Julia fair game gives us the run down on the various corona virus, vaccines. How do they work . And how do they differ . But 1st, who are the unvaccinated . And what motivates them . We talked to a german woman who doesnt want to get vaccinated and even accepts the risk of dying of cove. At 19 sheesh michel gun from to day subpoena scooter is working as an alternative practitioner. She offers her patients homeopathy treatments. On other days, she works as a nurse in an intensive care unit. When the pandemic started, she volunteered in a covet ward. Even local newspapers reported on the story as mclennan 20 starts young of eden von above him, it is a small intensive care unit. But over 50 percent of it was occupied by corona virus. Patients of this have during my shifts, i really experienced how desperately patients were struggling for air. And with that that really got to me, rudy, patsy and dad look like alan loft ringing from her own experience. She knows that the disease has cost many lives. However, she doesnt want to get vaccinated against coven 19, even though it will be compulsory for Health Care Workers and germany from much. And that ammonia instead of being vaccinated with a vaccine whos effect, i cant assessable id rather catch the virus name. Of course, the at that could go badly, but then i would rather accept death on my own term. And i ran kind of video my twitter feed calvin, him lawmaker, and dr. Paula p shutter voted for compulsory vaccinations. She wants to prevent patients from being affected by nursing staff. Oh, this ones a anna. It moves for all of us working in healthcare. It is our job that we do not put our patients at unreasonable risk and, and the cove at 19 vaccination is extremely safe, which is why it is acceptable to enforce it. To protect our patients. Chosen sabina believes an alternative therapy not in vaccinations, despite all the scientific prove that they work. Most health co workers are vaccinated, but sabina could now lose her clinical job lighted a focus of common them on our back. Should that really happen . And my employer would say city, but we are a danger to the patients, vaughn, then i will accept that. And then i will not work there anymore and mail out all biden, that she would then be missing out on several 100 euros a month. But that wont change her mind, she says she will remain unvaccinated. With germanys Health Care Workers have priority for receiving the new nova max, maxine, which is a protein sub unit vaccine, was 2 years into the pandemic. There are now over 20 cold with vaccines on the market. How do they compare our counter . Julie affairs has more sh. Perhaps we have all heard these terms before and are in a back door and inactivated vaccines. Or maybe even protein supp unit vaccines such as the one from nova vax. But what distinguishes these vaccines from each other and how exactly do they work . What are the pluses and minuses . No idea. Thats ok. We have prepared something for you. How does a protein supp unit vaccine work in the protein supp unit vaccine . The surface proteins of south covey to known as spike proteins are inoculated in order for the body to recognize the spike proteins as a pathogen, and something to defend against active enhances at it. The body produces antibodies against the spike proteins and thus neutralizes the virus. The effect enhances also called events, are part of every in activated vaccine. They are called in activated vaccines because the pathogen or the parts of the pathogen that are vaccinated are no longer capable of reproducing. What are the advantages of protein supp unit vaccines for people who do not want to be vaccinated with m r n a or factor vaccines . The nova vax vaccine may be an alternative. They are also easy to store and transport. What are the disadvantages of protein supp unit vaccines, protein sub unit vaccines take a long time to produce. And with an Infectious Disease that spreads rapidly and globally, speed is key. Back to vaccines from astrazeneca and johnson, johnson offer another option for immunization. How do vector of vaccines work . These vaccines use a virus that is harmless to humans as a carrier, to transport that Genetic Information of the corona, spike protein. They introduce the blueprint of the spike protein into the body cells using this blueprint. The body cells then produce the spike themselves, and in turn, initiate an immune response in which antibodies, again, sauce covey to are formed. What are the advantages of the vector vaccines . Like to vaccines are easy to adapt and can be produced quickly and large quantities. The combination of vector and m are in a vaccines, by the way, results in particularly good antibody production, again, south covey. 2, what are the disadvantages of that . The vaccines, the bodies immune response may be directed against the harmless vic the virus, rather than the spike protein of the corona virus. This weakens the effect of the vaccine. In addition, thrombosis may occur in rare cases. This is a side effect that mainly affects younger people against cells co v 2 m are in a vac. Scenes are in use for the 1st time. Here to the body must produce the spike protein of the corona virus itself. How do m, r in a vaccines work the Genetic Information that is the blueprint for the spike is transported into the human cells as m r n a. The m r n a is coated with lippitt substances which ensure that the m. R in a remains sufficiently stable and can finally be red out in the body cells and translated into the spike protein. This is followed by the immune response and the formation of the antibodies. What are the advantages of m r n. A vaccines . One of the most significant advantages of m, r in a vaccines is that they can be produced and customized very quickly in the lab. What are the disadvantages of m, r in a vaccines . Many people remain unconvinced of the safety of this novel vaccine. Nevertheless, the technology is a great hope for science also with regard to other diseases. Ah, more than 10000000000 cobit vaccine doses have already been administered world wide but in many countries, especially in africa, less than 10 percent of the population has been vaccinated. One reason is vaccine inequity, inadequate access to cove, it vaccines, something that south africa is determined to change its the 1st for the continent. This inconspicuous building in an Industrial Area of cape town is the base for africas only vaccine technology, which exceeds in short supply in africa, the w h o and co vex initiative let the drive to set up a local Technology Sharing platform. Thats one of the positive legacies of clothing. We now, in the last 8 months, have seen this, this, this massive funding available now for by technology in south africa inc. Ive done and also a in africa, f region as the company task with developing and producing affordable emron ave exceeds these are relatively new, but highly effective fixins that so far only 2 Major Companies have commercialized by and tech. And would dana bio and take will start production of it succeeds in south africa next year. So african was counting on cooperation with more, dana, the model was that we will receive a technology chance the 10 Key Technology transferred, but that didnt happen. So the team now is jumped in with Al University partners and the Knowledge Base in south africa to develop a and vaccine. One of the key partners is in johannesburg. The antiviral gene feeder a pre Research Unit at whitworth as runjun diversity. They have been working on em are in a Technology Since 2015 as one of the only Research Units on the continent then are sharing their skills and knowledge with african. We have been able to take information which is available in the Public Domain to the sequence, and we have the context of that sequence which weve been able to reproduce. But of course, the purpose of that really is to uses a reference rather than as something which we want to try and use as a, as a product. So we would like to develop our own ideas and we are infecting that already. And compare that to the madonna vaccine. The team also has the job of developing a vaccine that is efficient against the new army kron variance. Professor abdulla ali and the lies as the sequences of amik run cases that other laboratories discovered. We would be given. I file such as this, and we will then have to make that into a physical dna sequence. What we want to do is perhaps in a few months have something ready to be able to test in mice. Ah, once we know once we have a candidate that we know works well, it is, then im going to be to take that out to african and for them to translate this into something that can be produced at a much larger scale. This process includes clinical studies and well take yes, they can kept on p at hotel launches, still hoping more down that comes on board. As this would speed up the process. Or dana has announced a patent waiver while the pin, their make is still ongoing. But afterwards, no commercialization will be possible without its approval. We would like to have a voluntary license to be able to charles of this technology to other learn middle income countries, to use the platform for other vaccines. H i. V. Tv. A bo law flew. This is a hub and, and the capacity capability. The building here is it is beyond cove. It. So this, this in fact is part of a strategy for, from africa to produce 60 percent vill vaccines by 2040. So this is part of building an industry to day most vaccines use on the continent are imported effort, janet, its partners aim to bring the 1st home grown products to market within 3. Yes. Ah, r d w science correspondent Derek Williams has been Monitoring Development since the beginning of the pandemic, and answering your questions if youre vaccinate it or recently recovered, how long with his protection last night and what if youre vaccinated and recovered . Youtube, you are saber has a question about that. Ah, how effective is hybrid immunity . Oh, okay. Before we go any further, lets define this term mass spring. Researchers began reporting on a phenomenon that theyd spot it, which was that people whove been infected with sars, covey too. And then subsequently been vaccinated appeared afterwards to have kind of a, a turbocharged immune response to the virus with extremely high antibody levels. And they called it super immunity. And it was often postulated that super immunity was the strongest, longest lasting defense you could have against contracting the virus again, or at least for a good long while. Then with the advent of the delta variance and and even more so since im a chron head, we began seeing many more breakthrough infections. So that people who had one or 2, or sometimes even 3 doses of vaccine that they were getting co anyway. Because its a little more neutral than, than super immunity of the term hybrid immunity is now the one that researchers generally use to describe when someone has both had the virus and been vaccinated regardless of the order in which that happened. Um, so how effective is hybrid immunity . Well, lets get the com yachts out of the way. First, an immunity is, of course, individual and, and some people like the elderly and immunocompromised. And them experts say, even the double whammy of a vaccine course, plus having coven 19 that that probably wont provide the kind of forever resistance that, that one would hope. Um, theres also the problem of possible new variance appearing and weather existing immunity might protect against them as well. A young member of my family for instance, had what was almost certainly the Delta Variant last summer after having had one shot. Then she got a 2nd shot in the fall, but she still contracted what was very likely, im a chron over christmas at despite her hybrid immunity. On the Positive Side though of what was true for her, also appears to be true. For most people who have some form of hybrid immunity, which is that that 2nd infection was very mild. Experts say thats because the combination of naturally acquired immunity and vaccine acquired immunity, that it provokes a more powerful antibody response, and also an in depth immunological response than that seen. And those who have either only been vaccinated or who have only recovered from an infection. So, hybrid immunity, they say, should protect most people well against subsequent exposures. At least in the short term. Still, authorities warn that its a bad idea to expose yourself on purpose to the virus after being vaccinated with the goal of acquiring hybrid immunity. Im 1st because there are no guarantees that youll have a mild case and 2nd, because you might end up giving it to others. And, and 3rd, because we still know just too little about long coded after breakthrough infections. According to the world health organization, some 300. 00 coven vaccines are under Development World wide. Turkey recently gave the green light for a locally made inactivated vaccine, which is already being used as a booster shot. But there are still questions surrounding its effectiveness bar correspondent eulley a ha reports from istanbul. Lu, queuing for a well to prime yet. At this east symbol hospital, people have been receiving the taco back vaccine. Since the beginning of the year, the 1st cove at 19 jap, developed and produced in turkey. To go up to do to go, i have more trust until callback than in other vaccines because its made by my own country. It is still there to go up to more i wish they had launched to go back sooner. I would have gotten it for all my shots school. Ive looked them to believe me some other i havent been vaccinated at all until today. I waited for turco voc because i trust our turkish scientists more than those abroad. A sham was induced for president reggie ty, about one took havoc as a symbol of National Strength with its own vaccine. He says, turkey is one of the most innovative progressive countries in the world and no longer dependent on others. Oh, there is in general from the countries independent Doctors Union criticizes the fact that hardly any data on to a callback has been published. That is why she isnt recommending the new vaccine. Political success, she says, seems to be more important to the government than scientific accuracy. Formerly they are, i cant evaluate how effective this vaccine is, because i dont have the necessary information. The results of the phase one and phase 2 studies have not been published. We also know next to nothing about phase 3 interview until we have the scientific facts. We cant consider this a vaccine, but just some kind of liquid, the head argument. So this young as in many countries, ami kron is behind the number of new infections, rapidly surging. Here in turkey, the lexi nation rate is comparatively high. About 85 percent of adults have received at least 2 japs. But the uncertainty surrounding took havoc is causing concern to call a clock. We dont know much about took havoc yet. Thats why i dont think its very safe beating that i wouldnt take it because i havent seen Scientific Data in studies about it. Mr. Mccloud it out of the been says was in a little the same room, wouldnt it . Intervals me, i will get my 3rd dose of by and tech today. I dont trust the turkish. Maxine, i have my doubts glances equal. I renewed them. Nora teen ye has overseen took of ex development. He says, the warriors are unfounded. The turkish vaccine is a safe and effective as others. It can limit the image the bit you. We have all figures and all studies show show. We do not have the slightest concern or doubt in terms of its effectiveness being vaccinated is better than not being vaccinated at all. If turco voc helps us convinced those who are unvaccinated, that would be one of our greatest achievements is itself will cause a loser. Over the next few months, as many people as possible, are expected to also get their booster shots with turkeys own vaccine. And soon, according to the governments plan, to go back will be delivered to other countries to help them in the fight against cove it ah, our reporters regularly consult experts about the latest research on the corona virus. For example, how exactly does our immune system respond when its exposed to the virus . Our reporter stephanie turbo spoke to immunology, reinhold foster, a researcher at hanover medical school, to find out more. Professor reinhold foster, thanks for joining us. Were going to be talking about the immune response towards the corona virus and how it differs depending on whether youre vaccinated or recovered. Whats the difference between the immune response after vaccination compared to someone whos already recovered from the disease . Knowing not infect you said seat us, he moves justine read after and, and sions also the immune system tackles the virus in its entirety. Essentially we develop immune responses to all the virus components which has a fairly broad based immunity. I english re write out what exactly do we need the system to respond to what, what, when the, the yes in that tonight and well see it all over the last year and a half. And weve been busy trying to induce her sponsors against the protein. And vaccines are based on that, but in columbia, so many move and immune vaccines only give us an immune response to this relatively large protein, but not against the other virus component. When spike protein this had given well, does this protein was selected because the virus cannot in fact cells without it and interests you. And if you develop neutralizing antibodies and theyll have the ability to suppress an infection of cells to insect, to silence or district. He hadnt yet you mentioned a previous infection providing a broader and your response and but what provides the greater immunity off the vaccination before natural infection and recovery different. And are there individual differences, she to show you where the differences are relatively big. On the one hand, i, protection after infection is broader but not very deep feedback studio. And these that have been a range of studies looking at the immune response among people who recovered from the virus and comparing it with the response and among vaccinated people in the room that wasnt enough to hop on dyes. And we do see that overall people who are triple vaccinated have developed a far higher responding to at least a spike team. And then people who are covered from an infection. I mentioned dina, a crown denises dizzy deciding how about combining different immunization options, deal now such as cross vaccinating with different vaccines most often or a previous infection, combined with vaccination, fixed on pills. And why is hybrid immunity considered particularly effective on her stock . Really does our talk in an important issue. We dont really know. I live, we have observed that cross or hybrid immunization is far better than 2 or 3 doses of the same vaccine as shown in our own studies and others to get science under the studio. And insight on this class. Weve also seen that people who got infected early on and have then had one or 2 vaccine have an extremely good immune response. I mean, when you see it would be an extreme go to him on thats actually like damage. This might be because there was enough time after the infection for memory. So for memory to i was and the 2nd or 3rd immunization. So you can then cause the memory says to multiply very quickly, you know, its 3, enabling them to give the body a very high level of protection from what explains the high infection rates with alma kron. And if someone is vaccinated or recover or does that make a difference from even the mission hidden lighting on just this, we have to make a distinction here between catching the virus and becoming seriously younger hudson, the gun said ill make con very and had a whole range of mutations to the spike protein. The virus needs to infect cells, push the want to seal immunization creates antibodies. But those are now no longer as effective for inhibiting an infection with omicron. Omicron would have been thats just a cfc that mention in c and, and thats why a lot of people are getting infected despite cream. Triple vaccination thats weve had seen studies showing that protection against con, disappeared around 10 weeks after the 3rd vaccination is the only the big difference compared to the unvaccinated, or was it is the progression of the illness and hes found cut dice, and thats what trip vaccinate people are extremely well protected compared to the unvaccinated lie to me. Professor foster, thanks for talking to it. Youre welcome. Thats all for this week. Joining us again next time for a fresh addition of our cobit 900. 00 special. Good bye for now, and take care. Ah ah, with sebastian best mounting International Concern over tens of thousands of Russian Troops along the border review. Craig, we talked this week to a respected foreign policy. Im listed in moscow. A misunderstood russias position, was just hoping to see the Current Situation conflict zone. In 30 minutes on d, w to the point, strong opinions, clear positions, international perspectives. 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