Me too. Im neil. Host of the on the green fence mount coast, and to me its clear we need to change. Join me for a deep dive into the green transformation for me, for you, for the plant. Ah, [000 00 00;00] ah, [000 00 00;00] ah, i had a very close relationship with her. And if i would come to disease, for example, i would stand among the public and she would recognize me and she would greet me from a distance. So even even if i, i showed up only once a year, once every 2 years, she would still recognize me and, and tried to get my attention. I was not here on the day that she died. Thats, thats all it. Oh oh oh oh oh my professor a young friend half also knew her for a long time. He decided to visit her when she was di. Oh, oh, this is very unusual. We. We never go in as an adult chimplan see that . An adult chimpanzees, a much stronger than human sweet. We cannot handle an adult chimpanzee. The gum from hope decided because she was so weak and she was almost dead to go greet her. And so he went in as a video that has been seen by millions of people now. And what i found interesting is that the people are moved by it. I find completely understandable. I was very moved by seeing that video of the 2 of them hugging each other and but what i was surprised by how surprised people where people said, oh, i did not know the chimpanzees express their emotions this way. Ah, ah, ah, ah. Ready ah, in the history of life owners, we are connected by a complex past understanding the behavior of chimpanzees and denies this smaller cousins helps us to analyze the process of how we became human. The key part of that process is the development of emotion and intellect. Ah ah ah, the toys, he again does the immense, shes and i like to emphasize that we, human beings, one belong to a group of primates, known as the great apes. Mention of this group is divided into 4 major sub groups. Wooten steep global rollo tans guerrillas, chimpanzees and actually chimpanzees and pin oboes and humans from from you on the outside 1000000 years ago. There were no humans, no chimpanzees, no, been no boz, just ancestral ape forms or end of the im those forms split into different groups. And deans vision, including early species of humans, tension and some of those became extinct was intention. Ponson. But the process with been no bows and chimpanzees were similar. Would you push kabibi species that we have today are only the ones that survived. Many others died out. Uba who natal over hundreds of thousands and probably millions of years. These species continue to mate with each other out. So until fairly recently by historical standards, there is probably been meeting and fertilization between been oboes and chimpanzees. Humans and chimpanzees, and humans and been oboes, which in mentioned and genetic shows us fairly clearly that there is always been hybridization. When his younger came out. Oh, oh, shoot. I know rosier formulas. Johns and jimmy jimmy with his surgery. Okay, boys. Okay. Ours will and and have a garage here ever have offspring . Yes, Renee Andrew Arnie will and the solutions will tarpon iraq. Lima, come there for a rush. I know as a baby also and all the others are most of the others are offspring of the ones that i knew france to val is the touch primatologist and one of the worlds leading experts in the field to for our dedicated his latest book, mamas last hug to chimpanzee named mama. In 1975, he launched an extensive study of chimpanzees at the ant. Im soon. His research led him to conclude that the concepts of morality and cult must have been present in the Animal Kingdom before they were developed by humans. For example, humans, chimpanzees, and bono bos shall large parts of the same gesture language. All of these are injustice that you find in the chimpanzee. For example, begging for food your bag, for food like re, bags, like doors and a bag like this. Because thats where you receive your food than your, if they use the same kind of gestures as we do in the same kind of context. Clearly they mean the same kind of thing. And you cant miss understand somebody whos begging you cant misunderstand somebody whos as go away. You cant misunderstand somebody asking for reassurance or a pat on the back or an embrace or a kiss these things. A common language to all people and to chimpanzees. Jane, good. All is the worlds foremost expert on chimpanzees. Good old launched the 1st systematic study of chimpanzees social behavior in the wild. In the late 19 fifties, could all worked for the prominent paleo anthropologist louis leaky. And in 1960 leaky sent her to study chimpanzees, a gumby national park, intense neil. She continued her work despite coming down with malaria. Good, all went on to develop a scientific methodology that not only revolutionized behavioral research, but also the perception of humans themselves. Oh, good old found the chimpanzees like humans use tools that they made themselves. Also like humans, they exhibit highly evolve social behavior. But good ols discovery that ships have unique individual personalities with various city characteristics was not widely accepted at the time. Many expense who believed in the superior shes the human race, denied that there were any evolutionary, all biological links between people and apes. That good old work was not aimed at attributing human chi touristic so behavior to chimpanzees. She was guided, not by ideology, but by Empirical Research or in many ways to study chimpanzees, been of us talked to good all observed these animals in the wild and developed a number of new insights. France to val has spent more than 10000 hours studying great apes in natural enclosures. It sues for years german anthropologist focus on that has been documenting the behavior of different species of age in africa and asia. Most recently, his Research Focused on a risk, some species of chimpanzee. Its found in the rain 1st along the border between cameron and nigeria estate. The shackles does this all weve found that in these chimpanzee societies, there are customs that vary from place to place acts who ought under, should be seen in the gil. Yeah, nigeria, we were even able to accurately document that. The chimpanzees there regularly eat answer, but never termites. R c s ne. Tammy cindy. Enough possible in east africa. Its just the opposite. There are some groups there that he termites, but never answers. Newton about like the situation here in germany. So and the law says that i cant eat the meat of dogs and cats and wound on kind of car. If you go to korea, its ok to do that. Theres no logic to it. Avoid us yog kiner lie to my song login. This may explain some of the food choices that chimpanzees made or gone by. Didnt. Chimpanzee justice . Im at new shots like an ethnic marker that indicates which community they belong to. So voucher good mine shaft is cooler. When i know it creates a, we feeling a and a sense of us and them and unknown of to the death flow the chimpanzee community, whose members i had come to know so well began to divide since one group started to spend more time in the southern part of the range over which the whole community wound by separating themselves. It was as though theyd forfeited their right to be treated as community members. Instead, they were treated as strangers jane goodall observed a chimpanzee war in gonna be that began in 1974 and lasted for years. No researcher had seen anything like it before. Ah idyllic world, our Little Paradise be turned upside down. The once peaceful scene in tifton were heavily engaged in want of mind to assume that primitive the entire community that was in related ah, ought to not intrude the killing of members of the same species. And even cannibalism exists among humans, chimpanzees, and been obo skipped off by one of those. After world war 2, researches started studying the origins of violence into question among humans. Some hope to gain new insights by analyzing the behavior of chimpanzees, which belong to the same family of primates as humans. In the 1970s france vall, than a doctoral student, studied aggressive behavior in chimpanzees, and made a surprise in discovery. And so i saw several occasions where chimpanzees after fights would come together and embrace and kiss each other. Oh, and i thought that was really interesting and i called it a facility for zoom in in english reconciliation. And so i got interested in that phenomenon. And now we know that reconciliation is very wide spread this, theres almost no social animals that do not reconcile after fights. And the reason is that they have relationships that are valuable to them. Their life depends on cooperation and having social relationships. And when these relationships are disturbed by aggression, they need to be repairs. Ah, ah, its not only shall compression my comforting each other. A behavior that had been thought to be exclusively human, but they also work together. Ah, in this experiment carried out in the 19 cities, both chimpanzees have to pull on the road to bring up a box that contains food. Ah, naming experiment is would be call. Usually mutual ism mutual ism is when you get both benefits at the same time. In a similar test, one of the chips was fed beforehand, so he was no longer interested in the reward. What would he do now . He keeps working, that we usually think has to do his reciprocity humans. Of course, reciprocity is very important. I do something for you, you do something for me and in sympathy we have all sorts of evidence that they understand. Reciprocity, for example, chimpanzees may groom each other and in this year, food later or day roommates, other than they have sex later. So thats a bit more complex because miss reciprocity unit, remember it, it has more like the memory in there of who did what foam. This kind of social interaction has led to the development of more complex moral behavior, such as fairness and reciprocity. Emotions play a major role in this process. Deval believes that emotions provide the actual motion for many forms of human and animal behavior. He says that even if chimpanzees have a cognitive awareness of a situation, its emotion that prompts them to take action. And those emotions a transformed into reality it starts with emotions and so david yuma was before comes scottish philosopher. He talked about the moral sentiments like the gratitude and reciprocity is part of that the sense of fairness is part of empathy is part of its empathy. And a in german and food on that, that kind of mechanisms are part of it and we see these processes in the chimpanzee. And so i think were human. Morality has done is absorbed some of these primary tendencies that we have and have and combine them is reasoning a logic. But that comes in later device model of moral resolution is even less like an a trust at all. The outside latch. The newest consists of shame and reason and logic. Insight lies the much older layer of empathy. The ability to recognize the emotions, thoughts, and motives of us. Humans and apes are able to empathize with office within this species. Ah, that a very old female, she had arthritis and she could not walk very well. And so sometimes what happens is if she would get up and go in the direction of the water faucet to collect water to drink. Younger females would run ahead of her because they were much faster and they would run ahead and suck up water. And then run back to her. Penny was her name and and go to penny and penny would open her mouse and they would spit it into her mouth. And so she would not need to walk that whole distance which was very difficult for her. If we accept the premise, it empties an Evolutionary Development. We must ask ourselves, what are the origins of empathy . Ah, we think empathy started miss maternal care and then expanded to other relationships because man can be empathic. And theres all sorts of relationships in a group of primates where empathy is needed. Its not just the model of string relationship, but once it existed in maternal behavior that expanded to other relationships. Wow. Or depreciation discussion started like 15 years ago. And i, before that time, humans and animals were selfish. You must have heard of the selfish gene and all these discussions. Before the time we were all selfish animals and humans. And then around a year, 2000, all of a sudden, death, the anthropologist, and the economists, and the psychologist he said, but humans of different humans are not completely selfish. Humans help each other. Theyre cooperative, the pro social, theyre interested in the well being of somebody else. And so they made that a human characteristic. And then a few experiments were done in those days on the, on other primates. And they found nothing to fall carried out an experiment with 2 female chimpanzees inception clenches side by side. Each selected an item that was either rate green. If she chose read only, she was rewarded. But if she chose green, both were as a experiment, continued one of the chimps chose green more and more often an example of what deval calls pro social behavior. Our test was the 1st one that actually demonstrated. The chimpanzees also care about the well being of others. These experiments strengthened vows, theory that pro social tendencies and humans had their origins in the Animal Kingdom thought about more complex moral behaviors. These tests also suggest that the human sense of justice must also have a lengthy evolutionary history. Ah, the concept of justice 1st emerges within groups, but its also reflected in relationships between groups and jane goodall Research Shows that there is a negative side to a group sense of community. Ah, the last common ancestors have been oboes chimpanzees and humans lived 5 to 8000000 years ago. Since then, the ecological conditions have likely remained almost the same for the pin i was in the congo rain forests. Most anthropologist believes have been oboes of the species. It is most similar to the common ancestor of apes and humans. But not those were not recognized as a separate species until 1929 is smaller than chimpanzees. They are very agile, have slender limbs and dark hair. Their social interactions also set them apart from chimps. Number numbers are different from the chimpanzees into to females are dominant. Not all females are dominant of all males, but usually there is always an alpha female whose alpha of everybody also over the males. Is this phenomenon reflected somewhere in the Evolutionary Development of humans . The behavior patterns have been i was also raised new questions about that process and about the widely held assumption that male dominated social structures are natural. What kind of society did our primate answer . This lady was perhaps dominated by females, and if so, was it a more Peaceful Society . As is 4 common fatality forced along, thus the notion that been oboes live in a conflict free society does not reflect the reality of the situation found on me. But we can refer to their society as a matriarchy because it is dominated by females, virulent. On the other hand, chimpanzees society is considered a patriarchy because it is dominated by mail and fun men on dominion the gazette. I not a good under von thief, but noble females tend to get along well with each other, even though they migrate into their current home group from neighboring groups. So by definition, they are not related to each other yet. Seek a hi, mike cooper. Im van none on disadvantaged mitten under vincent does is this is also the case with chimpanzee austin, from allison. In illinois, the females come into a new group from outside tuned for vonsha blish, and they are not related to each other stock of conquer. This leads to a lot of competition coco, particularly when it comes to food is in my specifically ripe fruit only now depaula, namely high for foster below those by contrast, live exclusively in a small area south of the congo river. An environment where the food supply is much more diverse. That is the consequence wanted in bondo bo vi. So theres less Competition Among the few melbourne oboes cool police under they can cooperate with each other and joint forces to keep the males in check. He mentioned in south san is his order this winter vibe kin feler. And there is quite a bit of same sex contact among female bono bows. And this is an only a means to an end because these females form coalitions among themselves are coiling. The females know each other very well, physically speaking and tim begun. Mm hm. And these coalitions of females have been known to attack individual males. While its your own eyes attacks can result in serious injuries or even death. Phillotson didi for sta, monday on some tie, a bring the the a home. Oh. Ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready chimpanzees and the nice also differ from humans in one very important way. The females raise their offspring align without much help and the father and as friends to val points out. Young female offspring are encouraged to leave the family unit. Both in chimpanzees and in been over. The mothers son relationship persists. The mother daughter relationships doesnt the females, the young females leave the group a puberty they disappear, which is a good way for the young females to find males who are not related to them. So they go to other groups instead of making was their brothers and wisdom fathers, which is not a good saying for reproduction. They go to other groups another males maintain a close relationship for life with their mother. Even adult male, bin oboes seem closer to their mothers than to sexual partners. Such behavior would be very unusual for chimpanzees. And many been other mouse who rank high in the social structure. Are the offspring of dominant females. The young as are fillings really grown . Yeah. I think all 5 of us when he was alpha, he had nice a hair and to near alpha, replaced him as alpha and dory though. Yeah. Jumbo. And that is all been, its a good. It happened in the night house. I was there a big vitally yeah. France deval coined the term alpha male. In his 1982 book chimpanzee politics, aggressive behavior among humans is more complex and much more influenced by cultural context than it is among 8 thought. The parallels between the 2 species in this case are unmistakable. It is a political process that the, the top mail doesnt need to be the biggest mail. People always think its the biggest and the strongest mail. Now its a political process, and the smallest mail can be the top mail, but he needs to have friends to be the top mail. So he needs have support to to coalition system, which means that you need to groom your support as you need to share food with them. You need to share females with them. If youre mil, so you need to keep your support as happy. Otherwise they dont support you the alpha may also need to be good friends with the alpha female in the wilder does, may be not so important because the females are dispersed over the forest, but in captivity, the Alpha Females if any central figure. Oh oh. And so the alpha male also needs to stay friends was the alpha female, because if he loses female support, he may lose his position. The females compete much less over rank and its usually an older female and, and, and usually its based on her personality. I dont know, its very hard to define why a certain female becomes the alpha female. And so mamma very early on. She became alpha and she was off of him here for 40 years. Mama was a very stable influenza because he was always there and was extremely respected. And all this he got the more respected. She was at the end of a very hard for her to walk. And she was almost blind. But every one respected her. She stayed in her position is very unusual because in males, if him, if a male loses his sight of walked, if a difficulty they will kick him out and take his position. But in the females very different seeing. So. So mama was very Stable Influence and she was very central to the group. And when he died, c died at the age of 59. 00, which is pretty late for a chimpanzee. It had also negative consequences for the group in the sense that the group was him sort of turmoil afterwards. Its not so much that i did of us term all over who will get the next position, but just instability because he was the one who stabilized to home. Ah, there are many ways to observed the behavior, chimpanzees, and developments. And thanks to new technology, this can now be done remotely. Machines present you had 14 young, this marks 10 years ago. The Max Plant Institute for evolutionary anthropology in leipzig began funding the pan african program. Its a wonderful project. One of the most important features of this project is the use of video camera traps for the scientific observation of a behavior that the cameras are set up in specific sites in the forest system, march cameras of gaster. You can compare the videos from different places. Video of simon bitten or not lighting a monkey. And this allows us to study abroad spectrum of chimpanzee and been noble behavioral porcelain and partial fat satterfield. Throughout the region, free from the influence of individual research on a source in gunston. Awfully conscious continent. Zisha and a couple of years ago we discovered that at 2 or 3 sites, chimpanzees would pick up rocks and tossed them into hollow trees her. Thus, chimpanzee dinah indiana name, it was sort of like a basketball in the, in, in an arm fun. Who in boy the gym, sprayed all sorts of noise while they were doing this. He was young merchandise to funds ish, when the unconscious suzana accumulate and you can find piles of rocks inside those hollow trees on. Dorman, funding, boylen. We couldnt figure out why they were doing this once, vic, all set us modest. If it were humans, wed say they were performing some sort of ridge walk. Now this is often by only 2 i rusty done. Ma hm. Ah, schumann should be making piles of rock since prehistoric tons of his potter tomb structures in ritual sites. The discovery that type school centrally trucks, graces a number of interesting questions about the origins and significance of this behavior. In the course of human evolution, lou ah ah ah. Ready ah, ah oh, he ah ah great apes, you sticks to catch, and so poking bees nests to gather honey chimpanzees, you stones to crack nuts they eat medicinal herbs to treat stomach elements. They also make use of natural antibiotics, pain killing substances. And the roots of hallucinogenic plants is such behavior consciously controlled. And what does it say about apes level of intelligence . We now think that animals dont live in the present, that theyre actually animals like chimpanzees who can sink a head and can make plans for the future as a function of so they may collect tools in the forest for example, and carry them is them. And then go to a very different place at a different time where they use these tools to, to do things with them. For example, fishing for termites or, or opening a beehive or an extracting nuts or something. And so they use these tools much later, meaning that they have been planning to do these things. And so we now dont say that animals live in the present. And thats a very exciting area of research that shows that the intelligence of animals is much greater than we used to think. Chimpanzees can recognize themselves in the mirror, which shows that they are capable of self knowledge and not just in the present. Chimps can also recall past events in their lives and imagine actions that they might take in the future. Until recently, such qualities will believe to be exclusively human is raises a key question. What are the most important differences between humans and apes . So for me, the difference in intelligence between lets say humans and other species is not so much im in the area of lets say, memory and planning is more in the area of language. I think language is a very special capacity. And i do think in human language to our sip capacities, like, lets say, symbolization or categorization, there are some capacities that be sometimes find in other species. But the whole package of language, symbolic communication that you need to learn or is, i think, uniquely human. Ah, this communication includes complex sets of symbols such as alphabets. Now this allows humans to record information and pass it from one generation to the next. That information can be refined and expanded. Accommodate cultural phenomena, it becomes increasingly complex. And humans, a particularly good at matching the possible consequences of concrete actions. They can make long range plans and recognize the intentions of other people. Human language is a very efficient form of communication that is help to speed up cultural evolution. With another key difference between humans and apes is based on family structure. Oh, i think the big difference that we have is that we have families where males are involved in the care for offspring. Sometimes not involved in the direct care, but certainly and providing for the family. And that is also allowed, as it says, it has negative consequences, has allowed us to reduce more. And instead of having baby every 5 or 6 years as in chimps and but i us because the female cannot carry more than one baby at the time, we can have babies every 2 years. And so thats what, how we have populated the world. Ah, hundreds of thousands of years human beings lived in harmony with nature like chimpanzees and guerrillas to to day. But unfortunately, unlike chimpanzees guerrillas around the times and most of the animals, human beings are able to breed very successfully. And human numbers began to grow around the world at the same time as technologies developed, which would enable, ah, humans to, instead of taking a long time to cut down one tree, they use a chain saw and the biggest tree is felt in a very short time and unfortunately, western materialism began to replace the old and ancient wisdom of living in harmony. And its because of greed is because of money. Think that everythings beginning to go wrong. Been for mood, leash, honest lipson exemplar, the fund remote to lauren. De know, im probably one of the few remaining primatologist in war who had the privilege of doing research in virgin forests when they were still quite widespread a year. So gung the end to you and i became a conservationist to it. As did many of my colleagues, im from nurse eisley because we saw that our Research Site should so water in 5, your being attacked from all sides by bulldozers, saws and oil and mineral extraction equipment was blue known font out on an excellent length of and look for, and if we dont fight back, the destruction will only go faster. News being done, good. Did so strong. No, no shanella much of the history of the motion and intellect is shaded by apes and humans. How whew is history continue . Will it continue at all . We are the most intellectual species to ever have walked this planet. And the biggest difference between us and chimpanzees, our closest relatives and any other animal is the explosive development of the human intellect. Yes, chimpanzees and other animals, a highly intelligent, much more so than used to be thought. But it doesnt make sense to compare even the brightest of them with a creature of that has actually created a rocket thats gone all the way up to the red planet. And sending back pictures for us to look at which makes it absurd, that were destroying the planet. It really does because we, we have the brains to see what were doing. The human mind has not sufficiently evolved to deal effectively with the demands of a globalized world with its rapidly increase in complexity. Our emotional skills have not evolved to properly express compassion for the nearly 8000000000 people who inhabit this planet. And we seem incapable of preserving Natural Resources for future generations. Ah. Ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready ready how can we use our intellectual capacity to make sure that this doesnt lead to the earths destruction. Ready ready ah hm hm. Unquestionably my greatest reason to hope is an energy commitment. Dedication of young people once they understand the problems and are empowered to take action. That is incredibly uplifting and empowering for me. Weve seen it happen. Iran gone be those completely bad hills of the early ninetys now have 30 foot trees because people have left land to regenerate. And animal species on the very brink of extinction can be given another chance. Ah, no history of the emotional and intellectual ties between apes and humans draws to a temporary close. We must ask all this history continue. Perhaps if scientists continue to study the deepest structures of emotion and intellect, they work can help us to better understand how complex in a world. And thats why this research is so important. Ah, ah ah ah ah ah, ah, ah, we already knew that the ocean is a massive c o 2 reservoir. But we did not know is that the fish have something to do with could we slow down Climate Change by catching fewer fish . Why didnt we think of this before . To morrow today . In 30 minutes on d. W. A pulse with the beginning of a story that moves us and takes us along for the ride. Its own about the perspective culture information. This is dw, and d, w made from mines. Oh, hello guys. This is the 77 percent. The a you know, on this channel. We are not afraid to talk to young people clearly have the solution. Good future, you know, 77 percent now every weekend on d w ah ah,