Columbia, researchers are testing a protein based medication. Other researchers are looking into alternative vaccines and better protective equipment. Meanwhile, in uganda, gender inequality has worse and during the pandemic. But 1st we had to india, where infection rates have been climbing again for the last few weeks. This mahala or Community Clinic is a primary Health Care Center which provides free basic health care. Its one of hundreds of centers in the capital city of delhi, mostly located in low income neighborhoods. During the cities cove, it waves these clinics played a crucial role in raising awareness and providing timely diagnoses. So now some of these centers, a set to provide cove at 19 vaccinations. Dr. Go her as ad works. And one of the cities, mahala clinics, norwood by live by the people used to feel a little handled when they had their mine up at big sectors or hospitals or this move of getting shots at mo, holla clinics will be beneficial. And we will see more and more people come forward as now it will be much easier to access up the millennial gay the past few weeks of seeing a study uptake in the number of covert cases in india. According to Public Health officials, a large majority of the population has received 2 vaccines at only 8 percent of those eligible for booster shots have gotten them the doctor case re not ready says its not just about the ease of getting a booster shot. Theres also a perception that the alma chron variant of the virus wont result in severe illness, is not, as well as the belief that the vaccine wont prevent infections from happening in the 1st place though, that, but he adds that its important to keep encouraging people to get the booster shot because it can prevent a large number of infections from becoming severe happen he had to give disability of infection is low. Then the amount of virus discharge is going to be much less. Because the duration of her list is also going to be much less. So your boys are less of a threat to others, especially elderly well, notable people in your household of your family. Even though most of the cases happening now a mild to moderate. The fact that people are getting infected despite being vaccinated or having recovered from an infection is proof enough that they need all the protection they can get against this virus. The pandemic in india is nowhere near over cope with 19 has not only had a massive impact on the global economy, but also on gender equality. In uganda, more girls than boys have dropped out of school than the pandemic. And many women have lost their jobs. Beyond that, police say the Domestic Violence against women is on the rise. We come to the district of paula in west in uganda. Fiona can see me was a High School Student before she got pregnant during the 2 year lockdown. The 20 year old now has to balance farming and caring for her 9 month old baby. Little when you get raglin to staple, say that you brought it on yourself. I will think the man has little to do with her doing. That girl was a woman. He never has any problem, lovers alone collect say that if he approaches you and you refuse, do you get pregnant . No, you dont. So out, often in uganda and schools, many female students didnt return after the lockdown teacher. Ruth, to see me says that many families stop Girls Education if they get pregnant for them. They think that when a girl has just had test would pregnant or given, but that is the end. What. What comes in their mind is that he or she, she guy, she should go to the file that over that child, or get married to an in yellow in either mine cause they think that that is the end of her person. When it comes to the Socio Economic impact, the United Nations says that women are more affected by disease outbreaks, the men were you less, he must seek her, says that when her partner wanted money during the lockdown, he sold the families only home on farmland without her consent send his amazon wall, his photo named we lost money during the 2nd wave of the pan danica and i had to return home. Well come goin with all my found. My husband had sold everything at home to view anomaly, including the house and farm land, who yet doomed on nick yvonnes and he resorted to drinking a water. I told margaret, getting a quote on alba, she and grandma, now im struggling to pay the rent without a stable job. How demanded harman brung sir. Tim quarter. I try to work for labor is to get something to eat in the market for me and feed my 2 children in your joke with and get our client and go want another marble your v. Furthermore, Ugandan Police precincts reported that Domestic Violence rose by almost 30 percent in the 1st year of the pandemic. The countries crime report for the 2 years of code 19 shows that on average a woman was killed every 48 hours. Due to family disputes sparked by alcoholism. People tend to think by drinking. They put off lustrous and as drink excessively unused. The reason you are so they end up fighting, assaulting children, then the up to paul, we have different characters. Was you perceive at a man is the head and what it does is right, culturally speaking, many traditional norms in uganda discriminate against women. When families lost members to cove, 19 many girls and women shared the agony of losing their loved ones, but didnt inherit a fair share of the familys wealth. Actually are some people who lives without making a will. Are that want to become the problem to the people who have devoted their properties loaded the suit . When the fog, i was not to mention that my call was given to my jail not to not to be give it. It will just be given to only men when the father may be living when im the measure. And if you mention is that my daughter will be given this does when they give them, but everything is given to to, to men around the world activists. Splunk womens rights to be protected in the pandemic. They say its everyones responsibility to protect the most vulnerable, so that women like can see me, can receive the support they need, said that they and their children have quality of life. What do you think of when you hear the word vaccination . Probably about rolling up your sleeve and getting a needle in your arm. But many researchers believe theres a more effective way to give People Protection against the coven 19 virus. We spoke to biologist and academic jonathan go. Shawnee from tel aviv university, about the future of nasal vaccines. Ah, when youre given a standard set of coven, 19 vaccines via injection, the kicks off a response, and the cells nearby, causing your immune system to begin producing antibodies against the corona, virus invader, and other parts of your body. The production of longer term protective cells called memory t cells and the cells began creating whats known as systemic immunity. The response is to generate anti bodies of the class i g, g, immuno globulin g that are able to recognise the infectious agent and knock it out. And this is done at the port of entry dodge to say that muscle or the blood or not liver. So, and so, so that is the systemic in, oh, with the systemic community that injected vaccines provoke the productive components are spread throughout the body. Systems, exposure disorders, covey to, however happens in a specific place. The upper respiratory tract and the protective cells and anti bodies can take some time to respond to it. The antibodies that are produced is definitely work pretty good in cleary, infectious agents systemically. But when we have a situation that the ports of entry is in our mucosa, in the lining of our nose, throat lungs in gods then the level of the anti bodies, there may not be sufficient. One way to amp up, the response would be to apply vaccines via a spray directly to the area where respiratory bugs get into the body. That will create a more localized protection where its needed most the port of entry. Kind of like putting guards at the front door of a house to find off intruders rather than in the attic or the basement. This is called mucosal immunity because its created in the membranes exposed directly to the outside world. The membranes are packed with a special antibody called ita. If you could stimulate a, an effective dose of i g a that same protective antibody but is targeted to the port of entering to the mucosa. Then it should be markedly more effective in preventing infection of those viruses that enter through the mucosa such as respiratory viruses such as chrome. Ah, other advantages that nasal sprays have over injections include not having to train personnel is intensely to apply them. And of course, they take needles out of the process entirely. Nobody likes those. So, why dont we have nasal vaccines already . Whats the hold off . There are a number of complications. So there is some amount of protective immunity in our nose, not sufficient from prior exposure. There is a lesser efficiency in take of the vaccine. The pre existing immunity is viewing the entry of the vaccine as something its somewhat recognize, its not very fission and its reducing the effective dose and level of immunization. Its complicated and more difficult to produce more difficult to, to get regulatory, we have less experience getting the amounts right is a big technical challenge. In the nasal cavity, we have secretion. We sneeze, not everything is being absorbed. There are celia, there are these air like structures that are clearing fluids and, and reducing the dose, the amount of actual vaccine material that we want to target to our immune system. Ah, despite those hurdles, progress is being made in the field. More than a dozen candidates are currently in clinical trials. A few are pretty far along we do see encouraging results. My assumption is that and the completion of a face free clinical trial, there will be a push to try to introduce the vaccine. And so this could be, i would hope, within the coming next half a year or year because so many people have already been vaccinated. Maya injection. Any nasal vaccines approved in the future will, in most cases, provide updates to protection by kick starting mucosal immunity, supplementing the underlying systemic immunity provided by injections. Its an approach experts call prime and spike on a background of a systemic response. We can introduce a nasal response to fortify the systemic protection which locks severe disease with reduction of local infection and later transmission. Although there are still hurdles that nasally administered, coven vaccines must clear. Many experts are optimistic, at least some well one day see wide use. Because theyll make getting regular boosters also to other respiratory diseases. A simple and painless process. While some researchers are working to develop new vaccines, others are focusing on improving protective measures. For example, scientists in spain have developed a mask that alerts users when it c. O. 2 content gets too high. Since the pandemic outbreak and early 2020 masks have become an indispensable ally and preventing the spread of coven 19. But in spite of the evidence in favor of them in reducing community transmission, people have to wear a mask for hours on end. Agree that its not always easy. I, when i better sundays, especially at the start of the pandemic love. If i had a headache and felt drowsy with our mold, i mean con southfield since you cant breathe as well when youre working all day, you may get more tired than usual. I will call in on wednesday the c o 2 concentration between a persons face and an f f p to mask is higher than usual because the air thats exhaled gets trapped, inhaling this Carbon Dioxide canley to health effects, such as headache or fatigue. Whether you will, am i cutty, deb with i, which would be am for when i read the mosque for a long time and its busy, i get tired and my nose and throat get dry on sizing, and then i go fina gordy. I have to run to the kitchen, drink water, breathe a bit, and get back to work a lot by there. To help mask wearers avoid these issues. A multi Disciplinary Research team made up of engineers and chemical scientists from the university of granada has developed an intelligent mask that alerts wearers on their smartphones. When recommended c o 2 limits are exceeded. Lemme for the dental, he think theyre going see intelligent mass has a sensor, meaning a way to measure something in the air between your face and the mask. Britta introduce gotta la guardia. And so the c o 2 sensor is equipped with the electronics that will measure the color change in the sensor, but, and transmit that information to a smart phone. And the sensuality inputted upon me, delinquent mouth, you know, telephone all mo, so a standard f, f, p to mask can be turned into an intelligent mask that monitors gas concentration by placing a special electronic sticker inside the mask. Let me get that getting blue is that occur inserted inside the mask is a system that consists of 2 parts on one side theres whats called read out electronics, which is printed with conductive ink on a flexible, plastic, and transparent substrate to receive. As you can see, i think with the apparent, almost whatever he put up on the other side is the chemical part of the sensor that changes its color. You mean, depending on the c o 2 concentration cornerback on Timothy Amelia pseudo, they got one to notify users if theyve reached the recommended c o 2 limits inside the mask. The Research Team has designed a special mobile app, a new shoe audio cup. The user has a mobile app to read the Carbon Dioxide concentration, if on a moby continental, okay, with in a c, technology is the same Technology Used for wireless. Claimants implement the users would simply have to hold their smartphone close to the mask. He or dominique, i mean they, it automatically detects this sticker is hefland, reads the seal to concentration inside the mask and adding video, the software alerts users to a traffic light, display red or green. If they need to ventilate and on on a va, sadie, wendy laffer, although mask mandates have been lifted in many countries, many workers are still required to wear them so that researchers believe there is a demand. The team is willing to transfer the technology to any industry that may be interested in it. Oh and like every week dw science corresponded derek williams. Answers your questions about the latest research. You can write to hamlet at cove at producer at d, w dot com. This week and anonymous fewer wanted to know whats the rebound effect that can occur after taking antiviral treatments. To explain this phenomenon, we 1st have to talk about packs of it. The antiviral drug made by pfizer a which works by inhibiting an enzyme that sars covey 2 needs to make copies of itself. In other words, if that enzyme has blocked it stops the virus from replicating properly. Try will showed that giving the drug to people in the 1st 5 days after a coven 19 symptoms appeared and cut their chances of being hospitalized dramatically. That in turn has led healthcare authorities to clear the way for its widespread use, particularly in patients who are elderly or who are immunocompromised, or who have pre existing conditions that might put them at high risk if they a contract. The disease pipes livid treatment involves taking a lot of pills. The full course is, is 30 of them over 5 days. And often by the end of it, patients are testing negative on antigen tests. But then whats called the rebound effect can complicate the picture. Most people who take those 30 pills will experience less severe symptoms than those who dont take them. But in some people, some studies say around one in 20, but may be more the disease re bounce, that means a few days after being squashed. The symptoms and viral loads can bounce back and patients can star testing positive again, that happened to my mother for one, but it also happens to the top medical adviser in the u. S. Anthony valgy. And of course, more recently to american president joe biden. Its not really clear exactly why the disease can rebound on some experts think it happens if the virus is suppressed by the medication too early and the infection and kind of denying the immune system the chance to really get to know the virus well and develop enough tools against it. Others think that some people might just harbor reservoirs of the virus and their bodies in places that the drug cant reach. Another idea is that some people could be breaking down the drug faster than others, which would give it less time to accomplish its mission. And maybe open the door to a resurgence when the bills are stopped. Regardless the medical advice about what to do if you have a rebound case of cov, it after taking pax, livid, is still really muddy. M. Anthony foul g, for instance, took a 2nd course of the drug. But my mom was told not to boast recovered from their rebounds quickly. Um, what everyone does agree on is that well need more studies to really figure out things like optimal dosage and, and duration of treatment m researchers and other countries are also developing drugs to combat the corona virus. For example, scientists and columbia are working on a protein based treatment thats intended to lessen the impact of coven 19 on the body. When covered 19 head columbia, many re, which is at this biotechnology institute, dropped other projects to focus on it. And one promising idea could lead to a possible therapy for the disease. It involves using blocker proteins to mimic a large enzyme called a c, e 2. Its where the corona virus docs on to break n a back to you this equality need dental has. Once you have that knowledge, you can start cutting out the minimum necessary parts of the ac to protein with the nato. A. Those are the ones that interact with the viruses, like proteins were busy and thats how i started cutting out these sections. Yeah. Weve now designed about 200 different versions or what were calling mini ac twos this year. This as mediately or sassy a horse, and was all these many ac tooth interact with a virus in different ways . Could some of them reduce its ability to dark on to vulnerable cells . The columbia and researchers round models of molecular dynamics and discovered promising candidates, jo, a series of our comparisons showed that 3 of these proteins were very interesting, probably because one had 3 times the interaction strength compared to natural ac too, or by the 2nd that had 20 times the strength, lee, and the last had 40 times the interaction strain furniture. So the viruses spike protein binds more efficiently to the blocker proteins than it does to human cells. Could that be used to create an effect of medicine . Paulina gomez decided to support the investigation by little woman back when the whole world was searching for solutions. Everyone had their own ideas about the best ways to fight against sas covey too. In our lab, we were searching for small molecules that might be effective against it. But didnt have much success you, i found this out approach very interesting. It comes at the problem from a different angle and we decided to go with it. We will learn another from will occur if you will show poster the block or proteins are churned out by genetically engineered yeast. Its a relatively cheap technique to employ group with and researchers at, in near my institute have used it to explore other proteins. One though, i think when ms. Sr called me and told me, had some candidates that we would work on to develop an alternative treatment for covered 19. I look forward to transferring our experience with other proteins, other diseases, to this much more global disease, oliver and could potentially have a much greater impact that was very motivating. I am asking for more with you under the project one, a local award receiving funding that speeded up the research process. It also gave the scientists a regular income, which is far from guaranteed in columbia. It almost came by participating in a project as ambitious as this one which could potentially contribute to scientific knowledge in general, both on the global stage and, and the current pandemic. That has given me a lot of pride beyond what he sent that mer maam, to route the block or protein models that were digitally designed then produced will next move into testing in human cells. The researchers could hit some speed bumps at this critical stage. It isnt easy and columbia to import the necessary re agents. The treatment would be intended for people who have active cov, it infections. So use that area. Moy cases, it would be given to those who have been infected. So someone whos tested positive for the virus. Yeah, they would receive a block, a protein to inhibit the viruses that are circulating in their bodies or that of multiplied in affected organ slowdowns. I think that blocker would prevent those viruses from continuing to infect more cells. The goal is to create an effective treatment for combating the corona virus eve. But the research is also providing fundamental insights into a possible new approach to fighting other diseases. We hope this episode could bring you up to date on treatments against coven 19, and the pandemic ongoing impact. Hope to see you again next time until then take care and stay healthy. Ah ah, with who of the me a mystery. Concealed in the ground, most just painting, notorious and controversial in the art world basically means re writing veneer scholarship and revealed and nevertheless a mystery to this day. What lies behind the cut and 15 minutes, d w. B gr, in cities. Relaxing, oasis mean despite record temperatures. Its not a mirage. Refreshing architectural ideas and innovative Landscape Planning are both cool and clever, chilling cities out in 90 minutes on d. W. O. A vibrant habits ended glistening place of longing. 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