Richard family. The frost family had a ranch outside a town and one summer a photog offer came for the summer and he had all this equipment. He had great plates, he had photographer, he had all these cameras and he left them at the end of the summer. And so a 20 year old, ned frost, took all this equipment. And at that point was not just a hunting guide and trip leader to yellowstone. He also became a photographer and jack richard, the son of neds partner, fred, became an esteemed photographer. So photography kind of runs in these two families. And you have these families which are really into this rugged outdoor existence, but also going in a very creative direction. And so, bob, is the son of jack richard, and hes going to be telling us a little bit about the photographer for the work of these two guys and maybe others. For all i know, id also like to mention the help of jack frost here. Mac frost is also a photographer and my coworker. I just yanked the mike off from the cspan. Mike sorry. Anyway, bob, if you dont know, has deep roots in wyoming soil. He commenced his hunting guide career at the age of ten. He was a Us Marine Corps helicopter pilot. He was a swim coach, a rancher. He worked for the american red cross. More pertinent to our events today. He was a horseback yellowstone guide in yellowstone. Yellowstone national park. That was one of his first jobs. But i know you didnt come here to hear me. You came here to hear the man. And thats why im going to give you bob. Richard. Thank you all for coming. Oh, what a treat for me to share with you and trying to put Yellowstone Park 150 years in 45 minutes is really tough. And i looked at lots of ned frost photographs, ifj, haydens photographs. Jack, richard, fred richard photographs some of my own and i have mixed in my love of yellowstone. My i call it my backyard granddad would let me drive the pick up at the age of ten to yellowstone as long as i remember it. All the streams, all the mountains and all the rock formation. And if i missed one, then he lit up a big black cigar and it was a jaguar. And i had to sit between he and my grandmother when we went to yellowstone. So i learned quickly. I didnt know why. These are some of the people and where weve gotten the photographs that are in todays presentation. That encompass. 150 years. This is a photograph that the dad took of me and artist point and i had just gone into the marine corps and had come back on leave and it came to my mind. Ned frost and fred richard and the family of five generations have been in yellowstone for 138 years. Thats quite a bit of time. This is old faithful. Its one of my favorite photographs that ive taken. Mammoth hot springs, the travertine terraces, the springs, and they change every year with all the earthquakes. It changes constantly. It changes the plumbing. And every spring i will go to yellowstone and see whats changed because of earthquakes. Thats taken of the lower falls there, 308 feet high. This is an interesting photograph. My dad took this in 1957. The black and white. And you can see off to the right hand corner the old faithful are not old faithful. The canyon hotel, before it burned down. Then i flew over and about 2006 and flew fairly close to where dad was and photographed the same image. So you see what it was back in the fifties and what it is today. Oh, these are always in the pictures up until the seventies and then those are big in cubs and then somebody is expecting a camera. And of course, lots of things can happen and theyre told theyre dangerous. But people didnt believe it. Now they dont believe i call it the disney syndrome. Let me walk up next to the buffalo and take my picture or next to the bear. Its always been a problem. This is a black bear. How did i get this close . I rolled down my window and took the picture. I did not get out of my car. This is called king of the road. Big grizzly. Look at the claws on his front feet. This is on sylvan pass and my guests that were with me when i was on tours is, oh, let him get on the car. I says, sure about that. Im a pickup came by and the bear jumped to the back of the pickup and the guy starts driving faster and the bear says, i dont like this bailed out, but we got some good pictures. But its one of my favorite photographs. This is bear 109 that was killed in a car accident up by perhaps the end is up as you come in. The front door has been mounted and shes there. She raised a lot of cubs and her cubs are now full grown and living on the north shore. These are two of the books by Aubrey Haynes that i use as Resource Books and im always looking for answers every time i go to yellowstone and i learned more and ive been going there a long time. This is another book and i have these some of these books up here. You can. Youre welcome to look at them. Please leave them because theyre my Resource Books. But it helps me find answers quickly. I dont tell guests when i take them to yellowstone. Some story they said, lets look them up and get the right answer and they appreciate. Weve had native americans living for over 11,000 years in yellowstone and usually they leave in the wintertime. But we did have some that wintered there around the hot springs. This is chief joseph of the nez perce that went through in 1877 with a couple of thousand horses are not and im sorry it was over a thousand horses and 700 people. They lived off the land from the washington all the way through idaho, through here, and then turned north and stopped just shy of the Canadian Border and fresh troops from north dakota came over, had a battle, and chief joseph put down his arms and said, i will fight no more. Jim bridger came through here in the 1820s and reporter and other people reported on yellowstone. Most people didnt believe what they saw or what they told. The next or surveyors that came through. They were surveying for railroads, hotels, miners were basically you looking all over the park, but also cook city. Mark kidd hunters came in and harvested game in the summertime sport hunters came in early day hunting. They didnt have anybody to be game wardens or keepers. Soldiers were finally brought in because of buffalo bill and general sheridan got together and said, we need to stop this activity. And so the soldiers came in and were in yellowstone between 1886 and 1918 when the department of interior took over. Rangers of always been there since 1918. And theyve had naturalists. Theyve had Law Enforcement or Protection Service and all types of rangers. Most of us, when we were rangers in the park, wore all the hats. If we were short people in the gates, we went down and had to take money and charge people. I hated that because i had to balance the books at the end of each day, and if i was short, it came out of my pocket. So i was very careful and sometimes we got people that would say, i gave you a 20 and i knew they gave me a 10 bill, as i put it, under a rock in front of me till i made change. But you learn those things. This is up at mammoth, and thats the liberty cap. But over the left corner is fort yellowstone and thats where the superintend its lived. And the soldiers came in and that was the original fort yellowstone when general sheridan got soldiers to take over and manage yellowstone, we had civilian conservation corps seekers. We had six camps in Yellowstone Park in the thirties. They helped make trails, bridges and their work still exists throughout the park. This is mixing cement. Snow was there and mammoth. But again till world war two, they were entering all part of helping yellowstone build trails and make backcountry accessible. They fought forest fires. That type thing. I came along in the fifties in 1956 and lon garrison was a super ten and he had come from yosemite and said, i want a front country ranger talking with people and helping them with with issues like letting their water out of their trailer, run on the ground, and to get them to put buckets under it and correct issues. He says, i dont want you to write a lot of tickets. Just make him feel at home and correct the problems. In six years of working there, i issued six tickets and they were serious ones, but i enjoyed the job of visiting with people and loved garrison. Did two every other week he would say, bob, im going to beat your old faithful or canyon. I was stationed at lake and i had to bring my horse and another horse because lorne insisted on riding my saddle, my horse, big red. And as we were riding through, the campgrounds were around old faithful to visit with people. Hed look at me when we had a chance, he says. Youve got the best job in the park. And i agreed with him. This is big red between us and i hated to leave the park service, but i was offered a commission to fly in the military and i turned my commission back to the park service and went off. Spent a lot of years flying. Today, heres three young rangers. Brad, mike and im not remembering the other brother because he was stuck over beckler. They were all rangers that ran different parts of the park and theyre all retired today. But they had the attitude of helping people, and this was taken in the by the fireplace at the lake ranger station. This man is camp charlie. He was raised at mammoth, and the gardener, he is our superintendent of the park. And he has the right stuff. Hes the right leader. He i was up over the 4th of july, talked to the rangers that were Walking Around and helping people as naturalists and talked some of the maintenance people. And they all said, well, he is taking care of us, helping get us better housing. And he is really working hard to get this park back open and i think hes doing a great job. Ive been up there about three times and what i see were going to see more roads open very soon. This is Suzanne Lewis. She was the only woman superintendent for yellowstone and she came from pensacola, florida. And when i met her, she looked at me, says, ive heard all about you, bob. Youre a naval aviator. And i said, yes, maam, shes you just bear with me. She says, ive learned to handle you guys. And we got along fine. But i every superintendent over the years, i sent him a letter the end of the season with the things i see that are good and wrong, that need to be corrected. And believe it or not, several of them invited me to their retirements and they went through their letter on the screen and said, i take tours of every one of these, but if something was wrong, it should be corrected. This is craig thomas. I went to school with him on the way up at the school, became our u. S. Senator. He is now deceased, but he was opening the center at canyon of visitors. This is bob smith. Hes with the university of utah. He went to work in yellowstone the same time i did. He went up 76 different streams out of Yellowstone Lake by himself with a backpack for a week and checking trout and doing four fishery. And then he went on, finished his degrees. He flew in the air force, and i forgave him for that. But anyway, were still friends. He has a home between moose and the airport in jackson and he is the man that has gotten all the seismic sites here and the sites and his team from the university of utah studies all movement in the park, both vertically and shifting faults. That type thing. And i have done park trips with bob and john lansbury, who was a district ranger at lake. And every summer we would do a different park trip in different parts of the park, and wed take the oldest ranger that had retired that could ride a horse and take them along with us and get them to share their stories. When they were a ranger. One of them would go to sleep on his horse and hed start to lean one way and the horse would move over and i finally said, john, we got to stop, got to get this guy awake. Add but we did ten days staying in some of the backcountry cabins. What an experience to be with all these people that love yellowstone like i do. This is so tribute and there was a ranger station there. And today you drive by, you dont see any part of that except for the snow tribute and the spring that runs out the side of it. And youre looking up so tribute creek, this is larry lamb in front with his guests from valley ranch and this was probably in the thirties, early thirties and a horse. Albright, the superintendent, is riding in alabama with his group. This is early day transportation. The park, there is a display on yellowstone 150 years right down the hall and take time to go down and see it. This wagon is one of the original wagons and is displayed there. Here is eight horses teamed up, pulling three wagons in front of the old faithful in this is frost and richard with one of the carriage is that they used to take people to yellowstone for 18 days, selfcontained up to 150 guests at a time. They borrowed every wagon, every horse and every man that could drive a wagon to help them do these trips. Pretty amazing. This is a camp right above the chiton and bridge on the the upper falls of the yellowstone and they would camp here, walk the north rim and the south rim and spend three nights there and. This is the photograph that really rang a bell with me. People each had their own stools, but they had breakfast and dinner and they had a lunch to carry every day. And those cooks must have been pretty busy. Once in a while. And granddaddy had cut this photograph for my uncle ned of cook, whose name was jonesy. Photograph jones feeding the bears back in the early 1900. Can you believe that . Thats terrible. Ill tell you more. But i met my wife up there feeding the bears, and i arrested her. Now, given the choice of going to dinner or going to court and shes well, im not stupid. And that was halfway through my career in the park service. And we got married. We had two children in yellowstone before we went to the marine corps, but lots of stories. This is one of the cook wagons on the. 30th of june trying to get over sylvan pass. Theres a wagon. My granddad is bailing off of it. I think uncle ned pitcher. And they had to unpack that whole thing and put it back together and thats going through denry would pass. I mean this is i cant imagine having to drive horses or ride horses for 18 days to do the upper and lower loops. This is the corkscrew and frost and richard taking. Yes. Both by wagon and horseback in 91, 19. They replaced that with a dirt rock and concrete corkscrew that they used till 1927. This is an interesting photograph. Granddad is taking the teen School Teachers from chicago and next to him sits the future mrs. Richard granddad had a broken shoulder and it was he couldnt handle the reins very well. So this lady said, ill handle the ribbons. And she drove a schoolteacher. The 18 days and when they stopped back at lake hotel, granddad asked her to marry him and went back to chicago and brought back his bride to cody and that became my grandmother. How about this . This is coming through silver and pass around the 1st of july 1916. They called it four horses, but the cars still werent getting through this was a 1916. This is the silver lake hotel. Most people dont know it ever existed and they tore it down in 1926. But this was a stopping place for the buses after the wagon days were stopped in 1916. This is Mount Washburn with a couple of the carriages and guests of frost and richard. Buffalo bill haskell and promoting the east gate and getting people to come to cody. And hed gotten a train in across the river and it was very important to him that yellowstone was a destination point and all the different railroads tried to get a destination point around yellowstone and bring people to yellowstone. This is up by gardner and people were loading and supplies were being loaded at gardner to go into the park. Heres a camp at old faithful on the left tent camp and the Center Photograph is one of the first buildings that mammoth. And then on the right is the bear net toll bridge. And i still take people down and show them the bridge abutments that are there. Its just below the yellowstone bridge, across the yellowstone at our this again is showing some of the concord coaches. This is a current coach that has been rebuilt and is used to take people to paradise. Glen and really give todays people an opportunity for a cookout, a little cowboy music and ride coaches. They also have wagons this is one a net for us. He was selling studebaker cars and he also sold automobile bus tracks, protection. And this is here in the museum. Thats the taxi after the horse and wagons were put away that drove between here and the Burlington Coat in across the way to bring people to the irma. And its here in the museum down the hall. This is horace albright. On august 1st, 1915, opening the east gate, the cars and and there they are. Now here theyre trying to get a vehicle through sylvan pass. You can see the rocks that are mixed up with the snow. It wasnt easy even with the cars in the early days. This is the east gate as i knew it. And once in a while i had to go down and and open it up. And too, we got our seasonals in to take the cars and take their money and give them a ticket or a pass. This is that young lady that i arrested earlier and after we were married, my boss picked her up. One day and she was feeding oranges to the black bear. And he says, june, you cant do that. She says, well, when your wife stops it, ill stop it. He came back and chewed on me. It was all my fault and we have bus, transportation, buses that carry up to 55 people. This is that Grand Village and lots and lots of good improvements. The park is cleaner. Ive ever seen it. I had. Anybody that goes there is going to love it and enjoy it. This is a map showing the highlight. So when i was doing tours for over 40 years in yellowstone that i if i had people for one day, i would do a lower loop or an upper loop. If i had them for a week. We spent more time visiting different things. I had people from india and they brought their 25 year old daughter, gianna list of 110 things she wanted to see in yellowstone. And i looked at her list and i didnt even recognize some of the names. I says, oh yeah, we can handle it all. And at the end of the five days, she said, you got all but one. And i said, i think you missed marking that down. Anyway, i was happy to see them leave and they were happy they enjoyed the trip. This is jim mccaleb. He was the Vice President , forbes and terra and ran the hotels. That type thing in the park and not only here but throughout the west. And he has just retired and a couple of years ago, but cared about his employees. He cared about providing Good Services and good food to the people that visited yellowstone. This is fishing bridge fishing bridges. Ive been there since the thirties and its starting to show a lot of where they worked on it, worked on the abutments and they tell me that weve got nine more years before its going to collapse. And i keep saying, we need to have you get it in the system and lets rebuild another bridge and save this for people just to walk across. Big problem. Ice builds up, winds coming out in the spring and builds up. And the rangers have to even use dynamite to break up the ice so it doesnt take the bridge out. Speaking of ice, this is before the river froze. And look on the left side and youll see the boat dock. My favorite place in the summertime. Id borrow a rowboat and take june, and at that time, one of the boys put lifejacket on them and fly fish catch a dozen trout, turn them loose, all cutthroat. Id keep one fillet and wed have it for dinner. My mother called it yellowstone bacon, but really tasty. This is the oldest hotel in the park lake hotel. Great place for dinner. When my wife was alive. We loved to go there. The last two or three days of the season and tour of the park and come back, have a nice dinner and then go back up in the heat valley and see the animals. What a treat. This is the front of lake hotel taken from out in the lake and all those boats belong to people from cody, paul, stock, husky oil and others. And then right in the center is the building. The served, the boat dock. And that is an earlier picture taken in the thirties, but that was there until they moved it to bridge bay. This is out on the lake Yellowstone Lake in the fifties and that was the last time any snow planes were on the lake because as i was going across driving one of them at 70 miles an hour, really skimming along. And all of a sudden, all i saw was blue water in front of me. And i had binoculars hanging on me, every coat, heavy snow pants and i and the throttle, well, thats an 85 horse engine on the back with a push up type prop. And i skimmed across this open water and i went on out and swung around toward the other two. They never saw it. And i said, were not taking any more snow planes or anything on this lake. And they never did after that. But it was a great trip. And you can see lake hotel in the background. These are the ski patrol cabins in the back country. Couldnt get in through the door. The snow was up to the eaves of the roof and there was always a big scoop shovel. And you dug down to a identified window that was unlocked and let yourself in. You had wood inside to start a fire and food down underneath and a sub area and your, you know, always carried when you were snowshoeing or skiing. I bet. Roll on your back and food enough to get you through at night. If you could get from one patrol cabin to the other, theyre still there. Theyre still used. This is where i was stationed as a young ranger. I had to do paperwork i hated it. Id much rather be on the horse doing horse patrol or road patrol or campground patrol or going out on a boat, checking fishermen. Of course, the limit was ten trout in those days, and nobody ever took what they needed anyway. Except some relatives that came up to visit with my mother and her brothers and sisters and. And the next thing i saw was they had too many trout. And i said, thats it, youre out of here. And so they left and the big problem was, is my uncle on his way back to cody, his kids all on the back of the pickup in their camper was stopped on mary bay doing 60 miles an hour. And my boss stopped him and he got it. My uncle got out of the truck and put his hands on his hips. Do you know that my nephew is a superintendent of the park . My my boss and i really had trouble keeping a straight face. Anyway, he chewed on it a little bit, rode on the back of his pass so that if he got to escape before a certain time, they would arrest him and take him. The man with with all his kids, anyway, one of my mothers brothers and i never enjoyed hearing that story more than what i told it to him afterwards. This is brad ross. He is last job was the manager of all the back country and he had different districts and he was going to retire as the district ranger for lake and in the lake ranger station are about 25 photographs. Its enlargements of my dads and you can go to the lake ranger station narconon or get somebody to come let you in and you can visit and look at the early day photographs taken by dad ned frost showing the history of the lake area and by over brads shoulder is when i was a horse ranger in front of lake hotel. This is a Fish Hatchery that existed for a long time. There. And its still there, but its not being used. This is the storage area. For boats and its still there. And then you have west thumb and there used to be a boat dock here. This is the fishing zone and this is one of the hot springs in the area will force the fire in the background. This is an Old Faithful Hotel and, 1895 to 96. And todays Current Hotel that was built in 1904, a fireplace inside has eight fireplaces, one on each corner and Big Fireplace is in the center. The earthquake in 59 toppled the chimney and only three of these fireplace is work today. This is one of the curly pieces of wood thats attached to the fireplace. And ive found where its written. 1904 and its still there. Its as youre going into the dining room, people are gathered around old faithful. Its a collection point and people stay once or twice. You can call it up on an app and no ones roughly going to go off. When i was there, it went every 60, 62 minutes. Now its an hour and a half, sometimes longer. Hamilton stores existed for years and years. Its now but taken over by another company. But they had a great reputation and theyre the only ones that serve wilcox inns ice cream and have since the twenties and so always keep that in mind. This is north and thats the norse hotel that was right open the doors. Somebody started to fire. This was the fourth hotel and it when they started the fire, the fireplace, they had worked it out. Right. And that hotel burned down. So four hotels burned down at north. This is one of the earlier hotels. This is the Visitor Center called the albright center. It was the headquarters for the soldiers. This was a in mammoth and it was a specimen house where they took horseshoes and other things, threw them into a hot spring and the calcium formed on the horseshoes. And then they sold them the tour. Of course, they decided wasnt right. And stopped it. These are petrified redwood trees up on Specimen Ridge and my scott hiked up there, took the appalachian mountain august camp. People up there and he had Different Group every week. And this was one of the day hikes. But these trees are up into the lamar and you can see them in many places. This is the toll bridge again. So the butte and these buffalo are waiting for the tourists. Its amazing. I always tell my yes when theyd see the buffalo right by the road, i says they have to watch tourists. Thats what they do in the summer. And they look at me and frown and i had fun with this. When Suzanne Lewis was the superintendent, i showed this at one of the cody meetings, and i said, suzanne, why does this the only vol toilet in the park that has its own mailbox . And she looked at her staff and says, well, staff, tell me about. Well, he didnt know either. And so i explained that this was the mailbox for the silver tipper edge just north on sloop creek. And came down every day on horseback and got their mail. Now, cam charlie didnt like that in the i dont know who moved it, but mailbox is no longer there. This is where the tectonic plate slid from, which is at the northeast gate down and landed on Hart Mountain. And you can stop there by the warm springs and look both north and to the south and see where it broke loose and slid 60 miles down the mountain. Nobody tells you that, but its there. And if you get 3g, arledge is talking about, they all argue whether it really happened or not. But anyway, Hart Mountain has younger limestone on top of older limestone and its because that plate slid down here. This is the upper falls. Thats 90 feet high. This is a tree that was carved by the hayden party in 1871, just above the upper falls. I learned about it from my grandfather. I showed it to some of the rangers. The superintendent wanted to know where it was and he said, will you take me there . And i never got around to it because i was afraid youd cut it. But it was in his museum, still growing. There. This is the lower falls, 308 feet. Beautiful spot. This the mud guys. Are soldiers stationed. This is big red and i across fishing ridge never got caught by a lure but we visited with everybody as we crossed out. They also spent in the sixties. Capturing the elk who were too many and chip them to all the states that wanted elk. And we have elk from Yellowstone Park in a dozen states around the country today, including in pennsylvania. This is the corral that they run into, loaded up into trucks after they cut the horns off and shipped them elsewhere. This is one of the early days snow coaches. Theyre still in use today. And this is a hiller 12 that i rented in greybull, came home on leave, picked my granddad up on logan creek. Thats cedar about behind it. And i flew him around yellowstone and the shoshone forest for and a half hours, shot back and landed, and he looked at me, says bobby, you showed me. And two and a half hours what took me a lifetime to do on horseback. It was one of the neatest days for me to share that with my granddad. This is a special photograph for many reasons. This is max photograph. Thats heart mountain. And when i from the time i was a kid, that is the weather vane. I look at the clouds. I know what the weathers to be, but every time i came back to cody, all my life, i knew i was home. This is the landmark for we that live in cody, wyoming, and its heart mountain and it was the all the early day maps. It was named buffalo hard by the native americans heart. Hartwell he and i always kid and say, gee, you must have been from powell to spell it wrong. But, uh, yellowstone regional airport, the old cody Train Company before it burned and they rebuilt it, our fire department, theres a new book out on the fire department. First Rodeo Grounds were right out front here between here where the Cody High School football field is. And then on the right, you can see the old red schoolhouse and the bell tower there. They took the bell out of it. Its at sunset school. They didnt know where it came from till i told them. I used to pull the rope on that rascal. The hidden side of yellowstone. This is a book that sunlight sports on hiking trails. Both of the shoshone forest as well as yellowstone south gate. This was back in the fifties. Thats the headquarters there. This is the roosevelt arch northgate northeast gate. General sheridan and his involvement. I took this a few weeks ago that somehow chaired and and the ice going out and we were driving along and i was helping people learn about yellowstone on and i snapped that through the window and kind of like you buffalo bill when he was involved in helping general sheridan get the soldiers there. Now back, you have to talk about this one. Okay . This is the 4th of july this year and thats the fireworks display that was going on across the river from the Buffalo Bill Center of the west. And this is a picture that i have been planning to take for many, many years. And just to put the fireworks behind the statue of the scout by gertrude vanderbilt, whitney thank you back. I thought it was a pretty outstanding photograph. Thank you. We have had district rangers training younger rangers, as are learning the ropes. And this hangs in the lake ranger station. And i district ranger by the name of jerry burton always told this to the young man that worked under him. Remember who you are and what you stand for. And it always stood well with all of us. This is the company that i had for over 40 years. Its now better than existence for 50 years. And if you go back to 19 to frosted richard, were doing tours that when they could get in the park in 19 five or six, they were doing tours and then had to change over to trucks and cars to take people along with horses. My dad and his brother did horseback tours. I did a few before i got to the age. I could become a ranger. This is. First brochure for promoting the business and i had a great business. Met people from all over the world and what a treat it was because i learned as much from my guests as they learned from me. This is probably the most the best picture that i took. And its the bears one or nine coming into the park and ive sold over 750 numbered photographs. And every retiree that works in the park and present here gets an enlargement that they buy and share with their employees and not only this is a ned frost photograph, the people take pictures. This i was trying to figure out how to run neds camera. I found this and i emailed Teresa Howell and said, can i use this . And if you can, you read it, you cant read it. You can. Good. Any way it says ranger bob. And i thought, yeah, thats mine. And she said, please go ahead and use it. But its got more publishers of the book. This is a type pin that i used to wear. This was my ranger badge when i was a ranger. They put this out to sell it 100 years as a ranger badge. And then i found this. This is bill bundys tribal owner and of taking tours through yellowstone or over yellowstone. This is out. And for sale in the park right now. This is the. And issues handbook that is published now when it was first made up, it was only for the superintendent, the park. Now you can buy it. This is this year. Its a collectors item and you can get it at the Visitor Center. Three natural disasters that ive been involved in. The earthquake, the fires of 88 and the floods. And weve all survived. Its been tough on the communities and tough on the people actually, the earthquake, everybody stayed of the park and we had great fishing. It was wonderful. All. I just l was always proud to put our flag up out side. The ranger station. And this is a thank you to some of the people that helped me put this together and i, i just barely made the time. Youve been a wonderful audience. Thank you. And i hope to see you next time. The country will. Do y well, good morning, class, and welcome back to history 3290 modern American Military history. And today we are going to continue our conversation about the second world war. And specifically, were going to look at an aspect of the war through what we can call the lens of industrial mobilization and industrial mobilization is often understood as a key to allied victory. And in this war, its often said that the allies win because they produce the axis powers. And im sure many of