Business. Because. It is feasible the 1st books. Waking up when an artificial sleep is supposed to keep you safe from fear and pain. This nightmare scenario happens who venit the best during open heart surgery. I just cant take this im going crazy konstam decided what i was thinking and i kept hoping we have to lose consciousness and then not noticing why arent they noticing theres a microphone. Thats coming its difficult to describe the kind of pain you have. Nots and that it shoots through your whole body or scare it or you can scope. Venit the best tried desperately to get someones attention. But he couldnt move. Virtually every general anesthetic contains substances that paralyze our muscles. It was horrible the doctors just carried on and chanted no one noticed the state i was in after a long while i suddenly heard a voice. I think somethings not right the anesthesia is lifting the patient is breathing himself right ok lets wait a minute. Lets give him a bit more. Then there was this hissing and i was out. Manifest on scored its in saxony is one of around 16000. 00 people who wake up during general anesthesia every year in germany accidentally. It was a traumatic experience. And he still haunted by nightmares years later. Why he had experienced anesthesia awareness was never explained bennett the best asked the doctors. They said this kind of thing shouldnt happen and i cant imagine what its like and i hoped he would never happen again but i also said theres no point in my taking legal action because i wouldnt get anywhere else if the doctors admitted that have to cover the costs. Around 16000000 medical procedures requiring general anesthesia are carried out every year in germany during which one patient in a 1000 experiences unintended intra operative awareness has been addressed noted. Many believe consciousness has an on and off switch. Yet scientists dont even truly understand why we need normal sleep and why we dream. We know even less about artificial sleep. Vienna General Hospital where weve been allowed to film a general anesthesia procedure from beginning to end. You did schieffer is an anesthesiologist general anesthesia is part of her daily routine. Every patient gets steeper before surgery. Alcohol consumption regular occasional twice a week weight age illnesses medications and you to chief needs to know as much as possible about her patients to be able to decide which anesthetics to use and with what dose. And what about all good. Yes. You have and how did you tell to write your last. I felt after. You feel noisiest did you vomit as well i also vomited. The conversation isnt only for gathering this is scary health data its also intended to assure patients. There of unintended intra operative awareness fear of waking during surgery of being paralyzed and aware but without being able to speak. Thats the fear of patients talk about most often. I kissed and tissue was scheduled for uterine surgery the next day and this is from apathetic but not before my whole body resisted the anesthesia and i felt really bad and then collapsed that was really unpleasant this time im putting that aside and telling myself these people will look after me and nothing will happen so no im not really afraid anymore as a question was was going on the word anesthesia comes from greek for without sensation its development was a blessing for patients who until the 19th century were operated on without anesthesia. There were attempts to relieve pain through hypnosis alcohol or opium. But the doses were administered haphazardly. And often even when operations had been successful the patients died. Anesthesia was 1st demonstrated in boston an 846 dentist William Morton put the patient into an artificial sleep with ether and then removed the tumor and the operation was a success that made headlines worldwide. Years later anaesthesia with artificial mechanical respiration was introduced by the turn of the century spinal anesthesia which specifically blocks the sensation of pain in the lower half of the body had also been invented. A new and better anesthetics rapidly developed from 1950 onward. Numerous hospitals open anesthesiology departments which are today indispensable in modern medicine. The following morning at the Piano UniversityGeneral Hospital. Patient kist tissues ready for surgery. We also have e. C. G. Electrodes Blood Pressure cuffs oxygen saturation. General anesthesia always consists of 3 parts 1st there is a strong painkiller. See them feel that you may be getting a little toy its a little dazed to just take nice deep breaths and think of something pleasant. Commences the way the more you think about what she doing this scarier it feels the thinking on this. The 2nd step. Is the next step is the medication that makes you fall asleep stuff until. The sleep inducing drugs used are hypnotics that switch off consciousness just keep breathing in and out take a deep breath. Since i do feeling sleepy already. The most commonly used anesthesia inducer is propofol. And injection works within a few seconds. The last step is muscle relaxants substances that relax muscles and immobilize the patient. Without these the bodys protective reflexes could cause involuntary twitching even while under. Who did it to please. And press. Patients would suffocate without artificial ventilation. Once anaesthesia has been induced patients must be kept under. As just an tissues prone to nausea shes receiving propofol as this causes nausea less frequently than volatile gaseous anesthetics. Propofol can have other side effects such as drops in Blood Pressure or apnea. Just in tissues now and responsive. But what does that actually mean if she is sleep is she unconscious. A study in munich is trying to find answers to these questions head of anesthesiology care hard schneider is testing what happens in the brain when consciousness is lost under anesthesia. So far we know very little about the brain mechanisms involved in this process. Magnetic resonance imaging provides brain scans of test persons while they are awake and under general anesthesia. So where is consciousness located. Yeah we anesthesiologists have a very simplistic idea of consciousness. For us patients are unconscious when theyre unresponsive or in react or. What i call a consciousness component is basically a reaction to stimulus. Or conscious reaction to stimuli. But for psychologists or social scientists this has nothing to do with consciousness. The scientists long believed anesthesia switched off the entire brain like a light switch but as schneider has observed in fact only certain brain regions marked red here are less active under anesthesia. These regions are part of the brains functional network where several brain areas Work Together to achieve efficient connectivity. These networks are responsible for processing incoming stimuli such as sound or pressure and interpret in them to form conscious perceptions and its thesea disrupts these networks. And during reduced consciousness the primary sensory areas the parts of the brain responsible for the 1st stage of stimuli processing. Are completely active. Martially theyre even more active than when we were awake but the next step the interpretation of higher order processing does not happen that final stage of consciousness is disrupted by anesthesia. Exactly how anesthesia disrupts the brains functional networks is what basic Research Scientists and. Tubing are hoping to find out. Bans on coffee is investigating how anaesthetics work on a molecular level. The challenge is that there are dozens of them. And their molecular structure alone suggests each is very different. From. Us but when they work they all lead to the same effect on consciousness which is how can that me. We have identified proteins that are absolutely essential for anaesthesia but identifying the small Building Blocks alone doesnt come close to explaining how consciousness is lost on a dog. The researchers are using mouse frames to try to better understand how different substances used in anesthesia work. For many decades scientists thought all anesthetics essentially blocked information from reaching neurons by causing a malfunction and their lip it membranes. However this lip at theory has since been abandoned today researchers know that every anesthetic has a different way of causing a consciousness of. Brain tissue cultures taken from areas of the brain involved in loss of consciousness are put into a nutrient solution for several weeks during which time they grow into many brains which can be used for experiments. This is what researchers have discovered so far. In our Central Nervous systems receive and process stimuli from the external world individual neurons communicate with each other across gaps called synapses. Synaptic communication or transmission works like this. Neuron a emits messenger substances called neurotransmitters which bind to receptor years in neuron b. Anesthetics such as. Mainly act on the neurotransmitter gaba which dampens the signals. Of all reinforces this dampening effect and thus prevents the neuron from sending out a signal. The damping occurs at several locations in the Central Nervous system. Precisely which are responsible for a patient losing consciousness is not yet clear. And most likely also depends on the anesthetic used. There are anesthetics that do not act on the messenger but on the other neurotransmitters in the tuning and researchers are investigating these differences with a micro e. G. That measures signal transmission in the many brains of neurons. So far all anesthetic drugs have been found by trial and error doctors know that they were not exactly how they work. However understanding the how is an important prerequisite for reducing side effects. We should really be looking at a patients individual needs and attributes and choosing the substances they get accordingly we need a rational approach and not just a trial and error approach to see if it works and if it does thats good enough the. Trial and error right. One in order to minimize and reduce errors prospective anesthesiologists at the height of burke anesthesia and emergency medicine Simulation Center artists on dogs were. Left director and anesthesiologist christopher annoyed house. Explains the simulation of. A 45 year old man who was hit by a car in the city while walking on he still awake as spontaneous breathing and his circulation is stable the rest youll see in a moment. The instructors control the dall from the next room. Doc i missed a quick im the anything could you open your mouth please oh. Yes can you stretch your neck. Yes good friends a bit of a could you please do something for the pain my stomach hurts so much yes well give you something now mr click making to begin the anesthesia the 1st drug will make you a bit fuzzy were going to take good care of you this is this into some its interesting to see how quickly you forget that its only a plastic doll with a bunch of telltale sign else once participants get used to the situation they dont just speak to the dog they show it real empathy and stroke its cheek and reassure it before the honest these are kicks in. Which shows how quickly you can forget its not real and yet snit the purpose of this exercise is to train Team Communication in stressful situations approximately 60 to 80 percent of problems during anaesthesia are due to human failure. For this kind of says thats what i wouldnt exactly call it failure because its a value judgement of the Technology Used in this area so good that its not the problem and its these your machines dont just suddenly exploded devices dont suddenly fail which leaves communication and teamwork where misunderstandings do occur that can lead to mistakes happening misfortune is often done this instead inference is a very good thing. The trainers simulate the worst Case Scenario cardiac arrest and we dont have any circulation anymore so we need to press. The fact is the pressure rising. With the move. To truth you know this is. Not a pause for a moment circulation is picking up the phone. Thanks very much lets stop here for no take a deep breath. Did you think i was there for you. From my side i think i could have called the attending physician earlier before i started the anesthesia but i think overall we got through it well. The seminar is not a test participants actions are evaluated but no marks given also everything here is strictly confidential. Each day over 40000 general anaesthetic sort ministered in germany lots of them at the clinic are w t h often. Mark ober is preparing for a very special anesthesia an operation with xenon. Is a noble gas used in fluorescent tubes or car headlights and it can also be used in the operating theatre. Seen on has been called the miracle anesthetic drug because its proven to be well tolerated even by sensitive patients or people in very poor health. In contrast to other anesthetics. It puts hardly any strain on circulation. The effect begins quickly and also disappears quickly so that patients regain alertness soon after surgery. Went on since the taper not as the 0 hour just wants to run the units the 0 they can wake a patient up very quickly this is the fastest drug we have are not as these are in terms of coronary Flow Dynamics the effect. As on Blood Pressure is very stable and patients Blood Pressure remains approximately what it was at the beginning which is much better for them and that was it to. Coburn was researching how well elderly patients recovered after hip surgery he found that xenon anaesthesia leads to significantly less complications and mortality is also lower. Xenon has been approved as an anesthetic gas since 2005. Lab tests have shown that the noble gas has Neuroprotective Properties meaning it protects the brain from damage. But today its only rarely used the reason for it is its cost. A one hour long anaesthesia with xenon costs between 20300 euros other anesthetics are only about 50 euros. It would be great if we could generate more money. To carry out large trials and to further research what weve found so far. But there are many factors at play here. And at the moment its uncertain whether xenon will even still be on the market in a few years time. Because its so expensive. And and corporations are deciding whether or not to continue this research. A Research Project can cost between 20 and 30000000 euros the money for this comes from industry. Back in vienna. At the University Hospital the operation we have been given permission to observe is underway. Anesthesiologist who did she feel monitors the patients by the function Blood Pressure heartbeat and oxygen saturation. That. You dont want to look. In addition and e. G. Monitor measures brain waves which helps determine the depth of anesthesia. To see me i missed out in a heavy sea the stage is a to f. The focused on the lets say basically means being awake from the still be and see can be read as lies and is these. As a kind of dozing them of self asked stages d. And e. Show us thats like she has no is a patient has a good depth of and this is the set up. There are no numbers on how often anesthesia is monitored with e. G. Experts estimate the technique is part of routine procedure and less than half of all hospitals in germany. You did she for uses e. G. Often but not exclusively is kind and so she didnt and various parameters can indicate that a patient is awakening or experiencing pain. In our line of work we also keep an eye on whether the patient is sweating or whether theres an increase in heart rate hike or an increase in Blood Pressure stick. And pupil which can also be a sign. As well as tears. Thats tween. A study on interoperate of alertness is currently underway in munich. Patient nina have now is being prepared for knee surgery. This cat measures brain waves even more precisely than the standard 3 electrodes on the forehead. The researchers have developed a method for communicating with the patient in case she wakes up during surgery. And. A Blood Pressure cuff keeps the muscle relaxing medication from getting into her forearm. This ensures that if the patient is conscious while under anesthesia she can move her hand. Squeeze my hand. Minutes fish if there are fish in the sea squeeze my hand. And i style if a stone floats in the words here squeeze my hand. When he smash if you have pains you must grease my hands twice mishap. In the most recent study like this one almost 5 percent of patients did clench their hands. Patients who take opioids regularly have a higher risk of regaining consciousness while still under anesthesia as do drug and alcohol addicts people who are often extremely scared of surgery. I have not met have not pressed my hand twice if everythings fine its the middle of the very moment that we currently cannot rule out consciousness with 100 percent certainty using the methods of e. G. Analysis we have now thats one problem the other problem is that the e. G. Only react when wakefulness has already occurred getting that by the time the calculator to e. G. Index value detect something the event already took place before. The study in munich is also examining subconscious memory can patients remember things in spite of anaesthesia. Or cluck. Cluck. In the industry factory. Factory. Only one word in each pair was mentioned during the operation the patient has to choose which feels more familiar. Listen were really still at the very beginning so we cant really predict the outcome yet but we have been surprised a few times on the one hand there are patients who clench their hand when asked to do so. And on the other hand there are also patients who even if they arent consciously remembering. Are able to recall lists that we played with a high level of success. Anesthesiologists at the University Hospital have developed a new device for monitoring anesthesia the risk of waking up during an operation is particularly high when drugs are administered intravenously. One possible reason for this is that propofol concentration in the body cannot be measured yet. But in inhalation anesthetics the socalled blood gas partition coefficient describes this. The fact that the concentration of volatile anesthetics can be measured a measure of the concentration which i didnt have until now with propofol which is why the probability of over and under dosing is higher than with gas anesthetics. For. This new device is intended to remedy the situation the ed measures the concentration of propofol in the patients body via his breath. Says almost always used during general anesthesia induction but to maintain the artificial sleep in only around 20 percent of operations. He says that percentage is likely to rise significantly with the new at mt device. After the operation the researchers compare the values measured by the edmund but the propofol concentration in the blood. Patients process is the anesthetic differently. Confusion anxiety hallucinations these are the symptoms of post operative delirium a. Condition that more than a 3rd of patients over 60 experience. Your mom had such a delirium in 2016 he suffered organ failure and was kept in an artificial coma for 4 weeks a long term general anaesthetic. The waking up basis lasted several days afterwards he was completely disoriented and had vivid hallucinations. It was an intense phase when i couldnt tell if something was real. Or if i was falling back into a dream id had before i really struggled to distinguish center. Is still in touch with. The doctor who treated him back then. He would again and again have these phases where he was very agitated and thats typical for a delirium. We call them fluctuating trajectories us where a patient moves between being very absent very subdued to being severely agitated and plagued by fear. But delirium will frequently damage a patients brain permanently york naaman managed to recover fully. If you or someone who was pretty active before. And then you have to learn to walk again from wheelchair to walk or to a crutch can be frustrating. I think having my family really helped me because i wanted to get home again as quickly as possible. And its not yet clear what exactly triggers a delirium after a general anaesthetic. Noise. Dress commotion studies show that conditions in intensive care units promote the development of delirium. This room in the via show clinic in berlin has been designed in a way intended to reduce deliriums and be able to treat them better. The most important strategy used in this intensive care unit of the future is providing patients with important so they dont feel lost for example light panels simulate the day night rhythm. Secondly commotion a noise or avoided. Nurses only enter the rooms when necessary otherwise they keep an eye on patients from a surveillance room. Still is hooked on all i think you can hear that its much quieter in this room than in the other rooms in the mine in these normally intensive care rooms have noise levels of 80 decibels whereas here were trying to reduce it to 35 but. Were also trying to take all the devices that scare patients out of their direct line of vision. Which is why we positioned the breathing machine and syringe Drivers Behind to partition the splits and form. The 3rd part of the concept is to have alert active patients in the past long term sedation or even artificial comas were popular methods in intensive care units. Today anesthesia has to be kept as brief as possible. He just didnt give us every delirium we can avoid every damaged organ we can avoid reduces the risk of Cognitive Impairment 25 percent of patients have cognitive damage after intensive care with an impairment level similar to all timers. And that means they cant return to living alone at home just like they used to they cant return to the job market or their professions and thats why i think we have to keep on top of. The new intensive care concept has reduced the number of delirium cases by a 3rd. But researchers at the shari take a want to begin their efforts earlier during surgery and. The deeper the anesthesia the more likely it is a delirium will occur so general anesthesia has to be deep enough for a patient to have no memories and no unpleasant sensations but not so deep that too much medication has to be administered to feel. That. The doctors at the shari tay and. Len show us how this can be achieved using the example of a prostate removal. They combine general anesthesia with Regional Anesthesia. Pain killers are injected directly into the abdomen to switch off any feelings of pain there. When general anesthesia is accompanied by Regional Anesthesia a smaller dose of anesthetic suffices. I mean its here and here we have a general anesthesia with a very low concentration of inhalation anesthetics we giving the patient so little the machines are sounding the alarm to say you are using too little medication your patient will wake up because machines and he used to us watching and reading the igi line but it shows us that hes under far enough of the city from the actually of. Depth of venice t. C. M. Dosage of medication duration of anesthesia details on all 3 factors during the operation are collected and say. These details are subsequently combined with data on the Patients Health and postoperative recovery for the bio cox study at the shari today. The aim of the study is to give researchers a measure of whether their efforts can successfully prevent a delirium after the operation anesthesiologist on a camilla helps the patient get his bearings at the earliest possible time. Its 20 to 6 pm the operation is over you are in the Recovery Room you can now take your time to wake and your wife already know. This but checklist is used to ascertain whether a delirium is happening. But is everything ok. Are. Some you know some delirium patients are hyperactive or aggressive others apathetic and absent at the latter its especially hard to detect a delirium. Youve said you see and hear me. And we can also talk to each other well. Thats good so yes. The bio study on delirium risk factors involves 1200 patients between 65 and 80 years old. Their physical and mental conditions before and after the operation are tested and compare that. If you want to oppose a test at any point just let me know and ill stop. The studies participants will be accompanied for 3 years. Early results already indicate several risk factors. These include cardiovascular diseases metabolic disorders such as diabetes and infections in the body. Researchers concluded that especially higher risk patients should be closely monitored for signs of delirium. They also suggest caregivers and relatives should take particular care of them. Back in vienna. Utero surgery is over and everything went fine. Anaesthesiologist you did she for has turned off the sleeping drug during the final phase of the operation. All thats left now is to wait. Shes too far far away. The waking up base is critical. Both the sleep inducing drugs and the muscle relaxants should stop working at the same time. In 5 man hits in the high if the effect of the muscle relaxant hasnt worn off the patient could find themselves in a situation where they want to breathe but cons because their muscle function isnt fully restored yet most could fall. And the space to lay its leader here. Thats what the. 10 mark is morning. Good morning and deep breaths in the end out take a deep breath in one eye open your mouth why its gone or take your time yeah come on yes we can take it out yeah come on and open your mouth half a perfect good morning. Oh god it hurts. The patient is in pain this shouldnt be the case. Deep breaths in and out of the big gray eyes this. You didnt see for and checks some more pain killers. Still. I listen im still not cool so only know the anesthesia went well. And the stupid however in the end the patient needed a higher dose of painkillers than we initially thought but. Just like this has to do with pain piss epson varying between people so its hard to previous s. It. Seems. Every persons perception of pain is different researchers make use of this in their search for alternatives to general anesthesia. For example and you know. Theres fresh. Clean air. Coming in through the window. Hypnosis instead of anesthesia and sounds a bit like a joke. But neurosurgeon. Is building on a long tradition. During the early days of surgery practically every operation was performed with the use of hypnosis. But with the development of modern drugs this is been completely forgotten and. At the University Hospital of vienna hypnosis is used for brain surgery. This patient has parkinsons disease ok deep brain stimulation is supposed to reduce the strong tremor. This also slows breathing and decelerates the heartbeat. But in contrast to anesthesia here the patient is fully conscious. Even when a hole is drilled in his skull the hypnotist incorporates the sounds into the hypnosis. But the construction workers wont stop they even start drilling with a pneumatic hammer or maybe you can open your mouth and its not so bad or exactly. Pain perception is used in hypnosis as in the patient feels the pain but this can be incorporated into other experiences and rebuilt so that its positive and not so unpleasant. And. The patient only receives painkillers but no sleep inducing drugs. In order to check whether the electrodes for deep brain stimulation are correctly positioned the patient is taken out of hypnosis. Or count to 3 open your eyes wide and take a good breath ok theyre all here and there. If you know what organization has been your ologists its important to be able to test patients during the operation to see the effect on the trauma so for that the patient needs to be awake and alert or general anesthesia sometimes doesnt clear up straight away or patients are tired so they can do the tasks promptly thats different with hypnosis patients are awake and can participate well which helps improve the surgery outcome is that whats going on as a. Gnosis has many advantages patients are less scared their blood circulation is more stable bleeding happens less often less pain medication gets used and patients who are hypnotised stay in hospitals for less time than those who received general anesthesia. Medicine has made huge leaps forward and only one in 136000 operations has a patient died from the effects of anesthesia. Going under anesthesia 30 years ago was very different to our it is today in terms of tolerance effectiveness maintenance side effects last year. But theres still room for improvement using e. G. To monitor anesthesia at depth is not yet standard everywhere. I still dont understand why anesthesiologist measure everything Blood Pressure heart rate saturation but the brain where things are happening isnt monitored. Basic research will continue developing and perhaps some day lift the mystery of anesthesia. And we need personalised on a c. C. I. Thats the point but we dont have that. Quadriga International Talk show before journalists discuss the topic of the week. Opinion polls here in germany are beginning to suggest that the greens might now be the Strongest Force in german politics indeed theres talk of the next german chancellor might even be agreeing to find out more of the story join us from quadriga shortly. Quadriga 30 minutes d. W. Everyone in a chair but they only really materialized in our brains. How does this process one what role does the Office Section play some and how to cut his influence on every day months we talk to biologists and behavioral scientists to find out. To morrow to do even 100 minutes on d w. Im not laughing at the germans because sometime down the place theyre laughing with that havent been any better i dont think deep into the german culture. Muted seem to take this drama down to you because its all out there no time rachel join me to meet the japanese up holes. This is deja vu news live from berlin tensions soar between the u. S. And iran as washington releases a video that it says proves tehran was behind an attack on 2 oil tankers in the gulf of oman iran rejects the accusation calling it baseless and alarming. Also coming out boyces systems like amazon select start