followed by another about forgetting. well, come to, to morrow today, the science program on d. w. can you still remember your 1st kiss, your 1st date the 1st time you fell in love, unforgettable moments like those get doors apostolic memory. it's one of various forms of memory that emerge at different stages of life and fulfilled different function. our 1st memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetuses initial introduction to its mother tongue. momentous. right now it's very quiet life probably sleeping very relaxed of this app. it right now, it's very quiet. probably sleeping. we develop an ability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members. although at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year at 1st, learning to walk is challenging what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that aged the performance of particular tasks supported by the body sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age. by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed and explicit memory enabling the conscious recollection of events for our earliest childhood memories usually date back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked before language makes it easier to remember information all still alive 50 the foul lazansky easterly ghastly. i live in the fantasies house with between the ages of 3 and 5 children. begin to plan ahead with the help of the prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time, the basis for planned future oriented behavior. semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember facts. so she has to miss dara papillon aisha's plans and comes that plans. oh kickoff. click to how well the gluten de alotted i'm point learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and early adulthood occupy a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, insured these memories stay with us forever. memories are formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence bumper o nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss. for a long time. it was thought that their peculiar hormonal balance was responsible to day scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mothers sleep deprivation, awe. episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins to dwindle and we start forgetting more often. oh, in extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. ah, in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all, we develop routines to give our brains a break in our habits determine 50 percent of on daily decisions. it means effectively going on, also pilot, freeing up time to make other more important decisions. it's just as well, we don't have to check out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush our teeth or tie our shoe laces. that's where routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper. where so accustomed to these activities from repetition that they're stored in our subconscious, m happen automatically. these unnoticed habits are hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default lu. let we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. thus, the after dinner mode hitting the couch, grabbing the t v remote and some candy. and as the couch routine is also embedded in our subconscious, it can be a tough habit to cake. jill price can remember practically everything she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide, who've been diagnosed with hypoth, amelia name, a certain date. and they will recall their memories of that day in vivid detail. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a blessing for scientists, developing medication in the fight against alzheimer's and dementia. forgetting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on 3 years. possibly robles remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process of forgetting that q here is to health. i brain is designed to forget things, couldn't believe it or not. if forgetting actually uses energy home figures from that fact alone, we can tell the process of forgetting a very important fish to go purchase. our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day. it perceives everything but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatically when we're out and about our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, trees, houses, street, cars, everything. if these impressions are retained as memories, nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be connected by the synopsis. oh, but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of synopses are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't bind any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions, which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's purpose or to rope, alice wants to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hypoth. i'm messic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits forgetting. these guys we can take this. i anemia code helps him in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism. they intend to introduce the gene to the nema tote that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their room had kind of, the worm has no brain that i, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to how to engage and complex behavior exists for how nematodes can learn and forget. because we know for example, but that these nerve cells here from these in particular are very important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes. spivey and that's why we use the nema toasting preventative isn't for them. what effect will the gene have on the me, matos? so for this we're as who tangible. you see them? yeah, yeah. and you, here we have a worm, and now we can inject the plasma tvs into cuba. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper thigh mastic syndrome. ah, the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the nema totes, who have been injected with the gene. now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these as with this, if, if this is a very important step, because we can now research this worm, it's nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene give. and that's how we get to know how these human genes work this mentally. again, functionally, the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the synopsis of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequence, that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called untreated wild types, and the blowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if and how the human gene impacts the process of forgetting. gin isn't off who dom well genes are there to produce proteins. these is and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to for guessing. now we can inhibit this protein, put it in hammond. we could do that with various methods, wouldn't tune including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited binda . so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully south us for guessing hammond cut the discovery could bring researchers closer to curing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. once again, decor continent by our discovery, we can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. hum gets an image on this most often. hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that is related to forgetfulness, that one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so we'll forget less i'm flu, so with us here, vinegar forgetful, come a huge step for scientists and researchers and now owner of the northeastern united states and new zealand. children in those places land early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil air rated and, and show that it has a healthy cr librium which in ton benefits the climate to what impact does increasing drought have on our forests, especially on their ability to store carbon. it's the question that researchers in switzerland i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dry our sections, to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it was in here, the soil here is really black lot, which means it contains a lot of carbon hicho himself thought. so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface, lee, how is it? yeah, in the soil is far lighter in color. if you hello, that means it stores less carbon than the irrigated soil coin stove as an investment plot. the importance of forest soils and soaking up c u 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research has highlighted the impact of drought on the ability of soils to store carbon. whatever so hot did it before the experiment, we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content of it because it usually takes centuries to millennia for the carbon reservoir to change significantly. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the topsoil in the irrigated area went off in one minute. i've ordered all the researchers have learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above ground. the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the ground over such a short time period? the theory is that organisms in the soil convert the debris or literally or on top into soil, carbon geo, ecologist. frank hagedorn uses traps containing food to identify those organisms. they are hoped as that's the main de composers are earthworms in the league. besides them, there are also woodlands and might civic life. although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms i. slayton, go, the researcher wants to determine how many earth worms are active in the soil here . for this experiment, he applies a mixture of mustard water to a small section of grown if with a kite incorrectly, once the mixture had filtered down into the soil, the mustard water irritates the hurt arms and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up, runs it on from the obamacare. oh, flayson isn't guns clear. we have a very small, newly hatched worm whiskers, a baby and baby one. he comes a total of 50 earthworms per square meter when projected to cover all forest soils . that's an enormous bio mass. so the earth worms must be why the carbon content has increased so much. in the irrigated section of the forest. the geosciences repeats the taste and the part of the forest that was not aggregated. how many worms are working? the soil here yet we waited ages without seeing a single worm off. he discovered that earth worms are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carbon balance. he measures c o 2 emissions from the soil to miss owned out measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less, c o 2 and be than irrigated soil, the fuel. and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earthworms in the household and stoves to actually go line demi nod wouldn't silicon. but as the large scale irrigation of kenneth bruce forests is not a viable solution, frank hagedorn is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in to said you as forests as it can. that 1st one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, only sales wise by storing more carbon, would require increasing. the proportion of hard was thought this would stimulate earth warm activity, meaning more carbon is stored in the organic soil air. in the long term waste of with escalate. more organic soil or humorous could also increase the proportion of carbon in soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative bio diversity in leipzig, a found that next to no earthworms are active intensively farms soils. it's a very different story with organic farming yet he got off when you break up, the aggregates here in the ground, where you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water, okay. hall and that crumbling texture is characteristic of earthworm activities. look discounted hostages. flying vomiting tete julius is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's been precious little research carried out into the role of earthworms in this. researcher garret angst wants to find out how to convert that plant matter and the sugar it contains in the process storing carbon in the soil for centuries. he's discovered that in addition to secreted stable carbon, the earth worms improve the carbon balance in the soil via their skin. but we never, countess. what's less known for what was not known at all is that the mucus secreted by earth worms stimulates the microbes in the soil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass maximum of your muscle. and this bio mass has ultimately stabilized in the soil when the microbes die, much to the carbon is then bound in the soil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2 scott, resulting in a cooler climate schema crude with that every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from soils into the atmosphere, and it's produced by burning fossil fuels, earthworms, and hybrid forests and organic farming, helped to store carbon over the long term, the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change. toys, that's a ne specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the oak recessionary moth is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the caterpillars. ball has can cause serious irritation for human skin. ah, responses range from cutting down trees to setting the meth and the hosts on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but there is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it. dennis zacharias is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance. he fires into the nest of the oak procession every caterpillars next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nests via these read gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences and gutting and, and are being tested in the field today of classic mid aman ploy from 30 meters away. the fungus spreads out about the size of a fist. the nets are bigger than that was so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole nest. well, if we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and, and once we found areas that have been eaten, we tracked on the nest by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria, bussey ana of fungus that spreads inside the insects and kills them, wouldn't he willing glenworth, i saw professor wolf gung hoya has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky oak recessionary caterpillar. his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest. that natalie is poor, is, is, and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects in house. um, we extracted the fungus from the soil, packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the o. procession area within 8 hours, it killed the caterpillar store to take out and up. here in germany, the oak procession every month has become a real summer plague. in recent years. it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of euros on combating the caterpillars and even vacuuming them up. deisel put the seal to the nurse that the real danger from the o procession ary moth is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any bristles or satay on. they start to galloping the 3rd larval stage the at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother an adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they could cause caterpillar dermatitis homes get mentioned. in some cases, it can lead to an anna flak shock them. a reading of the eyes eiffel wood, and even lung problems. lou, because the hairs get stuck there. he bought another in the lucas that's hulu. another substance being sprayed on trees contains bacillus 3, g n 's us or b t. it's considered a bio side because the bacteria disables and kills the o procession every months. but it also kills other beneficial insects. both gung boy and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shocking results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the mouth, such as each newman wasps and certain types of ants. lun face to say stuff, hoping that the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. so we know last year's test showed that for every chu, dead o procession, every moths one beneficial insect died as well. don't of are they included beetles, various bugs, ants. and if newman wasps shook grace, so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage. experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. so this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely infested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. the pin is van, the fungus is heat sensitive at $25.00 degrees celsius. lux grows start slowing down and stops completely at $28.00 degrees as ice. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops growing very quickly and even die business and press vertebrates of it. it's completely harmless as parents. yep. it here is a hellish hom doors, the pellets are shunt directly into the nests so that the fungus doesn't impact any insect outside of the affected area. the conditions in that case, we can't guarantee it that even a few unintended organisms could be effected either, but only in very small numbers. it, i'm sick, i think that's on one with liberty flights. one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectiles launched in the trees in the am from hoping me to lay a minus 5. let's i said to fish at the fly, they dissolve and disappear that they go out gooey and completely melt away. we've already done a test of course of extra hours poppy, until the red ammunition is made out of gelatin and not plastic arborists than project collaborator. dennis zacharias takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nests with glue. re i seen that in the water was leaking the on pulse. normally they go out to find food in the evening and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. in the morning they returned to the mass look. so you'd expect to find a light of moth, caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus worked from a good book. the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the souped up air rifle in public. oh, that says hook this edition of tomorrow today, d w. science magazine. thanks for watching and see you next time until then they curious. ah, with algorithms instead of paints and brushes, artificial intelligence is conquering the art world. new technology is, are becoming ever more creative. but can they replace humans as authors and makers? and do we even want to that can artists and anti co exist hearts? 21. in 90 minutes on d w. sometimes a seed is all you need to allow big ideas to grow. we're bringing environmental conservation to life with learning pass like global ideas. we will show you how climate change and environmental conservation is taking shape around the world and how we can all make a difference. knowledge grows through sharing, download it now for free. ah, ah, leonardo da vinci's, mysterious masterpiece is perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece in the collection of the louvre, and no, it is not the mono laser. it is the virgin of the rocks. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful painting that perhaps we just don't understand? the search for answers starts february 10th on d w. how can you, journalism help us in overcoming divisions? save the date for the d, w global media forum 2023 in bonn. germany and increasingly fragmented world with a growing number of voices, digitally 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