Cosmosphere. Did not have a one bit of understanding of Space Exploration when i started here so early on Read Everything i could and today really enjoy early man Space Exploration. So for those of you who havent been to the cosmosphere. That mission was 60 years old yesterday. And so i had a big celebration but here today to talk about eisenhowers role in developing nasa. A lot of people dont really understand the role. The eisenhowers development of the creation of nasa. So i think its an incredibly important topic and the development of nasa something that obviously still resonates today as Space Exploration continues. To go forward but before nasa started the first entity that had oversight of aeronautics in this country was the naca the National Advisory council for aeronautics. It was developed in 1915 luminaries such as the Wright Brothers were part of that initial group, and it was developed to determine or look at how the United States could develop aeronautics coming out of world war one europe had superior air power and so the soldiers in generals that were over there saw this and so the naca was initially developed to look at creating superior air power continued to grow and develop in terms of its exploration and oversight of aeronautics some of the significant programs such as the x15 were done under the auspices of the naca. So the naca was the precursor to nasa so, how do we get started . Well . We it really started with the launch of sputnik, october 4th 1957. Sputnik was really the first shot across the bow. It was what . Led this country to recognize that there was a space race if you could go to the the next slide samantha. And the two individuals responsible during that period of time where Sergei Koralov the chief designer on the soviet side and then warner von brown the chief designer on the us side coral off was the one who was intimately responsible for getting the soviets up first. It wasnt until after his death that become the world knew who sergei corp was the soviets kept his identity closely guarded for fear of assassination on the other hand warner von. Brown was widely known in fact, he appeared many times with walt disney on various disney shows von brown immigrated to the United States. He was a former nazi commander he was responsible for the development of the v2 during world war ii strategically surrendered to the United States and then came to the United States to begin working on rockets that would ultimately get a human to moon. Next slide please. So october 4th 1957. That was the start of the space race if you could go to the next slide. So prior to this each country the the former soviet union in the United States were working on their own individual programs, but when sputnik went up and they scored that first it was a huge blow to the the american psyche and the american ideology. I and right away as soon as that launched the race to the moon was on it was a race between two countries, but it was a race between two countries that possessed. Different technology, but technology, that would not only achieve. Space exploration first, but also was developed for military uses as well. Next slide so initially during the outset of the space race eisenhowers lessons during world war ii using propaganda and psychology to influence the allies. He saw how effective psychological warfare if you will propaganda was at. Helping the allies understand the successes. So eisenhowers stood that utilizing propaganda and psychology would begin to influence on the american psyche at home as well as the psyche of those democracies across the country that were allies the United States. Um, was understood that. Through propaganda and psychological warfare if you will. That each country could allow its followers to understand what was happening, but more importantly to influence. This was a space race, but it was also a race between two different political ideologies. You had the communists on one side democracy on the other side and both countries felt that through achieving first through utilizing psychology and propaganda. They could potentially influence other countries, but more importantly could show that their chosen form of government was superior if soviets achieved first khrushchev could use that to say that communism is superior over democracy. If us achieves first Eisenhower Administration, can you utilize that to show that democracy is superior over communism . The 1957 launch of sputnik was a huge blow to the american psyche, but one thing that that didnt take place that was false was. Some thought at the time that the us became instantly concerned of a attack from the soviets the eisenhowers knew that the soviets possessed the engineering the rocketry capable of reaching the United States, but didnt fear a larger Nuclear Attack because they knew the soviets did not have the technology. That would allow for pinpoint accuracy. So while a nuclear and icbm could potentially reach the United States it would not have been an accurate attack. So. The theory out there that the United States at that time was fearful of a large attack. Excuse me was just not something that the eisenhowers ministration believed. So the soviets quickly score the second first in november of 1957 the soviets launched the first living creature into space with lack of the dog aboard the r7 rocket. So they have now achieved two firsts sputnik 1 the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. And then sputnik 2 places like a into orbit becoming the first living creature to go into orbit. And at this point in time, we havent even gotten off the ground yet so quickly out of the gate within a matter of months the soviets achieved two quick victories. And go to the next slide. At this point in time while the soviets are achieving first. There are competing programs here in the United States. There is competition between the army and the navy both branches of the military are working on their own space initiatives. Neither one are working in conjunction with the other both are independent and they were both working to develop their own Space Program. The navy was working on the Vanguard Program. The army was working on the redstone program and neither were doing so with the other. So the competing military branches was probably one of the primary factors to why the us hadnt achieved firsts from a technological and an engineering perspective. We possessed the ability to reach space as early as 1955. But because we had two branches competing against each other. There was no concerted effort at this point in time eisenhower allowed both branches to continue to work on these boosters the rockets that would ultimately get into space. He didnt see the need to bring in or to bring the agency underneath one public entity. Next slide so our first attempt to launch a satellite was vanguard. This was a navy program. December 6 1957 i shortly after the liftoff of vanguard as you can see in the images the rocket exploded the press had a field day with this calling it flop nick could put nick stay put nick obviously referencing the sputnik achievements so within three months we suffer three embarrassments sputnik once sputnik 2 and then the explosion of vanguard so our track record is on shaky ground. Unfortunately, the us is out of the blocks very slowly in the race to space. Next slide so finally the us gets in the game explore one becomes our first satellite to go up into space. This was overseeing by warner von brown as well as jpl jet propulsion laboratory. Explorer was launched aboard a jupiter rocket. After the failure of vanguard von brown went to eisen the eisenhowers station. s that the redstone program be given a chance to prove their capabilities. Initially the eisenhowers reluctant but because of the failure of vanguard allowed bound brown and his team to proceed. What the eisenhowers station probably didnt realize at the time was that. Underneath the army at the Redstone Arsenal in huntsville, alabama von brown and his team of rocket scientists had been perfecting the redstone rocket. Von brown made some tweaks to the redstone rocket and then changed its name to jupiter. Then utilizing the technology that had already been developed 90 days after the launch of vanguard. Von browns jupiter rocket with explorer one lifts off and one of the discoveries from the explorer one satellite was the van allen radiation belts. And thats von brown after the explorer one success with president eisenhowers eisenhowers office. Go ahead to the next slide. So at this time the eisenhowers begins to understand the need to create an agency that would have oversight for Space Exploration. A lot of people felt that the october 4th 1957 launch of sputnik was what led the eisenhowers creating an agency, but in fact eisenhower and his administration had been contemplating that prior to the launch of sputnik. They knew that the soviets possessed the capability the technology to launch a satellite in space. They just didnt know when it was going to happen and eisenhower began to think about the merits of having an agency that oversaw the exploration of space. So in a joint address to congress, april 2nd of 1958 eisenhowers about the importance of Space Exploration and the need for an agency to oversee the development of our rockets and the program in general. Next slide so in july of 29 1958. Both the senate and the house passed the resolution creating a new federal entity. And on july 29th 1958 eisenhowers signs into law the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration so the former naca is now folded into nasa. So nasa now is a Public Agency Government Agency that has oversight for aeronautics. But it also has oversight for the fledgling Space Program. And is charged with the race to space next slide . So initially nasa is set up. In the old naca headquarters out at langley field. So the naca had been at langley since the 15 1915. And nasa began to operate from langley next slide, please. So heres some of the images of the original nasa headquarters, so it was initially a Space Task Group that oversight for the Space Program. And shortly after eisenhowers signed into law the creation of nasa, uh, nasa in the new agency got to work. So im october of 1958 the former naca and then the new nasa merge creating the Space Task Group and began to look how to get. The us into the game and to catch up with the russians. Next slide so by 1959 nasa had developed project mercury project mercury was going to be the program that got us human into space in april 9 of 1959 nasa introduces the mercury 7 the original seven astronauts that were going to be responsible for getting a capsule pilot in capsule up into space and then returning it safely next slide. So the initially the Space Task Group was thinking that the original astronauts would need to be engineers phds people with an understanding of science and technology. Eisenhowers that the initial astronauts needed to be pilots more importantly they needed to be military pilots. And so the initial astronauts were from the several branches of the military and many of them were test pilots. And these seven were selected from a group of hundreds hundreds of applicants submitted their names to try and become one of the original seven. With each step that group was narrowed down they had to undergo tremendous testing both physical mental as well as and so all this testing was done and taking place. They also looked at background track record piloting abilities and when the original seven were introduced these seven were the best of the best not only incredible pilots, but very intelligent with strong engineering minds. Next slide so the original seven were going to go up and pilot america. Now the mercury unlike what we saw a couple days ago with the blue origin new shepherd was a piloted spacecraft. It wasnt your traditional stick and rudder, but it did have a joystick and it did have thrusters reaction thrusters that were controlled by the astronauts. The astronauts were in pressure suits in turn in case the internal environment depressurized. So the the challenges of mercury were to one try and determine what impact working in the backing of space the environment of space would have on the human body. Determine how to operate space both human and spacecraft and then to get a spacecraft and human into space and to return them both safely. And with one exception the missions of mercury perform flawlessly. The one exception was liberty bell 7, which upon splashdown the hatch blue prematurely and the spacecraft sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean where it resided for 38 years. Again, these were the best. Fearless at this point in time during the training for project mercury our launch success rate was only 39 so more times than not the rockets on the launch pad were exploding. In fact the last unmanned Mercury Mission to take place prior to alan shepard going up was mercury atlas one. This was done in 1960 and shortly after liftoff the atlas exploded yet. Only a few months later shepherd went up on top of that redstone and became the first us astronaut to reach space next slide. September 25th, 1959 khrushchev visits the eisenhowers washington and spends time with eisenhowers david at this point in time the soviets have scored the first and our head in the space race, but not by much but both khrushchev and eisenhowers saw each others rivals. This photo is of note because youll see in eisenhowers right hand a small sphere thats called the luna sphere and in fact is on display there at the eisenhower. Prior to getting humans into space both countries sent unmanned lunar pathfinders to the moon. On luna 2 the soviets sent their lunar pathfinder with that same type of sphere that is in eisenhowers hand and they called it the lunar calling card. So the idea was that this unmanned pathfinder. Would shoot this ball towards the surface of the moon. The ball was Spring Loaded and comprised of tiny medallions with the hammer and sickle and cccp on it. The idea was if the us were the first to land on the moon they would see these lunar calling cards and think the soviets had been there. Theres only three of these luna spheres that i know of left one obviously there at the eisenhowers here at the cosmosphere. So a really cool artifact. Next slide please. So even though an astronaut wasnt launched during the eisenhowers Eisenhower Administration was responsible for the development of the Mercury Program. That is obviously eisenhower on the left and then the first administrator of nasa dr. Keith glennon, and thats a meeting in the oval office in 1960. And while it was the Kennedy Administration that america would get a human into space. None of that would have been possible without the eisenhowers to the mid 50s when the eisenhowers station began to think about a satellite program. They began to think about a Space Program those wheels were set in motion. And while it was kennedy who challenged this country to get to the moon by the end of the decade. He did that in may of 1961. That wouldnt have been possible if the foundation hadnt already been laid by the by the eisenhower. Often when you hear about the Space Program or talk about the Space Program president. Kennedy has mentioned president johnson has mentioned even to some degree president nixon. But i will contend or contest that none of that would have been possible. Had it not been for eisenhowers his administration their foresight the understanding of the importance of nasa the understanding of the importance of the space race again, were talking about a space race. That is ideological political military as well as technological and with each step of the way the us is able to prove its superiority as long as it continues to grow and all of that came from the eisenhower so with that i will open it up for questions. Theres a lot of that happened with the eisenhowers of the Early Technology the early Agency Development was made possible people like gene kranz and glenn laney the original mercury 7. Luminaries in the history of Space Exploration. Were all brought into nasa during eisenhowers tenure in office. Start typing your chat your questions in the chat. But while theyre doing that i did have a question i just with your last. Your last statement you were talking about how . Eisenhowersnt necessarily get that full recognition for his contributions. Why do you think that is . Well, i personally, i think its its twofold one because kennedy laid down the he was the one responsible for challenging the country to get to the moon by the end of the decade for humans to set foot on the moon by the end of the end of the 60s. Also human Space Exploration took place during the kennedy and johnson and nixon administrations. So while astronauts and and cosmonauts didnt go up into space during the eisenhowers been possible without what eisenhowers and accomplished and so i think i think those things overshadow the creation of nasa at this time. Were into the cold war coming out of world war ii and the korean war. The us possesses incredible technology. It was during this time that Science Technology engineering and math become very important. In fact many of the early engineers that would play prominent roles in the Space Program. Were in college studying engineering in the late 50s people that i just mentioned such as gene kranz glenn lonnie chris craft the original seven. These were people who . Allowed kennedys challenge to be achieved but they were also individuals who were brought into nasa at the outset back in the in the late 50 in late 58 and early 59 and so again if eisenhower and hit his administration hadnt had the foresight to to develop that and to really place an emphasis on Space Exploration. I dont think we achieved kennedys challenge by the end of the decade, but because we did i think eisenhowers administration and accomplishments get overshadowed. So question, where did soviet rockets touch down once they reentered the earths atmosphere . Thats a great question. So the rockets themselves. Would have mostly burnt up. On reentry, but the spacecraft came down in the plains of kazakhstan our astronauts came down in on on water. So Mercury Program landed in the atlantic gemini both atlantic and Pacific Apollo pacific vostok and bosch god and soyuz to this day all land on terra firma. An interesting note when yuri gagarin became the first human to go into space into orbit the earth. He did not land with his vostok spacecraft prior to the spacecraft touching down could guarant ejected came down in a parachute away from a spacecraft. But vostok hit like a cannonball it hit with such force that it dug a hole big crater in the earth and theres a great picture of the vostok after it landed it came down and the wind caught the parachute and when that wind caught the shoot it drugged the boss. God vostok creating a large trench on the fields of gazakhstan. Last question that ask was the soviet space agency an overtly military operation, or was it a civilian agency like . Yes, thats a great question. Um, so let me let me talk about nasa first. Because eisenhowers foresight to create nasa. Automatically instantly all of our resources Technology Engineering brilliant minds. Were now underneath one umbrella. And so that means all the funding necessary all the resources necessary. Were working towards one objective. And while von brown was a brilliant engineer and his team responsible for developing the saturn 5 the booster that got us to the moon. There were many other brilliant engineers that were working for nasa and it was the it was the collective resources of all these individuals working together that allowed us to achieve our objective. In fact at the height of apollo there were over 20,000 contractors over 400,000 employees all working towards one goal. The same was not said in in the former soviet union the at that time in the 50s and 60s the soviet union didnt have one entity responsible for Space Exploration. In fact military more than than the public almost driving a lot of that. Sergey coraloff the chief designer who was responsible for for those initial soviet first was competing against many different engineers and scientists. And none of these were working together collectively. In fact most were working against the other. Seergay literally had other soviet engineers and scientists who were trying to one up him even though he is leading the charge of soviet first his so called colleagues. Were trying to stab him in the back for lack of a better word. And many contend that when coreloft died in 1966, so too did the soviets ability or opportunity to reach the moon . So it was much different environment in the former soviet union than it was here in the United States. All right. We have a question slash comment from nicole because i think i sent a message up on an early satellite for broadcast. Was it the first satellite message . It was the first us satellite message and it was it was done after explorer sputnik was really the first socalled message sputnik 1 while it it wasnt broadcast. It did emit beeps. So those beeps were audible by ham radio operators around the world. And i believe we have that message and i think samantha has queued up or maybe not maybe just showing remarks of the president that were used in a satellite and transmitted back to earth. The president s office in the white house december 17th. 1958 this is the president of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific events. My voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. My message is a simple one. Through this unique means i convey to you and to all mankind americas wish for peace on earth and goodwill toward men everywhere. Thats so cool. Very cool. You for that question, because thats super cool. Im excited. All right. We have a new question president eisenhowers committed to keeping the International Geophysical year activities. And the pursuit of satellites as scientific and not military endeavors. What role do you think this played in the selection of the navys Vanguard Program over the armys redstone program led by von braun and mini x nazi scientists did his work. Thats right. Yeah, thats great question. Um, i think it a definite role. The Army Redstone program was viewed as a military program at that time. The redstone was this countrys icbm. And eisenhowers very cognizant of that and as you state wanted to try and keep the military out of it the Vanguard Program on the other hand while it was a navy program was not a military program. Vanguard rocket was never going to be an icbm. It was being developed purely to try and get a satellite up into space. So i think that absolutely played a an instrumental role in eisenhowers decision, you know a really great question regarding the the nazis. I often wondered that myself. I dont i dont have any data that indicates one where the other whether eisenhowers dealing with with von brown and some of his ex nazi scientists, but i cant help but think about what that must have felt like for eisenhowers the Supreme Commander of the the allied forces, obviously understood and new and saw firsthand the atrocities committed by the the nazis so i would imagine that eisenhowers probably had some difficulty in dealing within with the exnazis, but thats purely an assumption of my part. Ive never read anything that would indicate one way or the other but im given what eisenhowers saw what would that was likely . That that asks, how did the cosmosphere so we started out in 1962 as a small planetarium our founder a woman by the name of patty kerry had a love of the stars and in fact, her uncle was edwin hubble who the couple telescope is named after early astronomer astronomer patty wanted to share her love of astronomy in the stars with the community. And so she raised the funds to purchase a used star projector and a dome and they set up in the poultry building on the state fairgrounds. In 1966 Hutchinson Community college invited pattys planetarium to come on to their campus. So in 66 we moved here to our present location. And then by the the mid 70s with the the end of apollo patty wanted to create a Science Education center and there were centers in in the on the coasts and major metropolitan areas, but there wasnt anything servicing this area. And so patty patty said why not when she was asked why hutch and her response would be well why not and so patty set the wheels in motion to create a Science Education center in 1980 the kansas cosmosphere center. All over that had hardware and all of that belong to nasa by loss smithsonian has ride a first refusal. So anything that nasa would dispose of or excess out of their property would be offered to smithsonian first. Overnight, uh nasa had three to four thousand objects that it was wanting to dispose of smithsonian turned those down and agreed that those objects could come to the cosmosphere center. Out theyre interesting. I will say that you know, we two days ago we saw. Blue origin go up into space aboard the the new shepherd. I think were at a similar spot today as we were back in the the late 50s and early 60s when when eisenhower and his administration began to place an emphasis on on getting humans into space. Doing exactly what the mercury project did 60 years ago. Blue origin and Virgin Galactic a couple weeks ago basically replicated what alan shepard and gus grissom did they did suborbital flights. They got up into space. They came back safely. And i think were at the dawn of a new era of Space Exploration. Um Space Exploration is cool again. Its in the media spacex obviously is already demonstrated their ability to to get not only a capsule but crew up into space. And so i think were going to see a new partnership between the agency eisenhower created that being nasa and then the private sector. Nasa doesnt have the budget that it once did in 19 69 when Neil Armstrong touched down on the surface of the moon nasas budget was about 25. Billion dollars that representative maybe four or five percent of the the total federal budget. Today nasas budget is about 15 billion dollars and doesnt even register a percent of the current federal budget. And so nasa is going to need the private sector to come alongside it to continue to achieve its goals and to continue to move exploration of space forward. Its an exciting opportunity and i think some of the the brightest days are in front of us. Madonna see your hand up. David typed his comment first. So lets go ahead and i apologize. Thats a great question david. I dont have a lot of knowledge about the Corona Program other than it was an early unmanned planetary pathfinder a pretty majestic satellite. So i apologize. I just i dont know a lot about the Corona Program. Maybe somebody else on here has more knowledge of corona. All right. Well, ill ask my question then. What is there a connection or what is the connection between that original push for Stem Education and what were what were experiencing now. Is there a connection at all . Oh that thats a great question. Is there is i back during the eisenhowers into into the kennedy in johnson administrations, but it started with eisenhowers a huge push for Stem Education. I you know, we again coming out of the the war there were a lot of technological advances, but i think eisenhower and his administration also understood the need to continue to push that envelope. So there was a huge emphasis on engineering both from from a military perspective but also from Space Exploration perspective the cold war was raging the space race was on and so there was a huge push to continue to keep the us at the forefront of technology. At some point that was deemphasized. Yeah. Im not im not sure at what point what period we as a country began to place less emphasis on stem and and on the the Stem Education, but that has since become a new point of emphasis. Its something we promote here and im sure you talk about it there at the eisenhower. You know we talk about stem Science Technology engineering and math, but we dont care necessarily if a student has an interest in becoming an engineer becoming a mathematician becoming a scientist. We just want to create that spark ignite a passion and if that that student wants to go run a cnc router or or a welder or work in the trades. Thats awesome because thats necessary and lets not forget out of those over 400,000 individuals who working on project apollo. You know, the the three astronauts at the top of the rocket were the ones who got all the notoriety in the fame, but they were thousands upon thousands upon thousands of individuals who put those rockets together. Who welded those . Rockets who put those rivets in who wired the harnesses and i think thats something that was important during the eisenhowers you had people willing on to to understand stem but then apply it in something that maybe wasnt necessarily a fouryear degree. I think were finally starting to see that approach again whereas yes stem is is important for your degree is absolutely important, but lets not forget about the other things that that are necessary. You know, my sons a primary example, he has hes a mechanically inclined and and loves using his hands. Well, hes going to school to become a combine mechanic john deere combine mechanic well, let me tell you he absolutely has to understand Science Technology and engineering and math because thats absolutely a part of it. But its a twoyear degree where hell use his hands, but hes utilizing that for a valuable service to this countrys farmers. So im im glad to see the direction were going unfortunately. We lost our way for a period of time, but i think were getting back and again that that started with the eisenhowers thank you. Right. Well, i have a funny question. He said the bus stop landing created this giant crater. Yes. And now every time you see a movie about like space or something falling from space or a superhero dive, you know straight diving on the earth from space. It leaves just giant crater right . Is that what inspired it or i would say for, you know, probably in in some parts. I mean, its its interesting to sort of follow pop culture as as it relates specifically to space and you go back to jules verne and then, you know continue along and and pop culture has taken a lot of what it has done from what has happened in space in space is taken some of what it is done from pop culture. So its kind of neat to see the tie between the two so i would say that thats probably a direct. Both of those early spacecraft coming down and leaving a very large crater. Its funny to see that now when you said it i thought huh. I wonder if thats whats happening. One other question, how do you feel that . I know you said that nasa will be forced to work with the private sector for Space Exploration. But how do you feel about regular citizens . Who are not you know welltrained . Yeah going into space, but thats a really interesting question. Um, i mean, im all for anything space because if space is is in the public eye or cosmosphere. Specifically to the exploration of space, you know hundreds of thousands of products we use daily in our lives come directly from Space Exploration. I i think its important that we continue to explore this world was was developed based on exploration. By nature we are explorers. Im less about the tourism side of it. Maybe im more of a traditionalist or a purist but i think just because you ride an automate it rocket and spacecraft. Asked a certain point in space you get your your astronaut wings. Those individuals really didnt do anything related to what what a traditional astronaut or cosmonaut does those individuals arent necessarily contributing to exploration or advances in technology. Theyre theyre basically purchasing a seat. On a booster in a spacecraft much like we do when when we are flying an airplane just because i flew in you know, an airplane from point a to point b, i dont automatically get my pilots wings these people get their astronaut wings. And so while its its kind of a cute stunt. Im not a huge proponent of the tourism side as i am the and and technological advances. City um, don would like for you to tell us about your exhibit fabrication portion of the business sure. So we operate a division of the cosmosphere so some of our Restoration Projects we restored the apollo 13 command module odyssey, obviously the liberty bell seven. Oh seven eight years ago jeff bezos with Bezos Expeditions funded an expedition to recover the f1 rocket engines from the saturn 5. He contracted with us to do the conservation. We did the Mission Control consoles down at Nasa Johnson Space Center Historic Mission operations control. Some of our fabrication projects we did most of the set props and hardware for the movie apollo 13. We worked on from the earth to the moon weve worked on multiple productions for tom hanks such as magnificent desolation from the earth to the moon we did first man. Weve done exhibitory work for groups all over the world. We we built a ufo of all things for a museum in taiwan. Our team actually just traveled to dc last week. They built the display frame exhibit frame for the apollo 11 command module so they went out there to install it so our our team is one of the foremost experts at restoration built up an expertise on fabricating replicas and and then doing exhibit work. Its a division of ours, but its one that does does generate revenue for the operation. That kansas proud we absolutely im gonna have to come visit. Thats how so cool. Yeah, it is. Um fact our our guys are getting ready to leave in three weeks. I believe theyre gonna go to brazil south paulo brazil. Theyre setting up an exhibit down there that were supporting and then sometime this fall theyll go to warsaw poland. Theres another touring exhibition that we support and then were talking with a group about doing a project in in bangkok in in 2022. Awesome. Sounds very interesting. Making excited to come to work every day. Yeah, it was makes it. Well, nicole has said just made the comment that the cosmosphere. Here with you to do this oral history. Its a pleasure, sir. Lets begin kind of not at the beginning because there is a beginning before this but april, 1959. It was one of the happiest days of my life. That was a day that was congregated officially as the
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