>> it is my pleasure today to bring up this in richmond virginia, and both of them have worked with the battlefields down there. doug is a volunteer, what are the historians for many years. both of them are well familiar with 1862 and 1864. both of them have several books in the back. their most recent is called, embattled capital, a guide to richmond during the civil war. it is a fantastic fact book of all of the different sides you can visit in the confederate capital. everything from prison sites, to hospital sites. it talks about the different battle sites. things associated richmond's slave history, it is a rich resource for richmond and it was a delight to work on that project with the two of you. and a time when covid basically had the publishing business shut down, barnes and noble eventually heard about their book and ordered a whole bunch of copies in the middle of january which is an off time for books. so it was like, we have to get this going. and the book is done very well for them. so, it was kind of neat in a time that was pretty quiet for all of us to have this very exciting project to come up. when we talked about meeting a pinch hitter for edward tonight, bert and doug were eating pizza and they looked at each other and said, we can do something, right? how hard could it be. we so, fortunately, because they are so well informed and so fluent in the story of what takes place in richmond, they were able to pull something together for us tonight to talk a little bit about the fall of joe johnston. certainly one of the most interesting and controversial characters of the civil war. so, it is my distinct pleasure to first bring to the podium, doug crenshaw. we >> good evening, everybody. first thing i would like to say is you are missing a treat with edward alexander. i don't know if you have heard him talk. i met edward a number of years ago when he was a summer ranger in richmond and, he impressed everybody including the main historian with his original resource. he created a document on the second battle of malvern hill. how many of you know there was a second battle of malvern hill? well, there. was and he created that. he also does a great job with maps. and as you look at the maps in the new d.c. w books, you will notice a lot of them were done by edward. his wife is expecting and his doctor axed him not to come out because covid is ramping up a little bit. i think he was really upset about at. he never cancels. that is not like edward. so i'm sorry mr.. if you ever get a chance to hear him. he loves a p hill in that story and so do i so i am sorry not to see him. but we are going to talk about joe johnson tonight. and we find this title very interesting. burt, is this joe johnson's comment? not for rank or fame. okay. well, there are two characteristics of joe johnson that you need to be familiar with. the first is he is very prickly about his rank. and the second as, he will give up territory for time. and when i say he is prickly about his rank, when the confederate army was formed, he is the number four ranked full general out of five. when he was upset about it because he was the quartermaster general in the u.s. army, and he thought that he outranked the other guys. samuel cooper, robert e. lee, he outranked them. but the confederate government was like, these guys have field commands so they are going to get higher than you. this created a problem for the rest of the war between johnston and davis, president davis. and it is really going to manifest itself and our stories today. they did not get along, they did not communicate well, it led to a lot of confusion. he was really concerned with rank. so i find it amazing. there he is, joe johnston. we pick up the story after manassas in the winter of 1862 in march. so, johnston is in manassas sitting across the river from washington, about 30 miles from washington and george mcclelland has rebuilt the union army. and johnson can read a map. and he knows the u.s. army is a lot more powerful than the confederate army. and they can transport people down any river in new jersey and come back behind. him and that's mclelland's plan. he plans to go to a place called urbana, put him behind johnston and forced johnson to come to him. well, johnson realizes this is a real possibility so he pulls his army back behind the rappahannock river. we in davis is not happy about this. because he has given up a lot of territory, he's given at the meatpacking plant. not happy at all. johnson, thought that he had approval. in the meantime, mcclellan realizes he cannot exercise his urbana plan and he's gonna go down to fort monroe in the tip of the peninsula. you are all probably familiar with. this one he lands, he starts moving up the river. up the peninsula. and john bank head magruder was in charge of about 13,000 confederates. he hasuilt a line from yorktown alonthe warwick river all the wato the james. and he has ocked off the warwick river sohat it is almost impossle. but he only has 13,000 men. he's out numbered about 10 to 1 by mcclelland. so johnsois sent down to take over this. and aga, johnson can read a p. and he is very ntroversial obviously. but he is not a stupid man, he looks athis and he goes, i have two problems here. the first is, my main fortifications are in yorktown. the confederates actually rebuilt -- in yorktown and added. somebody knows that mcclellan has heavy artillery including mortars and if he gets close enough you can't compete with that and collin disgruntlement of yorktown. the other thing, if you will notice as the york river. he realizes with the union navy it is possible that t union troops could pull in and run and go up past him and cut him off from richmond. this will come to past, and effort will be made to do this. he wants to pull back and robert e. lee, who is the adviser to president davis is totally against that. when he doesn't want any ground to be given up. he figures any ground you lose as a lost resource, lost population. he wants to fight and he thinks his ground isefensible. he believes the union army can't get pa yorktown at cluster point yorktown. we well, by the beginning of may, mclelland has his heavy guns in position to begin ba away in yorkto and early in the montnson pulls out. and he starts adding up the peninsula. and as he does, we you will franklin. if you're at an ohu can see that point. there franklin is over here. franklin actually takes a cord, goes up past wint to a place called elfin's landing andtrs to cut off johnston. but johnson has beat him to it. he is a day late and $1 short. but he was right,is what the union planned to do. he is going to pull back. and his strategy is to pull back behind the chip on many river which runs like this. now, i don't know how many of you have seen the chickahominy river. we might gorman who is in historian with the park service calls it an insult to rivers. and it is. if you look at it, if you go around richmond and you look at the chickahominy, you'll go what is the problem with this it's just a couple of streams. well, it is a few little streams surrounded by about a mile wide of muck, sticks, ticks, and it's got highbanks enough side. and when it rains, it filled's very rapidly and turns into a river. so it is hard to get to men across it, much less artillery and wagons. so it is a real problem. he wants to get behind that and force mcclellan to come up from the peninsula away from the protection of his gun boats on the james river and the york river, and stretch a supply line. because he knows he is going to have to hit mcclellan at some time. it has got to be a time of his advantage. he is outnumbered, he's outgunned. we have to hit mcclellan sometime. so what he is to do is pull back. when we call and follows him. d what you will see happen, mcclelland will send three week or. on the other side of the chickahominy river. and heintzelman and keys, across the river for them. and the first thing that popped in my mind was, what general would separate his army by a river? why would you do that? well, what they are trying to do is have a place for the first corps to come down from fredericksburg and join them. macron is ordered to do this, so he doesn't. we but we, johnson sees an opportunity here. remember i said if it rains the check on many becomes impossible? well, the union army had built a series of bridges. nothing great. but if it rains have enough, they get washed out. and hesays, well if i have got to course off of the river, notice where keys is and heintzelman. can you will see that? . case is way in the frontin a place called seven pines. and one of his divisions is a mile further towards the city and in place now called sandston. if you're ever incense in or yet the public librarian sampson, that is it. that entire battlefield, st. louis, is lost. it is a shame. but he goes, all right if i can hit kyiv, if i can hit keys, i can crush. kazan crush the fourth quarter and maybe they will force mcclellan to pull back. it is a good plan. so what he is going to do, he's going to have long stream right there, go down the nine mile. road launching is gonna go down the nine mile road, and he is going to hit seven pines. dhl is gonna go down the williamsburg road and hit seven pines. benjamin eeg is going to go down and come up and hit seven pines from the south. it's a great plan, really. he stopped it in motion. heavy rains hit. on may 31st he launches the attack that is a push to start in the morning. it gets totally fouled up. longstreet, for someone and reason still does not go the way he is supposed to go. instead, he goes down here and gets behind dhl. he when he does that, he cuts you gia. he there's a little stream called -- creek. they have several boards going across the wagon to the other side. and both of these divisions have to cross by that. so, longstreet cuts him off. finally, they get in position and, they actually do push the yankees back. but they don't have the crushing victory that they're supposed to have. as it turns, out this is not unusual for him. but he has an excuse here, because i've read his orders and they are not clear. so, the only real result of this battle is 5000 casualties and, johnston. johnston gets wounded. he is back in his headquarters, back down on a road. he doesn't really know what is going on and supposedly there is an acoustic shadow which means, if you don't know that, is it means you can't hear some stuff. supposedly he can share the battle. i don't know why he doesn't have aids coming back reporting to him what is going on. we don't, nobody doest. so he decides he is going to ride out to the battlefield himself. and he goes to the railroad tracks, with right in the middle of the battlefield. and he gets out there, and he looks around, and then he turns around and rides back about 200 yards. and when he does, he gets hit by two pieces of artillery shell. seriously wounded, and is take it out. he is taken to the crenshaw house. i don't know if it is any relation or not, but i will claim. and in richmond she recuperate. so robert e. lee of course takes over and we all know that robert e lee brings jackson down from the valley, launches attacks, and drives the colin down and enters campaign. it is a whole another story for another day. but one of johnson and get wounded? what would have happened? well, we obviously don't know. but it is possible to think a few things might have happened. one is, he shot his boat. he made his big attack. and it didn't succeed. the next place he can defend is the other side of richmond. my collins bringing his heavy glands up and mclelland's plan is not to attack richmond with infantry, it is to drive the confederates out with heavy artillery. if he can get close enough of this road up here, nine mile road, he can do that. so if johnson pulls back and richmond is lost, consider the consequences. some people say it is possible that the confederates could have pulled out of richmond and kept fighting. bear in mind, the confederacy is losing everywhere right now. spring of 1862, it is not going well. if you lose richmond you lose -- which makes half your cannons. a lot of your shells. you lose all kinds of weapons production, food production, uniform production. and notice all the railroads go into richmond. logistically, how do you continue the war? psychologically, would that be the killing blow? and if it is the killing blow, again this is also position but probably not that far from possible. george mcclellan, all he wants to do is put the union back together. he has no interest in freeing slaves, he has no interest in penalize in the confederates, he just wants to put the union back together as it was. if he takes richmond and the war does and things could be a lot different. because lincoln didn't decide the issue of the emancipation proclamation until after italy had driven the colin away from richmond. hard-liners had taken coming to the fore in d.c.. he decides to issue the emancipation proclamation. so it's entirely possible slavery would have survived. we don't know the united states would look like today. this was a big moment. one other thing i want to talk about is, a few years ago chris got with me and asked if i could find it where johnson actually got wounded. it seems to be a mystery. so, i got with bobby crick. i don't know if you kw him, he is brilliant. we went to his office one day and worked on this and people dismount path. and he will see, tre is a house. here it is called hitchcock. i don't know if you can make that out. you will see the railroad. so, we have a report we do yarmouth did was johnson's aide. and he said the johnson went to the railroad tracks, turnaround, and road back 200 yards. which is just about where that houses. we took g.i. asked matchups. but them overtop to find a distance and we found this place. i can swear that sit. i wasn't there. i am relying on to your armisen, but if do you armisen's right, that's where he got wounded. it is probably very close to it. so i'm going to leave this with burnout internet over, because bird's gonna pick up johnston after he recovers. >> all right, let's start with a trivia question. first after johnson was wounded, who takes over the army of northern region yeah? it's a serious question. it is not robert e. lee. g w smith. so, the army in northern virginia actually has three commanders. johnston, smith for a day, and then lead for the rest of its career. smith obviously didn't impress jefferson davis, but smith will command the army through the rest of the battle of seven pant pines, the second day of the battle. and as doug said, johnson is going to recuperate in richmond in a house downtown. his wounds are pretty severe, so he is out of commission for quite a long time. . in the meantime, lee will eventually take over the army and establish a success and his hard-hitting reputation. and through the rest of what we call the seven-day's battles, we will drive the union army away from richmond and then take the army up into northern virginia, when it second manassas, invade maryland, biden team, and solidify his reputation and his command of the army of north virginia. so, when johnson is finally able to take the field again and has recovered, what do we do with him? well, as doug said, things are falling apart for the confederacy elsewhere. so, johnson is going to be sent to the west. and in the fall of 72 he's gotta be sent to the western theater commander asked department. it is a tremendous territory. it extends from the appalachians to the mississippi river. and he is responsible for the army of tennessee, which is in tennessee. in the department of mississippi and alabama, which includes the defenders of vicksburg under general pemberton. and so, johnson's new command, takes up his headquarters in chattanooga in the winter of 18 62 to 3 he is going to be coordinating the efforts of those two armies and all the other military units in this vast department. and he has got a lot of challenges. roxanne bag. but seriously, he is trying to coordinate these two armies which are defending union forces advancing on them in tennessee and in mississippi. he has a very rickety railroad network that is not well connected. unlike in virginia, the railroads in alabama, mississippi, georgia, the lines are not well maintained. they are not in good shape, they don't connect where you would ideally want them to connect. so supply routes and reinforcements have to go various and efficient ways. we have got supply depots, spread out from atlanta, columbus georgia, mobile, some alabama. it is just a huge territory. it is a lot to cover. it's a lot for one person to coordinate. well the army of tennessee has fought at stones river in the winter of 18 62 to 3 and you probably know that there starts to be a really poisonous atmosphere in the command of the army of tennessee. that all comes out of stones river. general brags core commanders are unhappy with his leadership. and pretty much demand someone else take over and there is feuding going on it is getting to the papers it is getting ugly. so, johnston has got to manage that. and he looks into it and decides for various reasons not to replace brag to let it go. so. how do i work the light on this? where is the pointer. oh, there it. 's got it. so up here is tennessee and so the union confederate armies are in middle tennessee up here. and here is mississippi. sorry if this map isn't easy to read testing testing. but fits vargas right here. the army of tennessee will be forced back towards chattanooga in 1870. three and of course, general grant has moved into mississippi and johnson is trying to court innate with pemberton who is defending that area. he does advise pemberton not to retreat. into fitchburg but he does because once you do that you don't have any options. doug talked about johnson's sensitivity to rank, and that is just going to be a constant theme with him. he is not happy that he is fourth in the overall ranking structure of the confederate generals. he doesn't get along with his boss. a lot of us don't, right? but you have to find a way to work with them. and johnson just can't bring himself to do that. davis doesn't fully trust johnson. davis will actually communicate with brad and pemberton, asked them to communicate directly with him, independent of the department commander. so, that is a recipe for trouble, right? people are not coordinating, communicating, there was a lot of mistrust. now, i will say i think johnson could maybe have been more aggressive in helping to defend vicksburg? i think you probably could have i think you probably could've done more to prevent the union encirclement. he had a small force -- there is a lot of damage to a larger force. the union and encircled annual capture vicksburg. and will be out in the central part of mississippi, unable or unwilling to stop that. as we move forward to 1863 in 1864, the situation with the army of tennessee will get so bad that rank have to be replaced. davis will appoint johnston the commander of the army of tennessee. that leaves us into the atlanta campaign of 1864. chattanooga is up here at the top of the map. atlanta is down here at the bottom through the spraying the month of may 1864 johnson is delaying sherman's advance on atlanta. yes he gets driven back. he is withdrawn. could be a bit more aggressive? to maybe try to strike back occasionally? maybe. but by the time the armies get to the outskirts of atlanta, davies's patience has run out. he will replace johnston with hood. who immediately starts to counterattack and tries to drive sherman away. johnston will claim that he was on the verge of attacking. maybe he was. maybe he was making that up. we don't know. maybe he had something in mind -- trying to strike before the enemy was ready to invest in the city. johnston is going to be relieved of all command. basically told, we will get back to you. he goes into a semi retirement. he will attend to his personal affairs. he will rejoin his wife who is in columbia, south carolina. they will move into north carolina. he is out of the war for several months. in the meantime things have continued to go downhill here in the western theater. of course, atlanta is captured. the march to the sea, the capture of savannah. sherman's armies will then turn their eyes towards moving up through the carolinas it is in february, 1865 that davis will call on johnston in bring him back into the field. something has to be done, the situation has just fallen apart here. davis probably didn't have a lot of better choices even though he personally did not like johnston. it was no secret that these two man really did not get along. they are correspondents, back and forth, was very critical. when they write to each other there is no spirit of cooperation. even one observer, mary chestnut, just to show you how widespread this was -- he would write, his david. the hatred of jefferson davis amounts to a religion. with him it covers all things. you have to stop and think about that. if he wasn't so focused on trying to get back at jeff davis, maybe he could've turned more attention towards fighting the war. he is constantly nitpicking about things. and vice versa. a lot of the efforts goes into worrying about his reputation. as doug mentioned earlier. as we start the spring of 1865 here in the carolinas the union army is going to move north from savannah into north carolina and then into north carolina. this last phase of thear, i really think is johnston's best. i really do. he is given command of this department. the department of carolinas, florida, and georgia. the carolinas, georgia, and florida. huge territory! a lot of it overrun. railroads broken up. supply lines are disrupted. he has over 100,000 troops. not all in one place, they are scattered through these different states. within a few weeks what he is able to do is reform the army of tennessee, which had been defeated at nashville. back in december, and i mean, destroyed! one of the few cases where you can say an army is destroyed they were in nashville. the army of tennessee is reconstructed. it is joined by forces that have been pulled out of garrison. charleston, wilmington. he cobbles is forced together. he gets it supplied, reequipped, and reorganized, administratively. they fly at the battle of bentonville in march here in eastern north carolina, not far from raleigh. one of the last big battles of the war. johnston's goal is to destroy part of johnston's army before the enforces can mass together, it comes up short. it's a good effort. johnston pulls back through raleigh, into the central part of north carolina, through durham towards greensboro. he is taking i-85, if you know that area [laughs] . what johnston is doing is he is keeping his army just out of reach of sherman. chairman commands a much larger force. sherman has been reinforced by other troops. johnston keeps his army together, that is a pretty big deal in march and april of 1865. he keeps it out of reach of shermans troops. by the time they get to the greensboro area, they have heard about appomattox. they have heard about the fall of richmond. johnston will, in his words, he will say something like -- no more young men should die. i think that is an admirable thought at this phase in the war. he realizes that this is over. he will reach out to sherman, they willmeet at the bennett rm, near durhamnorth that is, what?ril 18th two weeks after appomattox? they will negotiate a surrender. johnston doesn't call it a surrender. he calls it a convention, a technicality. he doesn't want to use the s-word. they agreed to a cessation of hostilities and the confederate forces call it -- we will call. after that is released the news goes now that it is rejected by the united states congress. that is because lincoln's dad. congress is in no mood to be generous. the political situations has changed. -- the war is still gonna go on. johnson will reach out to sherman. they will meet again in april 26. in the meantime davis, who has fled and moved down to the carolinas with what's left of the cabinet and the government davis tells johnston, don't grow meat sherman again. bring the army down. we are going to move the army, south and west. we will then continue the war. johnston disobeys that order. he meets with sherman, again, against davis's wishes. they reach a final surrender arrangement, which is acceptable to the u.s. congress. the war will end in this area. just a couple final thoughts about johnston. he did command, the first and last major battles of the civil the first manassas, he was at bentonville. he is the highest ranking u.s. army officer to resign and join the confederacy he ends up, as doug said, fourth in line behind some other officers. when the war ends his personal war does not end. he continues to write speak very vocally about how he was mistreated. overlooked. not properly recognized he feuds with davis after the war, and for the rest of his life. he was very unhappy about that situation. he dies in 1891, buried in baltimore. i do think that he had that strong sense of honor and service. he says he was not in this for rank in glory. i think he kind of was. one final thought about johnston, which is interesting to me, i love all periods of history as some of you know, his father served in the revolution, in the cavalry with henry lee. the father of robert e. lee. their fathers served together in the revolution. when johnston joined the confederacy he carried his father sword from the revolution with him. a neat fact. have fun with that. i will wrap it up with this point. if doug and chris will join me in trying to answer any questions that you have, thank you for the chance to speak about this. >> ladies and gentlemen -- [laughs] [applause] >> i will take some questions from the floor. you guys can try to step in -- dog will be first, i'll see. there are, in question here? >> from williamsburg. did you or anybody -- pursue johnston in a competent manner? >> i would say yes in terms of army organization. and administration logistics, things like that. maybe not necessarily battlefield creativity and leadership. >> i would agree with that the only battles i really studied with him he did not do a good job of communicating. of coordinating. or a good job of following up. i cannot say that was always with him. that is the case in the balance that i studied. however, he was a very intelligent man. a good organizer. >> i think i would add that that -- that is getting along with people. he is not good with working with davis, obviously? robert e. lee plays davis like a violin. that's the reason they work so well together. he didn't get along with his subordinates, he's trying to get his own reputation going. he passes the back in tennessee. he doesn't want to get himself dirty, get mired in -- that causes some real interesting issues. >> in comparison with ali, lee did a masterful job of communicating with davis. he was smart enough to realize that he had to get a wrong with this man. he kept understanding what was going on at all time i think he did a better job with that. >> one reason johnston gives a lot of credit is chairman gives you a lot of credit after the war. chairman speaks very highly of johnston and johnson's tactics specifically in the 64 campaign. i think that has done a lot for johnston's postwar reputation. so many people look at sherman as being such a fantastic commander. another question over here in the no more way to the front of the room. remind us who you are -- >> john skelly, fairfax. with respect to johnston reconstituting the army of tennessee, what role did he play in reconstituting? it how did it get from a rabble of fleeing troops in nashville to being in north carolina? did they march and say, is this an army? is it a separate unit? is it individuals? do they go over the mountains or through georgia? et cetera >> so, the battle of nashville was fought in the middle of november they spend the winter in northern mississippi recuperating. when johnston's place in command in the carolinas he wants them brought east. what they will do is three core. they will march part of the way from northern mississippi, the tupelo area. sherman has gone through georgia. georgia the infrastructure has been destroyed their. there are no union troops still there. they have to march. there are places they can use rail but not much. when they get to south carolina the can use rail. there is a rail line that does kind of run like 85, a cross western south carolina into greensboro. they use that rail line. once they get their, north carolina has a lot of supplies. uniforms, weapons. north carolina had been able to stockpile and organize things pretty well. the troops are refitted, they are joined by those garrisons from charleston, wilmington. other places that have been pulled out. this whole forces pull back together. it is structurally reorganized as one army. i hope that makes sense. >> we have a question of here. jim? >> thank you, jim rawls, frederick, maryland. can you talk a little bit about the lee, johnston connection. johnston and lee themselves i think had a little bit of a relationship problem, maybe because of the rank issue. what was the whole thing going on with longstreet, johnston, and lee? if you can talk a little bit about that. >> that is really an interesting question on many levels. longstreet did like johnston. thought a lot of him when johnson went down they thought that they lost their best commander. longstreet also was self serving, i have a lot of opinions on longstreet, it's not the time for that. he also wanted to advance. i think that lee saw him as reliable all. tried him out down in suffolk. he sent him out west. i don't think he was thinking that longstreet could rise to that level. i think he was good subordinate. he considered him like a rock. i think that lee liked longstreet a lot and that he knew his limitations. i don't know that lee saw him as disingenuous. i don't know that. lee did not write much on what he thinks about people. >> an interesting thing, when longstreet is coming back from suffolk he is petitioning davis to send me out to tennessee where i can go be with joe johnson, kind of like his mentor. longstreet comes up with this elaborate plan to get shipped to tennessee join up with johnson, attack rosecrans and then march up into kentucky again. to make a dash at ohio. that is longstreet's plan for alleviating pressure on vicksburg. davis being in mississippian says, maybe. lee puts the lid on that right away. if i lose any more troops i'm going to have to retreat to the defenses of richmond. i cannot give these guys up. what ends up happening is the gettysburg campaign. longstreet stays with lee. longstreet really wanted to go out with johnston because he saw him as an important mentor. in question over here? >> dr. john willin, washington d.c.. i know that johnston died of pneumonia after being a pall bearer at grant's funeral. can you comment on the relationship between grant and johnston? . we. >> on when sherman passed away it was a rainy day for the funeral. johnston is there uncovered. no hat on in the rain. someone said something like he should protect yourself he said well sherman would do it for me. they had a lot of respect for each other. that really came from the meeting at the bennett place. they met there twice for several days. they worked through a lot of things, political and military. didn't have the authority to do it all but they tried to work together to end the war and move things forward. to get beyond the violence, unrest, and the tension that could still linger i think the two of them bonded and had a lot of respect for their time at the span of place >> ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much! if you are enjoying american history tv then sign up for our newsletter using the qr code on our screen to receive the weekly schedule of upcoming programs like, lectures in history. the presidency and more. sano for the american history tv newsletter today and be sure to watch american history tv every how today or anytime online at c-span.org slash history. american history tv saturdays on c-span two exploring the people and events that tell the american story. at 7 pm eastern, andrew we are men discusses his book, the contagion of liberty the politics of small talks in the american revolution. looking at how inoculation became a sought after medical procedure in the 18th century and helped american colonists in kyiv independence from great britain. a 9:30 pm eastern author daniel gobble talks about his book jimmy and roslyn carr. the second of his two volume biography the couple chronicling their s and work together from 1975 to 2020. exploring the american story. watch american history tv saturdays on c-span two. and find a full schedule on your program guide or watch online anytime at c-span.org slash history. >> book tv, every sunday on c-span two, features leading author is discussing the latest in nonfiction books. at 8 pm eastern philip wallin of the american enterprise institute shares his upcoming book, why congress? 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