Transcripts For CSPAN3 The Civil War 20160319

American and 19thcentury u. S. History, he earned his phd in 1985, so he is no stranger to richmond. His 1993 book is one of the most important studies of one of the most important slave compares these conspiracies in history. He was invited to speak at the university of richmond 20 years ago and he will be interviewed about that book later today. Most of his work has been on the subject of slave resistance, colonization, and evolutionism. List of find a partial his publications in his program. He has worked at the intersection of race and politics and his most recent books deal with the mid19th century. Years of meteors, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln in the election that brought on the civil war, and the wars of reconstruction, the brief violent history of americas most progressive era. His talk today will draw mostly from the final book and his title of the talk today is black activism during the civil war. Ladies and gentlemen, Douglas Egerton. [applause] Douglas Egerton thank you. Nice to be back in richmond. I have already learned an important lesson, not to follow the doctor. [laughter] i will see what i can do to keep you awake. Thank you for the nice introduction. Here we are, the centennial of the end of the war. And the dawn of reconstruction. Surrenders, when lee the war is over and this union itcalled unstopped and then is done. 50 years ago, secretary seward announced that they had gratified the 13 commitment, slavery was dead and the war was over and when it comes to reconstruction, it gets very confusing. Asked me ton john come to speak, he wanted me to provide paragraphs about why you would want to come and hear this. And his question, why should Americans Care about reconstruction and well, this is not over. It goes on for a long time. So, 1866, the war was over. Wasa new kind of war beginning, and that is why i titled my book the way i did. This was a new struggle, he knew more a new war. And of course as it was mentioned, this was overly by a good deal. Congress has responded. Most classic books on the reconstruction era, they all begin in 1863, because they began with a fight in washington dc between which president will have jurisdiction in the 10 plan, whether congress will have jurisdiction. And of course, this is really a disagreement on jurisdiction, because the fact is, the temperature plan is not different 10 plan is not very different from the way the davis response. Black americans, 1865, this is the end of something and to the start of a new struggle. So, when historians look at reconstruction, they focus on the disagreements between the moderates and the radical republicans, and the most conservative democrats who do not want to use the term reconstruction, they want to say restoration, putting it back together. Bringing it back the way it was before. Despite the disagreements, the one thing that most white republicans and democrats in congress could agree on, was that this was something designed to be imposed on the confederacy. Activists,ans, former slaves, new otherwise nknew otherwise. The entire nation needed reclamation. Ofstory begins outside washington, i am looking at people who advance the agenda, those pushing to make this more gala terry and a more perfect nation. Lincoln was focused on winning the war. Republicans in congress were focused on posing some kind of peace and a solution. So, for the most part, this was not people in washington taken about how this country have to be different has to be different, but not just the south, the entire country. That is not the story you get in popular culture. Saw it,that most of you lincoln the vampire slayer. [laughter] sidekick. A black a college down the road said, this is not very accurate. And i said, well, he is a vampire. But you get the same thing in other movies, weller where one is shouting, the time is now. And that is the story i think i do not want to tell in this book or today. Looking atlly was the future and envisioning what kind of country was this going to be . Wasthe most cpart, it black men and women who had fought against slavery. Many of them had been born in the south, douglas had come to the north. But there were ones who understood that the entire country required reconstruction and not just simply virginia or South Carolina or alabama. Can recall that slavery existed in all 13 original colonies and they understood that the entire country had to be fixed. That slavery had been a National Problem and therefore it legacy, racism, would remain. For decades, even as they fought against slavery, the faced they faced discrimination in the north that made life difficult. Voting was a prerogative. Before the civil war, the only state that allowed black men to vote on an equal basis, was in new england, state that had very few black men. These activists understood that Jefferson Davis might be the ultimate enemy. But that they were facing problems at home in places like syracuse. Slavery in 1827. They had a new constitution that minated the qualifications but imposed them on black men, but this did not make sense, because there was still slavery at the time. So Frederick Douglass, who owned a house and newspaper in rochester, he could vote, but it black barber in syracuse could not vote. The two sons of Frederick Douglass who worked for him, they did not have qualifications to vote, despite being 19 and 23. In 1860, new york try to put a Ballot Initiative on to get the qualifications imposed only on men and of course lincoln carries new york, but the Initiative Went down in flames, meaning that a lot of republicans who went to the polls for lincoln, they then banned together and voted down this qualification elimination. So things were worse in illinois. Also in ohio. Pennsylvania, not a single black man could vote. Years midwest, states for had passed discrimination laws. This was something that they would pass in 1855, before that, the black code existed in indiana and ohio. Ohio, illinois, indiana, they all caps laws passed laws banning blacks from coming into the states. And they imposed a fine on any white business and knowingly doing business with a free black that entered the states illegally. 1848, indiana even allocated money in the state assembly to colonize black men who entered the state and they also allocated men money, for men who wanted to leave the u. S. And go to africa. So that is why i begin in 1863, not because of the fight between lincoln and the congress, but because as we all know, january 18 succeeded, emancipation proclamation goes into effect and black men are able to serve. Major, aglas, a member of the massachusetts 54th. Massachusettsto and found out that a ravine pay less. Being pay less. They would deduct three dollars for clothing. So this was about half of what white soldiers earned. I would not be fixed until june, 1864, thanks to stephen. And they cannot be noncommissioned officers, so Lewis Douglas is a Sergeant Major. In 1863,s why i began because of the expense of men like this. Of the 1500 identifiable men of color who hold national and local office during the reconstruction, at least 130 our military our military. No big surprise. This is my fathers generation, so could run for office, black men all across the north marched to join in the 54th. I am sure that you have seen the film glory. It manages to get everything wrong about the story. They come from all across the north, 19 men come from syracuse. New york state had a several second ledgers largest contingent. Ohio was number two. Ohio has the largest contingent. And it is interesting, because it means that young men are leaving ohio and they are joining up, yet they cannot vote back home. And they are told that they are not a citizen in the country of their birth, but they are putting on a uniform and ready to die for a country that does not want them and will not allow them to go back home. Because of all of this, and activist decides to start advancing political demand by 1863. Other than a black convention movement, they are looking at the antislavery commitment, black activists just gave up after 1857. They seem to walk away. Even Frederick Douglass could announce the idea of colonization and he looked at tickets to go to haiti and to see what things were like. Trip. Ed up canceling the the final straw was the behavior of the new york governor, seymour was a democrat. He had been silent during the draft riots, when they condemned the rioters. The mob had burned a black orphanage and lynched black men from streetlamps. A 13yearold child that was mob,d by the small, his his uncle was in the 54th. So they killed his nephew when he was getting ready to fight at fort sumter. Had noernor said, he interest in raising a black regiment in the empire state. So the summer of 1863, the man on the left, Robert Purvis called for a convention to meet to restart the black convention movement. He was from charleston. He was like complex is. Like complected. He was the mastermind. Right,s man on the randolph. He would go on to become a u. S. Army chaplain in South Carolina, and when the war was over, he would become a minister and be assassinated getting on a train in columbia. He had the same combination of power,us, and political that got the church in trial said shut up last june. So they gather and the gathering. Roke up in july and then they saw their first act on james island. They had friends and cousins and sons. Their sons had bleated on the island in the first engagement just outside of charleston. They issued a document called the manifesto of they said this is not just against southern slavery. This is a battle for selfgovernment and true democracy. So they are simply saying, this is about South Carolina, the confederacy, they are more saying that this is a war for something. It is for democracy, Voting Rights for black men all across the nation. They had to reinterpret what the war was about. And if their sons are going to fight and die, in the 54th and 55th, they want to make sure that the country gets things right in new york, peddling it, and ohio. Pennsylvania and ohio. They called for future conventions. This is going to be restarting the black convention movement, organizing across the north. It took more than a year, but in october of 1864, a Big Convention took place in syracuse. Dc delegates from washington and 17 states, they bill this as a black mans right convention. One member gave a speech. Left,termind, on the logan who was a tennessee runaway who had gotten out and became ao syracuse and minister. And of course, without the mail of the antislavery movement, douglas, and they were about to become relatives. Daughter was engaged. Her fiance comes back home. Exists. Is church still it is now a mexican food restaurant. [laughter] Douglas Egerton they do not have a hard Liquor License and they make the margaritas with white wine. Enough said. If you go to the restaurant, you can sort of feel the vibe of the place. So, they meet for three days. Issue a series of demands. Syracuse hads been attracting free blacks from the delaware area for decades. And this is the only sizable city in new york and i had integrated schools, rochester did not. This is still america. Those in attendance were veterans of the old antislavery movement, douglas was there, of course. Langston would soon be working for the freedom bro and become a congressman. Gate, whoe of high elbowed her way in. And on the right, brown. The best and the brightest of the black Antisocial Movement met in syracuse. Movement, a Philadelphia School teacher, integrated inwho philadelphia. Cain,so reverend kane who would go into state politics. , who hade downing restaurants in rhode island, probably one of the most prosperous black men at the time and he became sort of the estaurantt toward r owner, who operated inside of the house and had an opinion of what should be done in congress. They met for three days and issued demands and most simply, abolishing slavery. This was october, 1864. Before congress would really consider it seriously as an amendment. They asked for Voting Rights for black men in all states, illinois, ohio, new york, this is not just about the south. This is about the entire country. Pay fored for equal black soldiers and the right for black men to become commissioned officers. Many of these men had sons, nephews, friends serving in the black regiments. So they are speaking for black veterans. Been moved,s had and charles douglas, the baby of the family, finally served in the fifth calorie as a clerk. He was in the calvary when they came marching into richmond. Metad the delegates who had earlier, they end the convention by calling for more conferences. They want them all across the country to push the agenda. They see this not as the end of something, but as the beginning of a National Reform drive. So they met in albany, 1865. And it changed everything. By the time they met, the war was over and Abraham Lincoln was dead. Moved course, many had south. On may 9, 1865, they met in richmond in the house of a black shoemaker. That is. Amazing this is to accept a robert e. Lee surrenders and blacks are meeting here for the organization in richmond. In june, they met in norfolk. And typically, you can see at the early conventions, they were trying to convey a message. So they go all the way down to explain what had been happening in syracuse and in albany. At a church, within weeks, they met in alexandria, virginia. There they endorsed the earlier agenda, issued by the syracuse delegations. Virginia beed that restored on the basis of universal coverage. Met some blacks from the old slave trading factory and we had done this two months before, we would have been hanged. They moved across the river and the met in washington dc. The list went on. As early as 1862, the Africanamerican Community had been divided. Fairly prosperous, mixed race, now black slaves. But then they went all the way down to new orleans and counseled the black communities to put aside differences. You had an amazing convention of welltodo new orleans people of color who had been born free, sitting next to phil hands and black field hands and black veterans. And of course the south had been passing black codes and the end of the war and that shows those who are free before the war and those after the war, making a new alliance. In nashville, one of the speakers was a former South Carolina slave turned sergeant. Henry maxwell, this again was no accident, he came back from the war with the uniform. Bear in mind, one of the 17,000 men in the army one is a 40,000 were born slaves 140,000 were born slaves. They come home and like the delegates in syracuse, they do not accept turning the clock back. Maxwell,here, sergeant americans black now it is time for us to win the black the ballot box. The same is true on august 9 in sacramento. There they were dealing with segregated streetcars. Soon, they met in harrisburg, cleveland, and after every convention, at least one of the men agreed to go to another city and start the convention and keep with the drive. I was in a conference in raleigh last summer, walking down the street, and there was a sign for a convention. South haveacross the or should have a sign like this, where the convention met and they started to make political demands. The question is, how do you get congress to agree . Now they have a movement going, now what they have to do is force somebody in washington to Pay Attention to start change. Again, how progressive they are by comparison to the socalled radicals in congress. Riotsthere are antiblack in memphis, new orleans, Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act and what does it not call for . It is not call for black Voting Rights. These guys, at least two years out in front of the radicals in congress who are calling for Voting Rights all across the country, calling for an end to slavery. They finally decide they are going to go to washington and make a case. They have a convention, but then decided it is time to make their case. They have a delegation in 1866, Frederick Douglasss wounded son , they all go down. They have a disastrous meeting with the acting president , andrew johnson. Seems not to know who douglas was, but and by the way, i do not think that lincoln ever read douglass narrative, he said he had heard all about johnson says it seems not to. Says he was born in maryland. It is a disastrous meeting. And johnson turns to his secretary and says, i know people like douglas, he used the term negro, saying that he would put a knife in the white mans back any day. But they go on to make two different pitches. Data 180,000 black men have risked their lives, it is time for the country to fight for them. These guys are pragmatic and practical, theyre not going to make a moral argument. They want to remind politicians how elections work. They point out how the amendment is passed and how it changes other parts of the constitution. 3 5 a minute. The awarded. Will be black men can vote on but it will be different. Theyo have aligned also remind them how the Electoral College works. Lincoln one with a record low popular vote. In 18 61, 1000 87 in what is87 votes now with regime. He got votes in kentucky. Nobody was handing out lincoln tickets in South Carolina and a douglas remind the congressmen, South Carolina and mississippi have a black majority. So, lincoln wins in 1860 because he is running against a former wake. Wig. He says things will be different. In 1868, grant loses new york. Carried North Carolina, South Carolina, florida and alabama. Lets make quick work of the amendment and get because grant is quite aware he is president thanks to southern black folks and he wants them to be able to vote in new york and consulting and pennsylvania. Five years after the fighting is over, that black barbara in rochester can go to the polls and vote. Is pavedimes, the their efforts with their life. Schoolteacher you who taught an allblack school for boys in philadelphia. He taught greek, he taught latin, he taught mathematics, he is teaching the same curriculum that elite white boys would be taking. He is walking home one day and this is the city of the love and streetcars are segregated and likewise the parks. He has had a long day, he is tired, he gets on a streetcar. Thes late in the day and driver tells him to get off and he does not get off. Team, and hooks the figures he will leave in the morning. He comes back, and he is still sitting there with his nickel and the streetcar has built black philadelphians. The former South Carolina slave turned politician, turned u. S. Congressman in the 1890s gives a speech to congress in which he says 53,000 black activist have been systematically targeted for automation and assassination. And the number is interesting. Not about 50,000 but 53,000. Hes keeping data accurate he is keeping count rate was reading the papers of black senator at how university, that blocks all across the country as far away as oregon right because they are wanting representatives as well. People are writing and saying here is what happening in this county in alabama, or heres what is happening here, and he is keeping count. Look at those numbers. All americans today know about gettysburg, and we should. This is the capital casualty rate for being a black activist. It was worse than being at gettysburg. But what the whites learned ofly on is the danger putting on a white robe, writing around the sun, the Congress Passes the klan act great if they catch one day, he needs names, they are in prison in upstate new york. Government crushes the organized clan pretty quickly, but white vigilanteism, you dont need to put on a rope. You need to have 20 guys with you. Au sit outside the house of poll worker or an activist and he should him when he comes out the door and you ride away and no one knows. Bookf the sources for the would look at life counties in the south in october and november of an election year. They are nothing but atrocity records for the whites would say soandso had tickets were you voted this way. Balance on no election day. It would make a local newspaper, not the national news. Vigilantes, he just shot on election day. He is next years u. S. Congressman, and after that he might the u. S. Senator. You elevate them before they get that level of fame. Because he was in philadelphia, this does make the national news. The fact is, he went the fight but loses the war. Let me summarize this way in the we will have time for russians if you wish to black activist always had white allies. With their experiences were different. They well understood there was recently, but he had never been attacked for the crime of walking down roadway with a white lady on his elbow which happened to Frederick Douglass. He was never thrown off a carriage for the criminal being black and getting figures as opposed to on top. And many did not vote. They were pacifists. They do not like the deal they were making. , fighting for the right to vote was not that important. But for former Sergeant Major Lewis Douglas, it was a sacred right and responsibility. So when we think about the end of the war and the dawn of , my people were North Carolina slaveholders, so im not talking about my greatgreatgrandfather. We are right to mourn the event on the evening of good friday at fords theater, we need to also remember that many understood that only mainstream fighting was over. Frederick douglas called the conflict a war for National Reformation to and they understood that the fighting had hardly ended at appomattox. In some ways it was just beginning. [applause] we have time for questions, discussion, disagreement. Please find my book, im still paying off a loan for a college daughter. [laughter] i want to ask a question about the situation in new orleans we were talking about a heard. L you had erecting a monument to james long street in new orleans. If you could comment on the back story about why that was proposed at all, and the prospects for it . Douglas egerton the really big back story, he was talking about the endless question, what might have happened if lincoln would not have gone to fords theatre the night . When i was researching this book will it was another book that just came out about the same findings. Rankandfile confederates understand they lost in 65. Letters from soldiers all across the south are saying they are linked and they know they are licked. Anything we impose on the, they are done fighting with their cities are destroyed whether economy is in tatters, the rail line and bridges are gone. And they werent this editorial that says we have fought the good fight, they have one, we have lost and we will go a long and accept what happens. Of course, johnson comes along and basically yes with the changing calls the dead ender. Reactionaries, gives them the green light. Shout downe ones james long street, who say it is over, lets pick up the pieces and move ahead and accept any solution the republicans wish to impose upon us. Time,is a moment in construction could have been does reconstruction have been very different. For me one of the tragedies is inause this war is not one 1860s, 1870s, 1880s. Has to be fought again in the 1950s and 1960s. Once again people put their lives on the line to integrate south, indecent apartment rooms in chicago, is the fight was not done, it was not finished the first time around. That is one of the real tragedies. Andrew johnson was the absolute worst guy for the job, and he said do whatever you want, absolutely reenslaving africanamericans and getting a hardcore reactionary group the green light and silencing people like james long street. That is one of the many crimes of andrew johnson. How would you assess the interest or perhaps the entrance disinterest of black americans today in your work . I am not sure there is. When the book came out and gave. Talk in atlanta i had a good turnout, they are mostly older black ladies who came. I find in general, and looking at the audience here, i do not see a lot of 21yearolds. But most people are not interested in the war years which i think is really cried criminal. If you want to be horrified go on you to and watch my interview black man talking about the war, and when he was asked to one, he said i dont know, the south . Last 31 years ive often horrified by what it is not know about early American History. I think it is in a very important story and i think americans need to realize that it does not end in 1965. There is a whole new chapter, and that is what americans are little fuzzy about, about what happened in the reconstruction. There are black conditional way down to 1891. Down in 1891. If were talking about a shopkeeper in chicago, is Voting Rights and it goes away, there are places in the south where black local political environment actually rises after 1877. What democrats are trying to do carry the Electoral College in this one district in louisiana. Reconstruction does not fail, it is killed. And it is stopped every place. Does this mean that all of americas problems are solved . Not anywhere. With these will not go away. Integrated schools would not go away. The question i have for you is, and i understand where you are coming down, these gentlemen had to have some supporters, i assume there were some whites. But he indicated some people that a lot of us had not heard of and the corollary is are there whites that were part of this that we have not heard of that were working with them . You have educators coming to the south, but were there any men of douglas is standing douglass standing douglass standing . Regarded as otherwise as we have heard of them. These guys come on Liberty Party. Heres the douglas break early on, because douglas does not believe in engaging politics. Both of these black men have been voting Liberty Party in 1956 and 1860. This is also a black run. Movement. As a reminder that have the same victorian attitudes toward women that white men do, but when it cannot vote, so why bring them to the convention . It is important to get up and make the speeches themselves. They do want to have white republicans in washington who are open to their ideas. They think is important for women to be running the show, so we can get up and organize this , and theyes speeches understand the importance. They will be running the operation. They too will republicans in washington to get on the bandwagon and embrace their agenda. Of course, my book is not all about black activist who is in a local activism. So a lot of them are about teachers from chicago who work in the south, and wightman who work for the treatment euro when the war is over. Allies, those lovable but theres nobody who is famous as a Douglas Emmett have not heard of today. How are the sizable native in then populations former Confederate States affected by reconstruction . But is actually something mark will be discussing later on. Native american policy . [inaudible] Douglas Egerton im not going to pretend i have expertise on this issue. Except to say that of course, as the cherokee living in oklahoma and confessing fighting for the confederacy, accepting the return society as equals. And then the Charity Society through the back out. Ondoes have a policy slaveholding americans, but they are the 1 . Others have better answers when it comes to discussing native american policy. Could you comment on the experience of the blacks in the far west at this time . Douglas egerton not just the far west movement let me rephrase your question in my answer. Whether it is easy to define or 1945, they65, or want to go home because they have businesses, farms, jobs and wives to go back to. Slaves, theywere might have spouses to go home to, they do not have homes or jobs. They are the ones who stay in the military. The Occupying Force before and after the construction asked was disproportionately black. You have a lot of guys stay in the u. S. Army, so they are the ones who end up fighting out west against native americans. One thing that damages reconstruction in the south is the indian wars in the midwest, because the u. S. Decides to the army dramatically after 1855 because everybody wants to go home, and also because they are spending a huge amount of money on the military. Is 1876. Ghorn every time there is a fight with the lakota in the midwest, a black company is needed to hold fair elections, which is shipped out to the dakotas. There are a lot of treatments to freedmensers to the bureau saying do not take our guys because we need them on election day. We think about it in terms of euros in American History. But they all overlap. The indian wars and impact in terms of wounding reconstruction in the south. That is a very long answer to it. Curious, in these words of reconstruction, of the attitudes or any support or activities from the union given that the war, they were fighting for the union. Count f thems the that speak out . Graham did during his first term. He gets somewhat of a bad rap. He is sympathetic to the plight of blacks in the south, but what is interesting is that they want him back for a third term. And want to back in 1880, they asked if they could get him to run again. Use the one guy to rouse before his former enemies and help blacks and black veterans in the south and brent does alonso to get involved with this issue. For most republicans in congress, this is time to move on. Struggles in the south where down people in congress. It looks like they will never give up. You pass the Civil Rights Act, they respond with the clan. You pass the klan act and the respond with vigilante is a. E activities. Is thank you. Immediately at the end of the war and begin to form ex servicemens groups, and many were prominent. Did you find your research that these groups played any significant part in advancing . Ocial, political interest Douglas Egerton especially in the north they do. 54th,of the guys from the mostly joining predominately white chapters. They do have a lobbying power, and in general is a lobbying sheen machine. Not involved in larger civil rights issues, but they do have an impact. There are a few attempts to have , but in newck units england blacks often serve as members of white unit. S. The first block congressional medal of honor winner is the one who gets the flag after being shot in both legs and the back of his head. He is beloved by white men in new england. Rallies, and he is not just talking about wives, he is talking about the political agenda in new england. That is a lowlevel impact example. [applause] this weekend, the cspan cities to her, hosted by our Charter Communications Cable Partners takes you to montgomery, alabama to or the citys history and literary culture. On book tv we show you a house that was the turning port for scott and zelda. When they moved here the idea was to regroup. Was not ahouse was landing pad, it was a regrouping stage, and it was not the sort of place where you are going to ind scott and zelda engaging domestic activities, if you will. It was the sort of place they would be planning their next move. And from American History tv what happens is lawless to reach thisy racial moderate and really tries to campaign for the poor and working class alabama residents. Support of the in the acp he gets the support of the naacp, but loses by a pretty significant margin. He is devastated by this loss. He really wants to be governor and he is a upset by this loss and he considers it a feeling. A failing. When people asking what the takeaway from the campaign is, he said i tried to talk about progressive improvements can i try to talk about good roads and good schools, and no one would listen. But when i started talking about segregation, everyone started listening to me. Watch the cspan cities to arthropoda throughout the day on tv and sunday afternoon on American History tv on cspan3. Withspan cities to herur our cable affiliates across the country. This weekend on lectures in College Dickinson professor David Oconnell on president ial legacies that impact and president ial term. Here is a preview. Americans also love ranking the president. The most famous book ever written on the presidency, one that has been influential for alike,s and president s one who is able to do authority. The persons, in the United States we like to write a president. We measure him as weak or strong and call what we are measuring his leadership we do not wait until a man is that will we read him from the moment he takes office in that is true. Began doing approval on barack obama the day after his inauguration. And there are always benchmarks that are set in a presidency where we stop and consider their legacy. 100r 100 days, the first days compared to fred was felt that any other president. The midterm election, the reelection campaign, the ultimate opportunity for voters to pass judgment. And all along you have had and columnist who are asking how anything a president does can affect their legacy. How it affects their place in history. You can watch the entire program on lectures in history at 8 00 p. M. And midnight tonight on American History tv on cspan3. Monday night on the communicators, a look at the secs Lifeline Subsidy Program and the plan to include Broadband Internet access in order to bridge the Digital Divide between higher and lower income americans. The sec is expected to take up the proposal at the end of march. We will talk with the policy director at the Benton Foundation and the visiting scholar at the aeis center for communities and technology policy. We are joined by the National Journal technology reporter. Low income consumers need access to broadband now. That unclear to me congress would be able to pass a support for that that is directly aimed at low income users. This congress has not been particularly supported of those who are in poverty. The conversation that have been on the hill have been hard to decipher. They are putting the cart before the horse because having done a study to suggest these are the drivers that are keeping lowincome people from adopting broadband service, and this is the amount youre going to need, we do not need no we need nine dollars a month, or 14 per month. We want to make sure were deploying the money intelligently and effectively, but they have not done that analysis. Watch the communicators, when United Bancorp of eastern on cspan2. The Supreme Court is vested with this outsized, the power, and with that comes great responsibility. N individual sitting on the court unfettered for 30 years is not conducive to a modern democracy. On q a, talking about changes they would like to see the Supreme Court, including all adding up for arguments to cameras, and requiring justices to adhere to the same codec the that other federal judges follow and term limits on justices. Are all aware of the third branch of government, and in the last 15 years it has become so powerful. Voting, that issues on and marriage and health care and rights,ion and womens pregnancy discrimination, these issues that may be 30 years ago would get together and together a compromise will. Given that the Supreme Court is making these very impactful decisions in our lives, the least we as a public can do this press them to comport with modern expectations of transparency. Up next on American History tv, coauthors Norton Reamer talk aboutng and Jesse Downing their book. Been in investing has the last 4000 years, on the last thousand have commoners been able to in participate. They also talk about how individual investor can impact society. This is one hour. In afternoon. Good afternoon everyone, welcome back to the museums lunch and learn series