we provide the answers here on d, w. sign show. welcome to to morrow to day. ah. ah, many people enjoy listening to music. good hearing can also mean the difference between life and death, but what happens if our hearing becomes impaired? an explosion or injury caused by caution. earbuds, for example, can damage the ear drum. this problem effects 13000000 people each year and can result in complete hearing loss. current treatment options are less than ideal, something one team of scientists has set out to change injury to the ear drum caused by illness or an accident can result and hearing loss . many of those affected never make a full recovery. a team of scientists and johnston has been doing research into reconstructing damaged ear drums. and they recently achieved a medical breakthrough. sometimes a defective ear drum can heal, but that wasn't the case with this patient. so he was given an implant made from his own cartilage these days. it's a standard procedure is in call. so can you tip your head back a bit? the problem is that an ear drum made purely of grafted cartilage will never be as good as the real thing. when can alter in existence, we have to use cartilage with a certain thickness and stability. i would say quickest that has the disadvantage, that the ear drum doesn't vibrate as well as a natural year drama. does this feel comp letter from them? that means that not all sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear with now. so even after surgery, oh, hearing can be impaired. that's when i'm headed. given that impaired hearing often effects patients, quality of life, marco snyder decided it wasn't good enough. together with his colleagues at the dressed and technical university, he's developed an implant that helps restore hearing completely over implant todd, what's different about our implants compared to the current standards of technical implants, is that we've precisely reproduced the natural structure of the air drum torvard. that's what makes it unique, duffy was on to hide as a medical textiles researcher dilbert, a b boost task was to find the appropriate material. she established that a protein made of silk warm cocoons was most suitable. she then combined it with a biodegradable plastic tom and her if they're also the ear drum has a collage in a stretcher home to put you know of i am i proteins a one component. so we wanted the material used for the e drum to be a similar to that as possible in this matter. the scientists also wanted to replicate the structure of the air drum, as well as the material. the team had to figure out how to develop fibers that are both super thin and robust. oh, marlow iran. yeah. as a far normally fibers, a pull to mechanically and wound onto a bobbin for example, victor. but with spinning fibers, that is super thin in the non i me to re model so we can do it mechanic. i can manage machines often instead they use electro spinning technology. the process involves spinning the mixture of protein and plastic and to find nano fibers. these filaments are produced under high voltage and are deposited on a collector that replicates the shape of the air drum. oh, there's it out of her lungs. i'm like this, it slowly turning white over the hours. that means the nano fibers coming off the tube is settling on. the collector of movers after the collect to all the structure gradually emerges on versus both, it's grab this one. and this is the results of the spinning processes. a very thin elastic membrane which is robust enough to be used as an implant in front. todd, i'm because it's savannah. that's because it resembles the natural ear drum and both material and structure but doesn't also have the same vibrational properties. the researchers compared their implant with a natural air drum and a standard cartilage implant. to do this, they got all 3 to vibrate. just you chun monitors the results on the computer. this shows the reaction of a natural air drummed. it's very different from the reaction of a conventional cartilage implant which is much more rigid with the new implant. on the other hand, vibrates much more effectively mimicking the function of the original ear drum one to one even furniture cullman fem hung in from the artificial interim membrane that we've developed the successfully transmits the sound energy high. that means the patient will be able to hear better. however, it's likely to be another 5 or 6 years before the dressed and researchers invention can actually be implanted in a patient. oh, we have more than 200 bows and our bodies very incredibly light. and yet also very hard, but they can be broken, children and elderly people are particularly at risk. ready after a break, it's important for the bone to be set back in its original position so that it heals properly. metal plates may be used, screws or a place to cost increase, such as have now come up with another idea. it's hard to believe that just 3 months ago, marcel ashburn crashed his mountain bike, breaking his hand and neck. at 1st he didn't know that his life was in danger. luckily for him, there was adopt her in his cycling group who took care of him immediately. then he was diagnosed in a clinic the us the also the 1st thing they said to me after the x ray was you'd better not move an inch? you have multiple spinal fractures, crucial orthopedic surgeon, re shout, so lie operated on spawn. during his follow up examination, he recalls how dangerous the situation was. 0 here in blue, you see the bruise here times you see the rupture disks and also at the back of the ligaments are affected. the risk is the effect becomes displaced then the spinal cord could be injured as well. alonzo, when you look at the pictures and also the story, as you tell, it will have to say, you've been very lucky home harbor and i had to operate on marcella. bon, twice, 1st from the front of the neck, and then later a 2nd time on the back it to stabilize the spine from their operations like this are impressive demonstrations of what is possible to day in the treatment of spinal fractures sill. i 1st removed the shattered into vertebral disk and replaced it with a placeholder made of metal, a so called cage. he then reinforced the vertebrae with custom made plates screwed into the bones. we're going on. we don't want to remove the disk and haven't compressed because then the nerve endings would be narrowed. instead we want to maintain height. so that's why we put a placeholder in and stabilize it with the plane to plot them. the doped, his operated on marcella bombs left hand to stabilize the fracture. they pushed to titanium wires into the meta carpal bone of the little finger. this whole titanium implants, minimally invasive spinal surgery. today's high tech medicine has saved marcel sh bond from life in a wheel chair. the small scars have healed well. but that's not always the case or skip that initial cleanse. of course, there are still limitations are for example, they can be implant infections or wound healing disorders, which we still struggle with daily. often i talk that's why scientists are always looking for new therapies to treat fractures even more efficiently, like antonius lent line from the helm, hold center toto. the materials specialist wants to help ensure that in the future, severe committed fractures where whole pieces of bone are missing can grow together better. and he's doing this with the help of a white foe that stimulate the growth of new bone tissue inside the fracture. lend lines porous foam consists of gelatin and the amino acid lysine. it would fill the gaps between the broken bones, then cells can migrate into it and begin to form new bone tissue. the foam is a place holder for the newly growing bone. wendys of sand or to night when the cells migrate into the gap. so they need an environment that signals that bone should be formed here, no hunger pittsville. if also we need a guide and structure that the cells can crawl along and which then transmits the by a mechanical information bure, mashonda should inform out soon we permitted and lay as landlines foam is supposed to function as a lead compound. indeed, in animal experiments, he and his team have already shown that cells settle in the foam and begin to grow recognizable here as green and blue dots. the fracture closes as new bone tissue grows, the foam dissolves in the process of slaughter alicia gospel. it's obviously something that you work towards for a long time, and then when it works, it's fascinating. urine, because so many different leads had to be realised with his multi functional materially on this, yet bear most them clinical trials on human bone fractures will now show whether this new material is tolerable and superior to conventional therapies. phones in place of metal plates and screws supported by external splints during the healing process. this is still a vision of the feature. in marcel spans case, his plates will remain in permanently, but he's already very pleased with his treatment was cancelled on the whole i think i've been lucky english because of his good medical care teenage for zach. there are many jobs that requires strenuous physical activity, but often it's the same actions being repeated over and over. then there are other jobs where be hardly move at all. whether it's one sided activity or no activity at all. the result is a loss of bone density. the bone that is rested completely will least 10 to 20 percent of its density in just 2 to 3 months. so our bones need to keep moving the movement. laboratory of the hobbit bosch hospital in stuttgart mobility researcher launched speaker wants to record the amount and quality of his patience movement as accurately as possible pressure sensors and the shoes measure the load on the soul of the foot. this allows klaus plant on sequence of movements to be mount. he's taken part in the study since the start lunch be got equipped the pensioner with several dozen sensors and reflectors. he's investigating whether these precise measurements can be achieved with a single sensor suitable for everyday use. for geriatric medicine. specialist claimants, becca mobility is a medical issue that will only grow more important in the future level of irish and does it make sense vibes in the next 2 or 3 years? we hope to ensure that every new drug is tested to see how it improves mobility, or possibly worsens at others for thought. that something we don't know good does this vanish before measuring lush be got calibrated the cameras. the rod is studded with reflectors that can be detected by infrared cameras. they'll record close planners movements to within a few thousands of a millimeter. put a mexican ada. everything's ready. please walk slowly up to the orange cone and i'll record it with the sensors side of it in all these movement patterns will one day serve as a source of information to determine a patient's overall state of health. to evaluate the effectiveness of medications and therapy, or to monitor the course of a disease. the currently gun quality if we can measure gate quality one for example, whether someone walks unevenly, roughly what we call gate variability and location, or someone lamps to possibly spare their join a delinkum. ok, that's extremely important with osteoarthritis or if someone's had a bone fracture, exclaimed british shopping in the scientists have already succeeded in capturing a person's complex movements with a single sensor. this allows them to collect movement data from patients or to subjects like cloud brianna for days on end during their daily lives. didn't be v garnished him. either any exercise is actually to be all and end all in old age alpha. we know that it has a significant influence on neural or brain function, and you feel better, safe bristle suck. every runner says so endorphins. you feel happier when you do something? that's why i was very happy to take part of the say, again, the media mot. women, these events are not layman's lanka and louse shrink out to examine the data. the sensor has collected over the course of a week. it has recorded movement and all 3 spatial axes and save the motion curves . algorithms develop specifically for this data, identify important information in it, among other things about the pace, quantity, variation, length and symmetry of the strain pattern if, when and for how long the patient won't cycled or climb stairs during the day, all of that is documented. the quality of movement, or any impairments and mobility are also recorded. like an international consortium is conducting research as part of the pioneering mobilize d project. the mobility data should aid the development of new therapies and medicines for an aging society. the business men traditional, we know that people who walk faster than 1.2 meters per 2nd have extremely good chances of survival even shawls. mm hm. that the stark image is the grim reaper stays well behind. vicky doesn't come any closer area isn't if we know that people who walk slower from 0.7 to 0.8 meters per 2nd just managed to keep their distance from him or not but walk any slower and the reaper comes closer and closer. and that's often more important than collect, draw, or blood pressure levels. i said there are huge data sets showing that music is so exercise is incredibly important to be, was all going obviously. so the lesson is keep moving, preferably as fast as these gentlemen here. drug resistant organisms, when no antibiotic will work, i'll becoming a growing problem. in 2019 over a 1000000 people died worldwide from infections that couldn't be treated. studies show it's a huge problem. certain viruses can help fight bacteria, so called bacteria phases have been used in georgia for the past 100 years. but there are no reliable studies to show whether they're truly safe with antibiotic resistance on the rise, intensive reset interfaces is now underway around the world. this is what an alternative to antibiotics looks like. bacterial faces. they're highly specialized viruses and the natural enemy of bacteria. that's why neurologists thomas kessler has been interested in phases for a long time. the goals, fall thoughtful, the big advantage of material pledges is that they can be used to target specific strains of bacteria. the way they kill these targeted bacteria is just like a key that fits in a keyhole long. say fuck sealant. loosely off from 1st law. the bacteria phage is only target certain bacteria, the phage docs itself onto the cell wall of the bacteria, and then injects them with its genetic material that causes the bacteria to replicate new features. the new fe just caused the bacteria to produce an enzyme which dissolves the cell walls of the bacteria. the bacteria then destroys itself. the phage is that a released can infect other bacteria. the special thing about the phases is that each one is only active on specific strains of bacteria, o tbilisi, the capital of georgia. there's a place here where failures have been used to battle bacteria for decades. here at the other institute, patients come every day to get bacteria ages to fight infections of the bladder or wounds. that won't heal real good credit. first, they take a swab. the bacteria are then cultivated in a petri dish to identify the germs causing the infection. the bacteria phases the institutes precious treasure, or captain refrigerators. each type is tested for which bacteria, they kill him. these pages formed the basis of the production of our medicine that we sell in a standardized fashion. usually it's a mixture of different phases in fog that way we raise the level of effectiveness. a simple test on the cultivated bacteria shows which phage cocktail is most effective and fighting the patients infection. fades therapy is part of george as basic health care system. the institute has developed several standard fates, cocktails, you can get them in any pharmacy. and the pages also have another great advantage to building every shotgun gospel. unlike antibiotics, ages only destroy the bad bacteria in the organism. bacteria useful bacteria, aunt affected helium, antibiotics kill both the bad and the good bacteria about dealing that's the clear advantage of phage is shanpa. she pockets back to switzerland and thomas kessler. he's been keeping tabs on developments in georgia for a long time with great interest. he's been to tbilisi where he conducted a study on urinary tract infections for the 1st time, thomas kessler also used such pages here in switzerland, in an experimental trial. namely with jacqueline mir camper, balsam. where would you know, from on 5 consecutive days, the phases were flushed into her bladder via a catheter. so then the theme style cakes, if me gone during those 5 days the entire feeling in my body changed, it was them into i was out of the infection mode mom. you know, the period where the body is only fighting off illness and thought it was a wonderful feeling that finally things would be different on the ceaseless on the whole notion of book. but in spite of the pages, the infection returned to it will kill me going to foes as we're assuming that the bacteria of ages were not able to kill off all the bacteria that were present. so other bacteria were able to keep on growing. and the symptoms came back at all, isn't told me to talk, causing to stop that from happening again. thomas kessler is working with micro biologist martine listener to make the phage is even stronger. the pages will be engineered in the lab so that their effective against a broader range of bacteria needed a interest as the idea behind it is that we modify the bacteria failures so that they can attack and kill the problem germs effectively. and through additional information, they can even eliminate a neutralize other bacteria that are often present in these infections. really mean even when natalie is young claun, the genetically modified pages should also stimulate the bodies own immune defenses . many of the pages are currently being developed in the laboratory. the 1st tests on humans are scheduled to start at the end of the year from blackland. vince, whose cling if we succeed, so lizzy material, phage therapy, it will be a revolution on not only on the treatment of urinary tract infections, but also in the treatment of other infections that i caused by bacteria. one of especially in the context of multi resistance, but joan environment for multi physician and the kind the researchers hoped to have conclusive results in about 5 years. if i'm a blood is read why i gave you a now over to you. do you have a science question? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on air, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on. just ask. and don't forget to check out our website. oh, look us up on twitter. and now to this week's question from rodrigo, mankato in ecuador does water drain in opposite directions in the northern and southern hemispheres. it's certainly the keys with tornadoes and hurricanes. the massive air vortices rotate in one direction in the north and the opposite direction in the south. this is due to what's known as the cory. all this force our planet is constantly rotating. everything on its surface is moving to, but at different rates. it's like a ferris wheel sitting in a gondola far away from the central axis. you would move faster than someone sitting at the wheel center. equally, some one that the earth's poles is effectively spinning on the spot. this variation and speed also affects the oceans that cover our earth and the atmosphere that surrounds them. and as a result, winds blowing from the equator in a northerly direction are deflected eastwards, while winds blowing to the south flow in the opposite direction. this means the air flows and the 2 hemispheres of our planet effectively mirror each other. the corey, all his effect means typhoons and hurricanes, always turn in the same direction. in the northern hemisphere, they rotate counterclockwise. all in the south, they turn clockwise hurricanes can be up to 2000 kilometers in size. the flow of water in our bath tub is tiny by comparison, too small to be affected by the korea's force. here other factors come into play. how symmetrical is the bathtub? how does the water move once the tap has been turned off, and in which direction is the plum pulled out? it's these more random factors that caused the water to drain and varying directions. and they apply equally and both in north and the south. that's all for this week. thanks for joining us on tomorrow to day and see you next time with aah! with a pulse! a beginning of a story that moves us and takes us along for the ride. it's all about to perspective culture information. this is either you news and more. w made from mines a in 30 minutes on d w. just 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