Often, lectures raise more questions than they answer saw i would be happy to do that with you. A year and a half ago, i he justd the book mentioned, serving god and country u. S. Military chaplains in world war ii. My research to put that together took me several years. I have studied a lot of American History. I have written American History. But i did not expect to be so influenced by Something Like this book. I have no sense of the crucial role chaplains played in world war ii. There, i had in my mind were these chaplains floating around during the war, a lot of them on the home front in america in those 600 plus chapels built on the basis and forts all over the country. Withthey went off on ships the troops, they were sort of in the background. Maybe in tent hospitals. Maybe they were holding Worship Services when they could. All of those things are true. But what i had no idea of was the hero as him perilous him heroism of these men. I have no idea of the crucial role they played in the war. Let me read to you a quotation from the commander of the 75th Infantry Division in world war ii. For the men and women under his command. This was general pricketts comment. He said religion is basic in American Life and fundamental to our survival as a strong people. Those words are almost shocking today because i dont think the typical american believes that sort of thing. I dont think we believe today religion is basic in American Life and fundamental to our survival as a strong person. The general believed it. He went on to say one of the four freedoms of the Atlantic Charter for which we contend is freedom of religion. Talk, heer on in his said this to his troops. Chaplains are more than morale builders. Morale building is every officers duty. The primary function of chaplains is to minister religion to the officers and men of this command. In order to do this work listen to what he is saying. Do the work most effectively, the chaplains are training with the men, going into the field with them, living with the troops, getting close, and understanding their psychology. A Navy Chaplain put it this way. He said what freed us up most was when the commanders of various units would say chaplains should be in harms way with the combatants. You see, chaplains were not drafted. Chaplains were volunteers. Chaplains were older than the typical soldier, sailor, marine because they had at least seven years of formal schoolhousing. College, seminary, and a year or two later on. They went in as volunteers in their 30s. Some went as late as 50 or 51. One Catholic Priest went in when he was nearly 70 because there was such a shortage of chaplains that he bagged to go back and. He was a retired chaplain and they put him on the california coast so he could minister in hospitals. He recall the machine retired a second time from the navy as a chaplain. This was an interesting group. Let me give you a glimpse of how few there were, but yet the important impact they had on the war effort. Eventually wei, had 12. 5 men and women 12. 5 million men and women in uniform. Only those, there were about 12,000 chaplains. Within aaplains military of over 12 million people. 9000 of those were army. Approximately 3000 were in the navy. Now,chaplains, then as served most both the marines and navy. Drywall or two, the Navy Chaplains were rotated every year during world war ii, the Navy Chaplains were rotated every year. This is the way those things went. If army, on the other hand, a chaplain was assigned to the 75th Infantry Division, that Army Chaplain would remain with the infantry until the war was over. At least for the duration of his time, he would be with them, so they did not rotate. Airbornee an 82nd chaplain, you were going to stay with them throughout the war, so you really got to know the troops you went with very well. The problem was it began to get in the way of knowing the troops well was the fact there were not enough to go around. I want to tell you some things about what they did. I want to tell you about a thesis of the book i wrote. I never would have expected it as i began my research. You might say, where do you find material on 12,000 chaplains are world war ii for world war ii . Army kept verye good records. And chaplainn, underwood who retired in 1988, did you have to do a monthly report in the army . That was going on in world war ii. In thetional Archives National archives, theres a group that has the month reports of every chaplain serving. Those reports existed. Ofas able to spend parts three summers at the annex of the National Archives poring through those records. Navy records were not as complete. The reason is this. I dont know the mans name. Im glad i dont. I hope he has passed the jordan into glory because i hope i never discover him. A naval officer around 1980 decided to destroy all of the naval chaplain records up to vietnam. He said they were old things in the way and lacked and they lacked space, which meant as an historian, you had to become more like a detective and busy bee trying to gather information because these records were gone. Imagine the records of the war of 1812, the mexican war, the spanishamerican war, world war i, the civil war, all of those records destroyed. Mercifully, the marine corps which has always been stubborn in cooperating with everything in the Navy Department cap some records. At quantico, there is a good archive. I was able to find some things there. There is an excellent now retired chief petty officer in the navy who oversaw an archive in norfolk, virginia. He helped me ferret out things. With the help of some very good people who love history and love to preserve things, i was able to get enough to put some things together and see the picture. I want to add one other topic with regard to sources. Most valuable sources i found were autobiographies of military chaplains in world war ii. To date, i have been able to find about 100. These things are rare. Booksew became popular and had widespread publication. A roman Catholic Priest who served with the 101st airborne division, father samsons book is still in print i think. It was called look out below. But that is an exception. Most of those books are small. They were self published for members of their family, church, or denomination. You have to do a lot of detective work to find them. My wife called me this morning on my cell phone to tell me she had just spotted another world war ii chaplains autobiography on ebay. It was coming up this afternoon. She said i will get it for you before you come home. I married up. I married someone who is a better researcher. She writes better than i and is a lot better looking than i am. Those kinds of things are what i drew upon to put together this story of the chaplains in world war ii. Theses is i am not sure we could have sustained from december 7, 19 41, through the horrid casualties and carnage and long deployments that did not end until august 1945. I am not sure we could have done it without chaplains. There are people who know the situation better than i that argued it quite emphatically. I would like for you to your these words hear these words. I want to read to you a brief a rabbi who was a jewish chaplain in the u. S. Army in world war ii. He looked back over there time and said this. Theirhaplains corps, greatest achievement i believe was making the soldier believe the army did care about him as an individual. We are a symbol to him, a guarantee the army recognizing its fallibility in dealing with large masses of men was sufficiently concerned for his welfare to set aside 7000 troubleshooters in the Chaplain Corps to shortcircuit redtape, right wrongs, to deal with injustices. And we talked with g. I. Joe. We made him laugh when his heart was heavy. We passed his bed of pain with a pleasantry. We gave him a sense of his own importance. Corps,r with the medical we were the soul of the army. 1945, two months generalpan surrendered, Alexander Vandergrift who led the marines at guadalcanal in world war ii, who stayed in as a combat marine officer and was appointed commandant of the marine corps near the end of the war, he addressed a group of military chaplains. Navy and Army Chaplains in washington, d. C. , in october of 1945. Listen to what he said. This was the kind of thing that turned the light on in a darkroom for me as i was studying this hidden threat of history on the role of chaplains which i thought was off on the side. To the chaplains assembled, he said the administrations you have carried to our fighting men have abeen an epic of spiritual heroism. Hence the topic of my talk this morning. Ministrations you have carried to our fighting men have been an epic of spiritual heroism. Never have our men lacked for religious care and guidance. You have gone wherever they have gone. To millions of american boys, you have been a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. In this war, they turned to you constantly. You were more than a conductor of devotional and Worship Services. You were helpers, advisers, listeners, and comforters. You prayed with them, toiled with them, laughed with them. I recall a sign on one chaplains tent which made it easier for a man to come and talk to him. It read this, see me at your earliest inconvenience. Like the teachers of old, you did not wait for men to come to you. You went out to the men. I should add parenthetically that they ministered to the women, too. Irt so predominately was ther men couldon to the you made any sacrifice to carry on the task of bringing god to men and men to god. Your life and the field was rigorous and perilous. Once when a chaplain came in weary and dirty from the day on the lines, i remember hearing a young marine say with awe in his that, that god is sure man is sure doing got a lot of good out here. Samuel johnson wrote religion is an abated only by faith and hope will glide by degrees of the minds unless it be invigorated and reimpressed by external ordinances, i stated calls to worship, and the selye tory influence selye tory of example. Luence they traveled far from home but did not go one step away from their churches. Faith did not fade. To worship and the example went with them even in the thick of battle men from your ranks marched at their side into the valley of the shadow of death. I frequently noted in the field how chaplains sought out the front line of action. Asssume that was because, one put it at the time, this is where the fighting man needs god most. That is where some of them know him for the first time. These were some of the things listening to a chaplain say how influential they were, but listening to a hardnosed marine general with a lot of combat under his belt twong, in essence he said, groups of men helped us sustain. He went on to say this in his talk. Two groups helped us sustain in the marine corps our climb up the ladder toward tokyo from guadalcanal with heavy casualties. He said those groups were the chaplains and the corpsman or the medics. He said the chaplain and corpsman helped keep spirits high and morale up and encouragement to take the next step. This astounded me as i encountered it. I had no idea what this had been all about. Let me pick up where we had left off. Is there anybody who was here when i spoke yesterday . A couple of you were. I will try to avoid repeating anything that will make it repetitious to you. I had taken people up to the point of our invasion of normandy. What the preparations were likely homefront, what went on. As the u. S. Army pressed deeper into europe, as we heard earlier, things began to change significantly. The work of chaplains changed in that they were constantly on call to be near wounded and dying men. There were over 400,000 killed in action in world war ii. This is an enormous effort on the part of chaplains to be with the dying, to oversee the burying of the dying and the care for the wounded. Let me give you a glimpse of a couple of these incidents that alivelp it, life come as if it is a glimpse into the past. There is a chaplain i was able to have a conversation with once, and i did read his autobiography which sold better than a lot of them. He is now deceased and in glory. Cosby servedon with the hundred first airborne division. Chaplain cosby jumped. He had several combat jumps with the 101st. When it was in bastogne and , theunded by the germans germans were shelling and it looked like the place might 101stthe americans in the were surrounded. They were cut off from supplies. This was during the battle of the bulge. The weather was inclement. Supplies could not be flown in. The germans came up with a white flag and said you guys need to surrender. If you dont, we are going to level the place. We have plenty of ammo. We are going to level the city and kill all of you, so surrender now. General mcauliffe who was head of the operation stuck inside uts, so responded n the germans went back with this to their commander. He did not know what that meant at first. Someone fluent in english explained it meant jump in the lake, we are not surrendering. Because the at night but cosby at night would move around and go to trenches and foxholes to talk to the men. This was the testimony of a lot of men who were there. Many did not know his name. But he would come up and say, would you lie to pray with you . Would you like me to read a ps you . O is there anything i can do to help ease your concern because we are in a deep victim and predicament . He said we have got to be realistic. He wrote an article that he did not put a name on, but he wrote to churches in the United States. He said my son was never killed. My son survived because we are praying at the church. He said i am burying men every day who have people praying in their families and in the church. Prayer as aour magic lamp to get things you want. He goes from man to man talking reality to them. He said, i want you to know that i dont know what tomorrow holds, but i wanted to know who was in control of tomorrow. What can i do to help you . He wrote in his autobiography this one glimpse. He usually did not say anything about what anybody said to him. He felt that was personal and he should not do it. He said one man said to him, chaplain, i have a premonition im going to die tomorrow. Said, you have a deep sense of that . He said, i do. What i want from you is to tell me what is on the other side. He said i dont want any of your bloomintheology. I dont want to hear any of your doctrinal preferences. I want to know as a soldier sitting here tonight if i died tomorrow what is going to happen to me. Cosby said that moment he realized a lot of what he had learned in Divinity School or seminary was not very helpful to dying men. About in to this man his tradition the Lord Jesus Christ told him about the hopi could have in christ, that if he had died on the cross with jesus and was assured of being in paradise the next day by talking to jesus and seeking jesus. Anyway, he prayed with him and moved on to minister to other men. Stayed up most nights doing that. Out axt day he took battalion roster, and they began to find the dead and calculate. Sure enough, this young pfc had died. He would write a letter and send it home when he had the time to do it to tell his family he had been killed, but that he died with peace because they had a great conversation. He told them about that. That was the kind of thing a chaplain would do. I want to tell you about another chaplain. It happened not far from where john mcmanus took us on his slide presentations morning. This was a roman Catholic Priest. Cosby was a baptist. This was a chaplain named joseph p oconnell. I have a World War Ii Museum in my home. It is about 700 square feet of temperature controlled museum. S, ig the chaplains thing have by the grace of god a wonderful collection of chaplains things for more war to. I have the uniform and papers of father joseph oconnell. He was with the 451st antiaircraft artillery battalion. 1944, around from where the normandy invasion had taken place, he was farther down with pattons guys coming in at that point. Let me read to you what he received. He received what is called the award of soldiers medal. It was for somebody who was not a combatant but had done her wrote things in combat wrote things in combat who had done heroic things in battle. Not many were given. When i saw the state at first, i did not believe it. For further Research Underscores it. The most highly research decorated branch of the United States army in world war ii was the chaplain score. The even surpassed the Army Air Corps, which had enormous casualties. B casualties rates in the Army Air Corps were phenomenally high. But per capita, the chaplains were even more highly decorated. There were 2450 through decorations for various forms of valor for the chaplains. 2453. Those went to 1700 and 83 chaplains. 1783 chaplains. One of these was to father oconnell. Here is what the citation said. Chaplain oh, upon witnessing a Landing Craft receive a direct enemy bombnmate crossed a heavily mined beach in the darkness. Keep in mind the beaches covered in mines. A german shell or bomb has blown up a Landing Craft. The chaplain takes off in the darkness. This chaplain could not swim. Guided only by calls for help, he proceeded alone to the stricken vessel on an abandoned draft. He finds an abandoned draft and takes it out to the vessel. Despite intentional allusions on the shift which showered the area with fragments of ammunition and wrecked equipment causing casualties on the beach which greatly endangered his life, chaplain oconnell rescued from the burning ship six soldiers seriously wounded and too weak to reach the shore. Theheroic actions in saving , he did six soldiers that for six men even though he could not swim and things were exploding around him. He said these are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service. Entered service from springfield, massachusetts. Chaplains did this sort of thing. They were all over the place doing this. A Navy Chaplain awarded the medal of honor has an autobiography i recommend to you. It is called i was chaplain on the uss franklin. Phenomenal, but so was a methodist chaplain on board with him. When the catholic chaplain was given the medal of honor, he said it should go to my protestant colleague as well. He did everything i did. The other man said no way, dont worry about it. He was given a silver star. You can see where some of those awards came from. Once the u. S. Army began to move and thennto france into belgium and the edge of germany, the tasks became derogated in a way that none of gated in a way that none of their manuals would have taught them about. As soon as they began to , french peoplee did hide jews for the germans from the germans. A sin as the americans came in, the jews are coming out of hiding as soon as the americans came in, the jews are coming out of hiding betting begging for help. Keep in mind they would or should take you really particularly like to see keep in mind it would particularly like to see a jewish rabbi. Of those 12,000 thousand, only 311 were jewish. Was over 50 of the rabbis in the United States at that time. Would say you are superseding the numbers. They said we love our country like you do. But if we dont win the war in europe, there will be no more jews. As they are moving in, the jewish refugees are coming out. Imagine the dilemma a jewish chaplain faces. He has people who have been hiding. They are hungry. They are frightened. They have not had a Worship Service in years. They are begging the chaplain to stay with them. They want to stay. They want to help them. They want to bless them. But they have a battalion to travel with. They need to keep moving. Sometimes they would linger for a day or two and hurried to catch up. But there were tensions. These were things nobody expected. The further they got into france and belgium and then into germany, the more of these jewish refugees were found. The cries for help were phenomenal. Europe in world war ii was always tender toward children. We were pretty tender toward women as well. There were other refugees floating around from communities that had been bombed. You heard earlier about how some of the french cities were leveled. You have refugees running around. They are hungry, wounded, they need help. These chaplains are so tor n. They want to stay and help people, but they need to travel with the troops because that is their primary responsibility. There was another new twist as combat increased in the war went farther on. American combatants suffered battle fatigue in increasing numbers. Some of the most interesting things i read in autobiographies was how the recall to do with men suffering battle fatigue. We might call it shell shock, posttraumatic stress disorder. Heavy, especially in places in italy where the con that would go one day after day and night after night. These guys would be under constant shilling for 30 or 40 days. These combat things increased throughout europe. Theyre often called back by battalion commanders to say, it is there anything you can do to help these guys get back up to speed . One chaplain put it this way. He said when i would walk into an area where there was a man pulled off the line because he had the shakes so bad he could not stay, he said i had to listen in two ways. He said i had to listen horizontally to that soldier if he could talk. Tell me what is going on. What are you feeling . But he said i would listen vertically and ask the lord to give me discernment to know how to hear him and know what to do. Listen the learning to vertically became essential working with these battle fatigue cases. He said sometimes she would just say, give this man a shot and get him out of here. Said other times, i would have a sense. I would take a man and grabbed and say,e shoulders are you a christian . He said i would shake until his teeth rattled and i would say youre going to say the 23rd psalm with me. The lord is my shepherd, i shall not want. He was taken through. And leadhake him through him through it again. He said within 10 or 15 minutes, they were able to eat a few bites of food, drink water, and go black back to their platoon. He said it was amazing the power , the spiritual power that would come from god through a chaplain to speak to men in dire straits. Piece one of the chaplains wrote. It was very interesting. It may be hard for us to believe today living in the time we live. Chaplain john ocallaghan, the medal of honor winner on the uss franklin said this. Listen to these words. The power of the cross to inspire surpasses the power of recognition. Boys of all faiths would go anywhere if the chaplain would go with them. The chaplains had a cross on the helmet. They might have one on the back. He was not bragging about his role. He was saying this is not about me. He said i show up with a helmet on the cross on the front with the cross on the front and the boys will follow me because they are desperate for guidance in the most stressful times. To bringwas not attention to himself and say look what great work i did. He said, i work for someone else. I represent him and i am coming in this environment to do that. The casualty rates for Army Chaplains increased strikingly during the war. With each passing month and year in the pacific and in europe, those casualty rates went up. You anotherll couple of stories to help you the chaplains were not a lot different from anybody else. They have different training. They had a different job description. The chaplains were very human. Human andwere very also made mistakes and did a lot of interesting things. As you probably know, chaplains were prohibited from bearing arms. They also were told to treat everybody in a humane way. I will give you one example of a chaplain who lost his cool, to show his deep humanness despite his religious convictions. As one of the observers put it, he said our chaplain failed to turn the other cheek. He lost his temper when something happened. Nobody just outside malmody december of 1944. The germans have broken through in the bulge. The positive division took no prisoners. They massacred the american soldiers. Not only at that one crossroads. They found over 300 marriages that have been lined up and shot. Tent hospitala was put together. The chaplain was going from bed to bed trying to help the americans wanted and also the germans they brought in. One of the young germans lying on a car raced up raised up englishn to spew in filthy and vile things about the blankety blank americans. The chaplain went over and smashed him in the jaw and knocking out. He said we are not going to listen to that. That is not the way youre trained. But he was human and he had seen enough. I want to tell you a story. Let me take you to the Pacific Theater for a moment. I think i have been expected to speak mostly on europe. I dont think youll mind if i throw in some pacific. There was a Navy Chaplain that served with the marine corps. One year he was with the second marine division. In a short time, he was with the troops. He had been with them in another place before that. There were photographs taken of him. His dungarees jacket would be open and there was a 45 in the shoulder holster here. On two different islands during hesai attacks at night, would be down in the trenches with the marines. They would be hunkered down. There would be a machine gun, five rifles here, more machine guns. They would be waiting for these bonsai attacks. The marine again the machine gunner got killed. The chaplain lost his cool. He had been down in the trench praying with the guys. He grabs the machine gun and starts blowing away the japanese attackers. The men loved him. He was frequently referring to is a mans man, this guy is a real marine. He did it a second time. If you dos warned this one more time, youre out of here, chappie. This is in violation of the Geneva Convention guidelines. He said the japanese dont abide by it, why should we . They said that is not your business. We abide by it. It happened the third time. The Regimental Commander said chaplin, i dont want to see you thrown out of the Navy Department. I dont want to see you humiliated, but i cannot let this happen anymore. We are reprimanding you. There is something we have to do. He said we are sending you back to the Hawaiian Islands trade the word is there wont be any bonsai attacks and you will not have to react the way you have been. He did go back. I dont know what happened to him over the years. I have a 405page autobiography written by a Navy Chaplain that has not been published. But his son gave it to me and i have it in my museum. During his time in the war, i would like, my cot at automatici had a 45 under each side of my pillow in case the japanese called in at night to attack us. A final word here. One Marine Ground on one of the islands told this story. He said i am a Roman Catholic. I have been to Holy Communion in all kinds of environments in this war. But he said i was in the most singular one i have ever seen. I heard in the clearing there was going to be mass said and we could receive communion. Priest had his communion set out on top of a flat rock with a piece of wood holding it up in a level place. Leaning next to it was his flag, christian flag showing we were having a service. But leaning next to that was a carbine rifle. I said, what is with this rifle . He said i am not a combatant, but we are allowed to have weapons to kill snakes. The marines said, i wondered how he defined snake but i decided to receive communion and not go any farther with it. That was one of the interesting sidelights. These are not things i think most chaplains would celebrate and recommend, but it happened. These chaplains were also very human in other ways. They witnessed a lot of carnage. Medics put guys back together if they could. They buried tens of thousands of people. How do you overcome this . Combatants had a hard time with battle fatigue. What about the chaplains . The truth is the chaplains did not have anyone to turn to. They did not have someone else to go to for the most part. They had to carry this burden on their own. Some carried those burdens home. There was one chaplain, im not going to mention his name, but i know his son. His son told me dad came home from the war, and he had served division an infantry in world war ii. He was in a lot of combat. He came home. He said three weeks after he was back in his pulpit at his Little Church in texas, he stood up in the pulpit one sunday morning. He had been preaching for about three minutes. He said all of a sudden, he began to weep. He began to shake like an aspen leaf in a colorado windstorm and fell in a puddle on the floor. He was diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder, but no one was aware that he had because he tried to carry the loan when there seemed to be no one to talk to. But he went on valiantly. After a few weeks of rest and recuperation with counseling, he went back to ministry. He continued ministry for the rest of his life. We have no idea how many other things bothered him. May i take time for one more illustration before the q a . Thank you. There is a littleknown thread notistory, in fact i did know the story until a few weeks ago when i was asked to review a new book. The title of the book is mission in nuremberg. The author is tim townsend. It is a book written by a world war ii chaplain. It is an unusual story. Thinkws me every time you you know a lot about what is going on in history, there is so much more history than there are historians. Thewar ended in europe, commander who oversaw the had 21rg trials. Ighranking nazis is who were going to be put on trial. Decidedrican colonel these germans ought to have chaplains. It would be good if he could find two chaplains fluent in german. One who was lutheran, because most protestants in germany were lutheran, and one who is Roman Catholic because a lot of the germans were Roman Catholic. He called upon to do highly decorated and highly respected men who were fluent in german. Was a missouri said not lutheran synod lutheran who had been in a germanspeaking family. Father oconnor agreed to stay behind and so did henry gericke. They decided to stay behind and minister to these guys on trial. Ultra would be acquitted four would be acquitted. 11 were lynched. The others were given long prison terms. It never occurred to me what gericke and oconnor had to go through. Many of the american soldiers, including highranking officers, said we should not give these nazis any comfort. They should not have our chaplains. There was great pressure on these men not to stay. Oconnor was a Catholic Priest. He did not have a family back home waiting for him, a wife and children. And aricke had three sons wife back home he had not seen in over two and a half years. He had been asked to minister to the worst of the worst of the enemy. This was his great dilemma. He was criticized by his own people. His family wants him to come home. What does he do . Finally, what he did as he put ed and felt the lord said to him, i have died for all i want you to tell them what i have done for them and give them an opportunity to come unto me. Chaplain oconnor said little about what the men he worked with said or went through. He had a high view of the stole the fact that confession should not be told. Gericke did not say a lot but he said enough to say this. The menthree or four of gave their lives to jesus christ prayed per day seeking forgiveness for their sins. I said when you confess your sins, he he is faithful to clinch in from all unrighteousness. Clintons you from all and cleanse you from all unrighteousness. And oconnor went back home feeling they did the right thing. People in the United States never forgive them. They got hate mail over the years for what they have done. I will wrap up and say nothing is simple. Things are difficult. Even the greatest of the greats have a lot of agonizing choices to make. Thank you for your attention. [applause] i have a twopart question for you. One of the commandments said that shall not kill. To,that etiquette edited thou shall not do murder . Also, the chaplains playing the role of mayors in germany. The second part of the question i could not quite here. Book, i jump with my boots on, he was mayor of the city in germany. Priest the catholic would be obeyed by the german populace. Let me deal with your first question. That facedbig issues american servicemen and women in world war ii, and one of the things chaplains had to deal with personally and help the combatants deal with, you have a commandment that says thou shall not kill. We had just come off of world war i where most of the and universities are full of people who have become pacifists. They dont want anything to do with another war. They insist we will be in another war. That is why we got card caught with our guard down because Public Opinion even in the senate and congress was so strong that if we had not had a president like roosevelt who was determined to help our allies and get us prepared even though we were not supposed to be prepared, we probably could not come back quickly. But this was the dilemma. How do you live out turn the other cheek . I think the way they sorted it kill me andall not dont wantonly murder other people. But scripture has guidelines of holy wars. Chaplains are with men being taught not to kill, he has that maybe you ought to turn the cheek in certain circumstances, but you have a responsibility to protect your wife and children. Who i havehannan never met but i recently read a him, it waso inscribed to him. He was a valiant and noble guy. That is a real dilemma. Some people have a hard time. One of the things they came home with after combat was the depression of having killed a lot of people. My uncle was in the mobile gun battalion. He told me, mercifully i did not see most of the people i killed. We were in tanks at long distances. He said the infantry saw the people they killed. He said i did not have to see it, and im glad i did not. But they did their job. Any other questions . Any other thoughts . I think we are out of time. I appreciate your attention. Thank you for coming. The watergateo, scandal led to the only resignation of an american president. Throughout this month and early august, American History tv revisits 1974 and the final weeks of the nixon administration. This weekend, Opening Statements from the Judiciary Committee as members consider articles of impeachment. The president occupies a unique decision in our political system. The result is binding on all the states for four years. The occupant of that office stands as a symbol of our National Unity and commitment. If the judgment of the people is to be reversed, if that symbol is to be r