Thats broader than just schools. It does require federal funding. What is its genesis . It stems out of the civil rights movement. In the 50s and 60s, the womens right grew and equal pay act shows up in 1963 and women expressed concern roles and women were not getting the same opportunities as their male counterparts. This is fairly traumatic fairly dramatic. The university of virginia did not accept women into any college except nursing and education until 1970. A lot of women thought that was to stopso the idea was gender discrimination in school. Ask how did that start . How did women and individuals and groups start using title ix . With the woman considered to be the godfather of title ix. She wanted a fulltime tenuretrack edition. In 1979, there were lots of those jobs. She interviewed him at the not get called back and ask a friend and colleague who is a faculty member what she had done wrong and she said you come on too strong for a woman. She was frustrated by that. She went home talk to her husband. He said it was sex discrimination and she Lyndon Johnson signed an executive order in 1968 prohibiting federal contractors rum discriminating against women. She took that information and began working with congresswoman, particularly Martha Griffith and edith green. Held a series of hearings outlining the problem and came up with title ix, this 37 word law. The idea was to arrest to amend the Civil Rights Act of 19 64 and to include the word gender. There was quite a bit of change it so the compromise was to put it in for just education. Why did they not want to change the laws . They were concerned if you put gender in that it would law. Ish the power of the it was one of the first moments when race and gender were pitted against each other. The solution to the problem begins with an untenured professor at the university of maryland. Take us to how title ix starts getting applied to College Sports in particular and other levels of sports. It is remarkable. For a law that does not have the word sport in it, and for a long time no one thought sports was going to be a factor. There are some discussion about title ix but no one mentioned it except for one moment were still there one southern senator said this doesnt mean girls are going to be in the boys locker room, does it . Everyone laughed but as soon as the law passed, activist realized that was what it meant. We put sports america in our schools and we consider it an educational experience. That meant girls had to have access to sports. Different senators offered amendments to change title ix to exempt mens football and mens basketball or those kinds of things and what happens when you pass a law in the u. S. , it immediately goes to the division of the administration that has to enforce it. At the time, that was the department of Health Education welfare, so they created enforcement regulations to try to do just that. It took a while. They did not get done until 1975. How does it manifest itself, giving women the ability to play sports in high school or sports in college . Regulations did two important things. One, they narrowed the scope of title ix. Ixy specifically said title only applies to noncontact sports. It did not give a woman or girl to try out and play on a mens team for a contact sport like football. It did give them the right to try out for noncontact sports like elf. If there is no womens golf team, the university had to create one or allow women to try out for the mens team. The other thing it did was it and ad these policies came up with a three prong test. The rule is, if you comply with one of the three prongs, you are in compliance with title ix when it comes to athletics. Number one, you have to have a history of expanding opportunities for women in sports. Number two, you have to prove youve met the interest and ability of your students in general and number three is the proportionality prong that says the proportion of your female aslete needs to be the same your fulltime female undergraduates. If 60 of your undergrads are female, than 60 of your athletes need to be female. Lets take the high school and College Level. The spirit of the law is great. It doubles the athletic budget, but that is expensive. Most colleges and universities could not afford to do that. They did something called addition by subtraction, even though you can comply with the law by showing that history, the courts in 1995 showed deference to the third prong, proportionality. That is just math and it is easy to figure out. The office of civil rights says. E prefer proportionality that meant a lot of universities cut mens teams because by cutting the total number of athletes, if you cut only the men, the proportion only increased. Fax has that had a kickback of that is title ix . As a pr issue, it has been a nightmare. Roughly 400 sports teams between the 1990s and mid 2000, mens sports teams were illuminated in the area of gymnastics with socalled minor or olympic sport. It upset a lot of men, it upset a lot of women who cared about the sports as well. Said were not going to tell universities how to comply with law. Were just going to tell them they must comply with the law. How often did a woman or group of women at the university have to take the school to court to get those changes made . Thats a good question. There were lots of lawsuits filed and lots of threatened lawsuits. I started playing soccer in the mid1970s because my parents threatened to sue the school under title ix. I was one of the first girls in my metro area to collect. All they had to do was threaten then people started paying attention. The first time you heard the term was in Elementary School . I had no idea. I was just another kid playing ball. In graduate School Working on a project about title ix and i mentioned it to my mother. We threatened to sue when you are seven. Weve heard over the last couple of years the discussion of title ix with the increased reporting of Sexual Assaults on did thecampuses, where two meet and why is title ix being mentioned there . Theyve always been interwoven. The initial purpose of the law was to end gender inappropriate settings. Summer of 1970, the committee on Higher Education held the bunch of hearings about discrimination against girls and women in college. Had access issues that women were not being admitted into colleges and graduate programs on the basis of their gender or they were admitted with quotas so they would take the Buffalo School of business with 450 students and entering class in 1970, one of them was female and that was a cap. The other thing was how these women and girls were treated when they were actually in school. There was story after story of women being sexually harassed, sexually assaulted, being diminished, a kind of psychological warfare and to encourage them to leave voluntarily. While the public and media paid attention to sports from 1975 onward, theres been a whole series of lawsuits that have gone to the Supreme Court about what obligations schools have under title ix to prevent Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault. Ruled2, the Supreme Court teacher on student Sexual Harassment was covered under title ix. In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled student on student harassment on elementary levels, these were covered by title ix. , people were filing these complaints, but 2011, the office of civil rights sent out what they called a Dear Colleague letter that goes out to every institution, every school in the country that says this is what we are going to focus on and they reminded colleges and universities that just like the k12 system, they needed to protect female students from Sexual Harassment and they needed to protect male students as well. But it was usually the female students being harassed. In 2014, the press began paying attention because it was the first time the office of civil rights released the names of schools they were investigating for title mime violations. Can a woman who accuses ,omeone of Sexual Assault someone whos not take into a criminal level, is she not allowed to sue civilly under tight line . You has multiple options. If she suffers a Sexual Assault but is somehow tied to the institution, theres always the criminal option. That is a completely separate issue. If she chooses to do so, great, if not, all the other options remain available. To her institution and ask for changes or file a separate lawsuit under title ix. In the 1992 lawsuit that went to the Supreme Court, it was important because schools had to pay damages if they violated title ix. It seems like title ix exists its unique law in that enforceability is both on the jurisdiction of the Justice Department to some degree and the department of Health Education welfare, but i assume under the Education Department . Right. The office of civil rights will do their own investigation. If a school is found guilty of violating title ix, they can lose all of their federal funding and that can be in the billions of dollars. However, in the history of title ix, no school has lost a single penny because of title ix violations. I think it is a big stick that the government is a little afraid to use. Are there conflicts between the federal law and state laws . Not that you have conflict so much that you have a challenge in how do you balance the two . The office of civil rights told the university to use whether they are evaluating a and assault occurred is the preponderance of evidence. Its more likely than not the situation occurred as described. Its a much higher threshold, so you do get these cases fairly frequently in which prosecutors declined to prosecute because they dont think they can meet eightburden of proof and discipline them because they have not met a lower burden of proof. Ix and thet title impact of title ix on womens sports, what do you think it has looking into the professional leagues that have evolved in soccer and other arenas . Title ix has been absolutely remarkable in allowing women and girls to have access to sports. In the year before the law is passed, there are less than 32,000 women participating at the College Level in our city ncaa, the largest governing body does not offer womens sports at that point. There are about 170,000 men competing in the ncaa. Less than half the High School Athletes competing our girls. About 43 of High School Athletes are female. Ath ale and female athletes those levels are at record highs. Do you think both sides, and an womens sports, have reached inity amongst themselves terms of the mens programs being happy with what a half and the womens programs satisfied they are getting the resources they need . When you are at bigtime College Institutions that i used to be at Ohio State University no one is ever quite happy with what they have and everyone would like more. One of the things title ix alls is all students student athletes are treated relatively equity. Relatively equitably. Did you play College Sports question mark on a frustrated recreational level athlete to this day. Do you think title ix in terms of its importance in other areas outside of sports we talked about Sexual Harassment and other opportunities for women in education has been equally important . Equally, if not more so. Or 1972, about 5 of Law School Graduates were female. This time, more women than men were admitted into law school. In the venture a world, in 1971, less than 1 of the entering class was female. This year, 85 of the entering classes were female. Weve seen huge shifts in womens access to education and their Graduation Rates also increase. Theou were here at Historical Association participating in a panel on sports races and reform in the 20th century. What was the focus of that . Our panel as a whole was interested in how those areas intersect and how sports had to. Eal with racism we did not put reform in quotation marks, but it was implied in anyways. How raceas looking at and gender were put throughout each other against each other and if we put the word gender in, does it hurt the Civil Rights Act . In title ix, it was part of a and that larger bill included provisions that said the federal government would no longer fund busing for purposes of desegregation. So race and gender were pitted against each other again. Back in the sports arena, do you think colleges have solved the gender issue than the racism that still exist in college . I think we have. All the data suggests women of color are underrepresented. White women are participating at much higher rates than their counterparts. A lot of this is choice but some of it is access as well. There were complaints in the early 2000 which are still valid that women of color, particularly African American women and girls had been shunted toward things like basketball and track and field and the expansion at the collegiate and High School Level has been a likethe lines of Things Country club sports like golf, ice hockey those are not traditionally popular sports with women of color. Issues of local funding and iailability of resources . Think money has a great deal to do with it. I sock is a cool and exciting sport, but its also very expensive. Sarah field is the associate dean of liberal arts at the university of colorado denver. Thank you for being with us. Interested in American History tv . Visit our website and you can view our tv schedule, preview upcoming programs, and watch college lectures, museum tours and more. American history tv at cspan. Org history. Tonight on afterwards a biochemist looks at the history and Science Behind aday fat in her book the secret life of fat. Shes interviewed by the medical reporter from the new york times. Is your weight changing as you get older . Its almost a force of nature that we accumulate more fat as we age. We lose hormones, a lot of fat busting hormones that we have decline. That has kept our fat metabolize, that declines with age and testosterone levels decline. In both women and men come we have less as we age. You cant eat what you did when you were 22. Its not just the level of fat, is tonigt