch then if it successfully distinguishes between humans and say animals it gets corn feed as a reward if it gets it wrong the light is briefly switched off. For. This kind of experiment you need animals that dont get easily frustrated it can take a long time and to start with the animal doesnt know what you wanted to do the pigeons are very conscientious if you give them a task theyll stick with it even if it takes weeks its fantastic. That is fantastic. Actually the sole focus of. Work. Just as interested in how learning works in all animals and in humans since animal perception is similar to that of humans experiments with animals allow him to form conclusions about how the brain perceives processes learning. The basic mechanisms are not just demonstrated by tests with photos couldnt even manage to teach is pigeons belling to begin with they learned. Distinguish between real english words and made up words then new words are introduced. If the word is a real one the pigeon picks on it if its a made up word it picks on the star. In. The vice of this test proves is that there is a rule to spelling which letters go together in a particular language and this differs from german to english for instance but pigeons and humans learn the probabilities of letter sequences according to the same principle. Whether its Elementary School children or pigeons they learn exactly the same rules at all exactly like you think. The difference is that pigeons dont understand what all those squiggles actually mean still theres something we can learn from pigeons here for your genes have shown me the importance of hard work to sign even if youre not very smart and working hard can take you far. Even hard working pigeons like i deserve a break once in a while and one things for sure no one will ever call her birdbrain again. Nowadays more and more people are turning to a vegetarian or even feel good lifestyle but they may want to protein which alternative to meet. Like tofu made from soy beans for say time a few protein. All mushrooms theyre low in fat and time protein we put them to the test do you think he cut the mustard as a meat substitute. Look like sausages but their meat looks not the shoppers here know that. This couple samples them what are they made of the answer. Comes as quite a surprise and not a nice one its mold. But not. The. Malt its supposed to taste good the sausages are indeed made of mold but there anything that unhealthy. Would taste good and not of mold is of in this i wouldnt have noticed if you hadnt told me this is the it is still very good taste like sausage was. Theres no accounting for taste but there are benefits to sausages made of fungus. They have almost zero fat and they dont boost l. D. L. Cholesterol they contain no poisonous fun guy theyre made of fusarium of in an optimum harmless strain high in protein its found in a range of products in supermarkets the sausage is forty six percent fungus with added albumin and wheat flour as a binding egypt extract for extra flavor. The juicy looking filets are eighty eight percent fungal or michael protein along with protein from potatoes and pea fibers this substitute mince meat is ninety five percent micro protein and can be cooked like the real thing. But its not really a replacement for meat in the long term and does it taste like meat at this downed eric heiden makes fries and serves up burgers until now theyve consisted of one hundred percent beef but today hes creating one for especially out of mince fashion from micro protein. That i will people notice it isnt real mincemeat if in our thinks are especially in direct comparison with a meat burger. Where about to find out micro protein has yet to conquer menus the world over but great things have small beginnings. To scientists. This state of the Art Research Lab and geese an intentional germany have been working for years on the perfect week in the substitute. Although there fungal meat is made of common edible mushrooms. That would have better why do you use oyster mushrooms. First its a very flavorful mushroom were going to intense. Because. Plus its very high in protein and it has a nice texture so you dont have this squishy spongy feeling in your mouth it sounds promising lets give it a go. Lovely. The researchers dont wait for the fungus to develop into a mushroom all they need is the webby mass of thread like filaments known as the mycelium. The process is demonstrated here on a small scale. The liquid nutrient contains fructose to feed the fungus the flasks are shaken to aerate the fluid without oxygen the fungus wouldnt produce enough micro protein its then freeze dried and stored for later use. The fungal protein can be produced in a relatively small space with a low energy input compared to Meat Consumption its far more sustainable on environmentally friendly. Normally the team produced their micro protein in this bio reactor it takes three days. This impressive looking more to della was made without the use of eggs or other binding agents derived from animals its currently a prototype and not yet commercially available. And im granted a sneak preview. Its not quite the same as mortadella but it does have a good strong taste. And if youd never think it was made from that mushroom stick. And how well our burgers do it will be interesting to see whether our test tasters can distinguish the meat from the fungus version. And. Lets say this is mate and this one is unusual. And how about this guy. That are not made. Its definitely not made right again this is me. Not me but its a circa not bad snake delicious so its time for you to try one well the creator himself be won over by the fungus burgers. As for mr burnet is from personally the product like for taste that much but i could imagine that vegetarians and vegans might like it. You know sean thats backed up and. As a as a dyed in the wool neither im unlikely to go bleedin overnight but if youre looking to reduce your Meat Consumption this is a decent alternative if. You think. Mushrooms and other kinds of sunday are a special type of openness and not plants not animals. Theyre a world of their own with fascinating inhabitants. And the impact mushrooms have on the end violence can be seen especially when theyre gone. Klaus beslow has a mission. To bring mushrooms out of the shadows. Gemini is home to over six thousand types of mushroom most of which go why. Eildon forests but not as much as they used to and that is potentially problematic. Invite get there are through central process is underway in a forest Ecosystem Sciences the build up of organic matter tree growth and the degradation of organic matter autumn leaves that accumulate trees could never grow to such heights without the help of funky its put simply would be swamped in dead leaves and dead wood without fungal species they help with all break down toward ports above the few. That funky are woefully underappreciated. In germany trees in manage forest the planted very close together so they grow street and it cut down as soon as possible natural forests a completely different their trees are left to grow and diet their own pale. In the Bavarian ForestNational Park close beslow shows us the remains of a primeval forest. And if there are people its a range of fungal found here is more or less unique in germany theres a lot of dead wood here and old trees which is why there are such diversity of funky here your piece on that in fact the whole of germany could be like this. Of course tells beslow knows theres no way all forest can be left to its own devices. Hes investigating ways that phunky can be encouraged to flourish in managed forests and has set up experimentation zones at first glance they look unusual hes had trees felled entreats helps chairman and the key question is does leaving deadwood alone lead to a greater perforation of funky the answer is clearly yes it downloads diversity of trees also encourages diversity of fungal. Such as would decay fungus only the fruiting body the mushroom is visible the rest is in the tree trunk. Similarly only the fruiting bodies of soil fungal visible the actual fungus is in the soil its made up of very delicate threads this is the mice psyllium it forms on the roots of trees and plants and supplies them with nutrients. In the my c. M. Can spread out to cover large areas these underground network store water nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus which is shed with the trees. And. In return the tree supply the fungal with sugar compounds they can produce things themselves but they need them to grow. Many funky feed off dead wood poorest wood provides a habitat for animal life such as insects there are searches are trying to find out which surfaces animals thrive most in their experiments not yet finished but theyve already reached certain conclusions reached here whats more important than the quantity of dead wood is the diversity of dead wood trees that are stored standing dead wood on the ground and old leaves thats another decisive factor is the role of light in the Forest Forest managers need to ensure that there are clearings so the dead wood get some sunlight that encourages biodiversity if you fight right now biodiversity is suffering as fungus experts are well aware. Of endangered species are added to the global fungal red list. In germany volunteers have examined and evaluated over three million funny as part of the project. And. There are some six thousand types of microfungus in germany. We can only identify a fraction of this number on sight around two hundred types give or take. We have to identify the rest with the help of reference books back home. Or examine them under a microscope. That smells of an a c to. Look a rare bracket fungus. The collectors might be delighted by the sheer number of funny they find but the result of the stock taking in sobering at least twenty five percent of local funny are endangered in data on many types of fundy cant be compiled in q two a lack of information. Flow would like to rescue as many types of endangered as possible. Forest is the only place in germany where this particular type grows. Keen to get it to multiply two years ago he succeeded in transplanting it to another factory fire of wood new plugs. Now he can take a sample and conduct a genetic analysis to establish if the fungus has actually settled but it will be a few months before the results are ready. And whatever the results is committed to continuing his work in Fungus Conservation and in the process protecting forests. Well stay on facebook what feelings you associate with forests. Or how much faster econ forests are a good place for recreation and Outdoor Activities he says eating dinner in the woods is an amazing experience. The teen a compass that disagrees and her post she points to the horrors of the woods like getting attacked by thousands of mosquitoes stumbling over vines and gets in your clothes by thorns. But you know she takes some more poetic feel she compares nature and its splendid forests took a person looking beautiful in you carry things and she says we should stop deforestation everywhere. Now its time for our viewer question. This time may have been prompted by industrial chimneys all railroads in any case it comes from much more today in west africa. Harveys ababa curry from god i want to know. Why it is sometimes white turn sometimes but. In general a white smoke is produced when materials are burnt black smoke is common one plastic spork combustible liquids go up in. Flames the color of small cans a lot to do with the stuff thats burning. And the range of colors is why it didnt vary. With steam locomotives but if its warm outside and humidity is low the steam or smoke pops out of the stack is really white thats because theres hardly any condensation. The smoke made by this beekeeper looks pretty white. The plant matter in his smoker is still a bit more iced but no matter what the color itll still ward off to be is for at least a while. Smoke is actually bad for both our health and the environment but it is sometimes used to look for example to preserve food. Or as a means of communication like during a papal election black smoke rising from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel means a new pope has not yet been chosen. I white smoke means that the cardinals have reached a consensus. Now it is the vatican adds chemicals to get to smoke its particular color. If we. Look at a d. V. D. With a lighthearted look at how that einsteins most famous thing i mean hes. The most important thing is to. Have a kind that is going to attract attention. And thats enough without smoke. Special effects. The smoke was highly sought after. Onstage at the movies. Billowing clouds smoke and swirling particles. This is the stuff of fluid simulation used out of this world movie special effects. Are seen here in the latest star wars adventure the last jet i. Know real simulated clouds of smoke are easy enough to conjure up with some ink and a tank of water. But for the creators of computer animated effects they can be a challenge. Nears two of a is a professor of games engineering in munich. Hes worked on visual effects for a range of hollywood movies. In twenty twelve he shared a technical achievement oscar for a program that simulates clouds of smoke its a highly complex process. Does come in its good looks a little wooden says its all about turbulence its the same problem that aircraft manufacturers car makers and weather forecasters have the underlying physics is very complicated and the complexity that arises is far too great for it to be simulated by. The way its not national encounter. The acclaim to what youve looked turbulent software calculates smoke and explosions and recreates them in a realistic manner its been used in numerous blockbuster movies including the star wars spin off rogue one. And in the last jet i the spectacular clowns from exploding spaceships would not have been possible without the munich teams work. What makes the realistic rendition of moving liquids in gas is so difficult is the chaotic motion of the individual particles in the smoke or ink how and where they move and how fast is determined by many different factors. Simulation becomes even more difficult when the particles hit an obstacle. So far there hasnt been a satisfactory way to model their behavior. But now north today and his colleagues have found a solution instead of calculating the path of each individual particle their program only requires a rough preliminary design. The system of an independently recognized patterns of motion and completely animation with archive data its based on a technique known as deep learning. The so called illegally idiot idea behind it is to use large amounts of data and let the computer learn to recognise the relationships between data its a hugely promising approach deep learning makes a lot more possible so its an Interesting Development for many areas of i. T. Including these physics simulations of poison and from article time off to the physics notes on. The Research Team is confident that deep learning methods were unable complex and realistic smoke simulations that even low budget film studios could afford. And while the algorithms developed to munich would be lending additional relisten to movies the scientists of other applications in mind in medicine for instance. Just couldnt get into the blood in our vains can be modeled using the same equations used to create these smoke clouds an interesting idea would be to build up a library of precise simulations such as blood flow behavior for a particular blood vessel geometry and we could then use the learning algorithms to predict how an x. Ray image relates to these flows that would be a very interesting direction for us and the thing is that as adults under the sun here. One day the fluid simulations might even help to save lives. But for now will primarily be seen them on the big screen and the jet i blow away the bad guys and audiences with explosives special effects. Stories from the world of research and Technology Head to our website d w dot com slash science. And to send us your comments on twitter and facebook. Wed love to hear from you. Once and for today next time well be looking at Autonomous Cars arriving seductive idea but whos responsible when theres an accident to find out next week on tomorrow today well see you then by. Glued. To the. Im going to. Cut. Cut cut cut. Cut cut. Cut cut cut. Cut cut. Cut cut. Cut cut. Ensures the conflicts with me should be done from the treatment of migrants to freedom of expression to ensure tara low standards of human rights across rural slipping my guest indianas Michael Flood to director of the agency focus on the man who does he believe you are just doing. To protect human rights the first thirty minutes following the looks except. Keep scrolling about the moment. Its all about the slaves being slim down its all about George Chance to discover the world from different perspectives. Joining us from tucson are my distinctive instagram or yours. W. Story the topic of each week on instagram. D w true diversity. Where the world of science is at home in many languages. On the top program to go on their information is that you can attach our innovations magazine for issue of our trip every week and always look into the future on d w dot com science and research for asia. A news analyst committed she gets a full unsub name sounds cold so called a chance not to discount simcoe whose side by the first. People had put big dreams on the big screen. Movie magazine on the demi. Plane. This is deja vu news live from berlin no way but out for south africas president jacob zuma. I have therefore come. To the decision to resign as president of the public with immediate effect. The leadership crisis in one of africas biggest economies appears to be over now