I dont think i know him. Ill hybridization. We had that in biology right. Just recently and i was, i only know i mendels laws of heretics campbell and who as he something about genetic, this is genetics. And then then yeah, okay. Yes, of course. Yeah. What can you tell me what i he was a me when you make the beginning genetics. Yeah, he was a mom for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why school still teach mendels laws today. Welcome to to morrow to day. The science show on t w Gregor Mendel was indeed a monk. In 1843, he joined a monastery in a town, now known as but no in the czech republic. He became intrigued by piece growing in the monasteries garden. They had purple white in pink flowers. The pods were different. Colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. How can there be so many variations . He wondered, he began cross breeding the peas producing more than 28000. 00 plants. The results amazed him. When he crossed purple in White Flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. Then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with White Flowers again. 2 he began to understand the laws of inheritance. Some traits are dominant, others are recessive own. And impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. So happy birthday to gregory mental move. Mendels laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. The later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. To day plants can be bred to favor specific traits. Cannabis is one example of this. What at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. The research is. Those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab by a dna sequencing. Stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. Soon the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant if am, if will all go normally shows each some of the plans are susceptible to pester, chang shao while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us through and some plans have a higher yield than others, all can you some have a faster growth rate . So, and there are differences in their chemical which ones we are the plans containing g, c, and some the rebel not at all dense, but instead contain other fascinating chemicals that hes gotten in the, in hauled, snow foot. Cannabis contains over 400 such chemicals, used in everything from medicine and the Food Industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. Finding out which properties a particular plant has involves the research as decoding its genetic information, its dna oh, individual sequences contain information on specific properties such as flavor resilience and useful ingredients o pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of plants. A task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. The insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. Eyes for the garage to own the memorable caught, one of the worlds biggest cannabis growing companies when operates in areas that have major problems with pets. The such as a particular fungus lame and meet the recycling alteration. Big thief meet the repealed small. This affects 20 to 25 percent dance artist, which means substantial loss. Oscar law dot thing that means your net worth center on ta. So were currently working on cross greeting the to produce plans for that Company Resistance to the fungus route. So some so i can little bit to read off the mark, bring back along with genetic information. The database also includes the results of field experiments. The team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. Back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. Looking for evidence of pests and checking their exact color. The samples of them bagged and stored for future. Use baptista here if we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture to o n t like of many other aspects og, the agra, nomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown emotional how we want to find out which plan to play with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density. Her thunder wished understand the the key to cultivating new cannabis plants is combining knowledge at the plant architecture with dna. Is that of resulting to gene manipulation. The research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. They create new combinations from different plants with different properties. Its called molecular breeding. And in this case, its also a business model. You can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want a very structured plant in terms of its kind of annoyed and token ratio. Or another customer might once a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the cannibal noise or turbans. So here are weve read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. The potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. Stevens and started to venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the Research Campus here at just the right time. I knew seed sir, had made immobile of tie down to call. The opportunity was there as cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the t h. C. It contains 8 and little else, but at the same time them, weve made a huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this of data, and generated data points on this kind of scale that would not have been possible a few years ago, the technologically, or affordably all gotten with mach look, see order to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board. But also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts, as well as enormous computing power. To give you a few examples, weve generated 200000 data points for cannibal noise alone. Just this year we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. Laplant and our genome sequence generates 10000000. 00 data points per week. Thus, each a taking a look evil. This is a technology that can be applied to all plants. Of course, a professor once told me the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you can the shelf life by 7 days the. But think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. It gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding. That soft ice will come from off bush that for now, theyre focusing on cannabis. And with the basic research soon set for completion, your gene is ripe for a 1000000000. 00 market. Once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on Gregor Mendel. Laws. His discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. Plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape seed, for example. It thanks to lindell that we now have palatable canola oil. But the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. Heres an example from germany. A farmer, some animals and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical and agriculture. The farmers hands were his main tools, augmented by patience and notes of muscle power. Ah, but the yield was often meagre. About 1. 00 tons per hector for wheat in 1900. Then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides. That boosted harvests by the 1950s wheat yields had increased by almost one ton per hector. Partly due to advances in farm machinery, agriculture grew more efficient. With in blue doctor with the 7 gene, 22 and 28 horsepower bulldog models. Loans puts a tractor to the hands of the Foreign Community that makes the farmers work more effortless, economical and profitable attack. Nice jewish type in 1955, around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. Gradually, the machines established themselves everywhere in german agriculture. Landreth cleared for them and areas where consolidated many smaller farms lacked than money for the Expensive Technology and gave up. Others came in and bought the land farm was became larger and larger and was sadder optimized for yield. In 1980 German Farmers grew almost 5 tons of wheat for hector. The use of pesticides went off as well. When the bank that when the vineyards have winter cold and me frosts behind them shut, pest control, begin, shift the progressive by empire uses the culture track 812 with the holder, p t o. The self propelled unit with exxon blower efficiency saves time and money site wont get. There was so much production that silos overflowed. Starting in the 19 sixtys funding came from the newly founded European Economic community. It brought products from farmers at fixed prices. It was a time of butter, mountains and milk lakes. In the 1990s, the European Union changed the subsidies. Now farmers received direct payments. The more land, the more money lodge farms with the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po. Hector also continued to rise, reaching 7. 00 tons in the year, 2000. Then more space in nature and more Sustainable Production became the new catchphrases. Many farmers switched to organic farming. Yet the bulk of Agricultural Products still come from industrial farms. And those rising wields per hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. Livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. Pick cows, for example, in the past they provided both milk and meat. Now theyre specially bred beef cattle, have more muscle, dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more mil than a century ago. And breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. Apprised bull is brought in for walk, extinct is theodore. So the bull mountains, the cow, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates into one, and thats how we collect the seamen lot on the how much semen do they get . The state to say, and from one ejaculate, we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls age. But its business, as usual at the farm which belongs to a Company Called swiss genetics, in north and switzerland. That Main Business is collecting semen, the bulls called in twice a week, the Company Supply seaman from price bowls to thousands of farms all over switzerland, cows of an artificially inseminated with the desired seaman. Molten 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. Its been the companys Main Business for decades, but swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues. That emitter effect is hot, was in vitro. Fertilization excels are harvested from sexually mature cows, exhausted and brought to the laboratory. And we fertilize them there the so on that day or so, then we take them over to these incubators here where they are cultivated for 7 days. After that, we either freeze them or transfer them straight to a cow with some instead of inseminated, the cows directly with the bowl seamen, eggs, fertilized separately. In the laboratory, the focus is on harvesting eggs from the most economically productive cows. These excels are then fat to list an implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry, got mothers, oh, the procedure is expensive, but necessary for the firm to hold its own in a highly competitive market focus. Mm hm. It takes marquee, vic, this technology is used a lot all over the world, and then safe connotes on the mid. So we have to keep up with, to ensure our Selection Program stays competitive, freelance, 5 giga. It allows farmers to quickly breed cows. The half desirable qualities, the honest kinetic said about forced the so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable. So me, if i breed using artificial insemination, i get one caff each here, a no comma for them to you, but if i use either yes, and then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cow a and fertilize them. Would sperm from different bulls the image to sit in the fact that the thought that then i can get anything from 5. 00 to 15. 00 calves each year . Depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them can. It is fact for with you. Meanwhile, the swiss town of zant, garland prepared for a castle show. These cows were in high demand as at donors priced for their genetic qualities. For breeders, as big business, despite the costs involved before the least of the Community Base to many long i can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. So my farm produces more milk from the same sized. Heard here for the breeders, its all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. This kind of technology is bound. It also raises fundamental questions about the future of farming. This is as seriously call the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from a few top house for a bar in organic farming. We aim for which via diversity, both adapted to the different environments lies that theres no one tub dna and there are many, depending on the environment. But swiss genetics argues i vs could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying its not just about attaining a high milk yield in sandstone stud. And today its more about issues like the feed version rates. So the efficiency with which livestock convert feed into desired output also and then other issues like longevity know, horns and good hell and loss. He came on the excellent day. Oh, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. Opinions differ on whether thats a good thing or not, but the switch genetics time is certain. Its on the right path. Genetic engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. So the less likely to injure each other. Many farmers cut off the horns by hand, a painful procedure for the animal. With genetic engineering, there is no pain. But animals still need to be slaughtered. If we want to eat meat, theres no way around that. Or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. Biologist, p at try kruger heads up a Research Team at whitening in university. Cultivating so called clean meat a project theyve been working on since 2019. The process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. The research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit i q gab elites. Lab grown meet will play a key role in the future. Strand anger threatened us encouraged, its shocking how few people in grapes are involved in this area of research in germany. Its angry because we have a growing global population for folk home and 20 years from now. We wont be able to feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods, marched in chron would say roberts family. It will become a crucial element up wall. More than 80 star tops and Research Groups are working on lab me. 12 white in 2013 moser meach presented the 1st cultured berg patty as a cost of over 200000 years. Patterns doped us be caught and we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages by, by 3 yet. We do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but theyre still too expensive. Anything towards them . Not the toys who mm hm. So we need this process development. Youre powell and im going to stick with a terry massey id like krueger and her team have chosen to take a very specific route in their research. It involves cultivating what to called steroids from thousands of 1000 cells. Normally need a surface to grow on. If none is available, after a day or 2, they start to join up with other cells. As of your notes that who list wed be delighted if our i did with the steroids really took off and we could use that in large Scale Production buffoon chron. But there is still some obstacles in their way steaks, for example, have a grain there, streaked with fat and have a firm consistency characteristics that a tricky to reproduce in the lab. When it comes to minutes to meet. However, the researchers have far more promising results and can already produce and appropriate a soft consistency. Ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about Lab Grown Meat. A recent survey suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. There young people were more open to the idea lab, well flesh, clint labs mate, has a Science Fiction ring to it. Like what, what did it and the for many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive or lee bending can, or he had to spin on. And its probably these images that make people skeptical through this life that yeah, and skepticism. I was the most of the word lab suggesting the absolute opposite of something natural oberman. And he asked a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of todays industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural product . Simply looking elsewhere, the concept has already taken off the israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants, where diners are offered the chance to test it, flap grain, patty pit try clue ga and her team look so half ambitious amos reprint vocalist, few accomplish bits, we could produce, meet taylor to particular talk. It was like folic acid enriched made for pregnant women couldnt meet, i mean, we could out vitamin d and provide a more easy to, to me. I can a variety of nutrients to serve in retirement. Hyams for sheep gnashed often. No, im irish and theres no limit. Rarely does he comb. Clinton give it there still a long way to go. But lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. Until Lab Grown Meat becomes widely available. Conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still, there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses such as beans and peas. But experiments are now underway to draw Carbon Dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. How was that possible . D ws. Ahmad chalabi looked into it. Hey, have you heard about this . You can eat air. Im not kidding. You can turn Carbon Dioxide into food. Say to says passing from finland. Papacy, whats on the menu . Producing meet alternatives to different kinds of dairy products. Also sweet ice cream. So on up in finland in northern europe, patio runs us talked of that produces one kilogram of protein powder every day. Hey patsy. How do you do this . We havent mike rope, but basically swims around in a body of liquid water in a firm and i need the for a mentor. We introduce levels of hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide. And this is what the micro needs to grow and multi life and the mind rope itself is our product. Crazy. Lets chicken out. Okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses microbes with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some new terms, like nitrogen and phosphorus, po, or the whole process with energy. And the micro will grow and grow and grow a protein powder counties. But passing, how does it taste . It is neutral in paste. Therefore, the taste can be made per application, whether its sweet or saver. Alright . But with why should i exist . Health passing about one 3rd of the Climate Impact is due to what we eat. Therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increased use of animal based. Okay, so lets wrap it up. It is possible to turn Carbon Dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. Good for the climate that served to leave food for thought, enjoy a new food if our blood is read, why i do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. If your question is chosen for the show will send you a little surprises, a thank you. Come on. Just ask and for more fascinating stories from the world of science check us out at d, w dot com slash science and on twitter. Thats it for this week show. Thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of tomorrow to day. Until then bye bye, and state curious with ah, ah, with ah ah, we allow ourselves to live on crowns. Ah, and here spider well o, rethinking the world in a more poetic way. The baroness exclusive interview with math fantasy now arent 2190 minutes on d. W. Not just another day. So much is happening all at once. We take time to understand this is the day in depth look at current news, events analyzed by experts and critical thinkers. Not just another news show. This is the day weekdays on d, w. Go, mike speaking, how can this passionate hatred of a people be explained . A gold top, where does it come from . Come also that the history of anti semitism, hes a history of stigmatization and exclusion of religious and political power struggles latrice in christianity wants to convey that is why christianity you like the figure of the jew as the parent of the flat. Its a history of slender, of hatred and violence is the bodies from then on the g were considered servants of evil. We simply told you the most atrocious chapter and within 6 years, a 3rd of our people were exterminating 6000000 jews, like microbes to be annihilated. Even 77 years after the holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. A history of anti semitism this week on d. W. Ah ah, as you see, w is live from birth lead World Leaders gather for climate talks here in the german capital. As europe swells is an a record hate wife. Wildfires broad across the mediterranean and hundreds die in the extreme hate also on