The government of the peoples republic of china. I am so glad this delegation could come here to the United States and enjoy some of our hospitality, just as we enjoyed that in their country. I do appreciate them taking such good care of the pandas on the long trip and after they arrived at their new home. Zoo, theye national will be enjoyed by the millions of people who come from across the country to visit the Nations Capital each year. We too want to express appreciation for all of the hospitality that you have given us in your country, and we wish all your people well. And thank you very much for this the pandas, album, and for this beautiful picture, and best of all, for the gift of the pandas which all children whatever age will enjoy. And i include myself in that category. I noticed dr. Ripley is wearing a panda tie, and i have my panda pin on. Pandamonium is going to break out right here at the zoo. Thank you very much. [applause] next on American History tv, benjamin carp examines the link between alcohol and politics in prerevolutionary new york city. Places,al meeting taverns stimulated discussions about british policies and helped foster a patriotic spirit leading up to the revolutionary war. The Fraunces Tavern museum hosted this hourlong event. All right. I felix 15 toasts would have been an appropriate way for us to get started. Everyone grab a drink to get in the spirit. Im going to start with a story. Kasichary 3, 1775, john walked into drakes tavern on water street. He was a 16yearold loyalist from suffolk county. It was an odd place for a loyalist to be. It was a popular hangout for seamen and revolutionaries. Jesper drake was the fatherinlaw of the newer patriot isaac sears. The patriots included sears and Alexander Mcdougall who invited case of tweet discussion of politics into a discussion of politics. When case back down, sears and his companions when case would not back down, sears and his companions nearly knocking down with noise. Discuss thets issues at hand going back to the stamp act of 1765. One of the members got impatient and said it could be put to death for supporting congress in the top traverse it controversy. The patrons of the tavern forced case to sit in a chair by the chimney corner. [laughter] sears called over a young slave of drakes and try to order him to sit in the corner as well saying case belonged in the company of slaves because he was a slave to the British Empire, although the young man knew better than to comply with that. The company agreed to put case in coventry, meaning none would be available able to speak with him. Anyone who spoke to him would have to treat the rest of the company to a drink. According to case, someone threatened to brand his backside, which would have been very painful. Ultimately, case got the hint and retreated from the tavern. Account,er newspaper it was concluded these actions every patriotnce how dangerous a situation we should be in the sons of liberty are suffered to assume the lead in our public transactions. Tourged his fellow subjects unite against such men whose actions proved instead of freedom or aim was to establish disorder, depression, and anarchy. Case was a loyalist and is trying to demonstrate these are the types of people the revolutionaries are. My argument is taverns contributed to revolutionary policy. They welcomed and encouraged people to get involved in civic life. Taverns were places for challenging authority. Taverns were also places that helped people in new york city communicate with other places in Great Britain, the west indies, other parts of north america, and beyond. Andlly, taverns existed, this is where the title of my talk comes from, taverns existed on the fault line between order and disorder. This encounter tells us a lot significance in the years preceding the revolution. Case tried to engagement google and sears in an orderly discussion about imperial policies, having participated in polite discourse in a refined tavern. But the assembled patriots have their own idea about how to maintain order. They set up a drinking game. If you talked to a tory, you had to buy the crowd some pottage. Sears classified people according to his own notions of the social order announcing loyalists, like slaves, were beneath polite company. This encounter may or may not have degenerated into threats of violence, but that was the risk you took sometimes when you mixed alcohol with politics. I have written two books on ways americans became politically mobilized in the large cities of north america prior to the revolution. In a more recent book and the talk i gave at Fraunces Tavern a year and a half ago, i focused on the boston tea party. Where a nonalcoholic drink, but still addictive drink, became the focus of political protests in boston and elsewhere. Not just because a bunch of guys dumped tea in the harbor but because it involved boycotts where individuals had to make choices about whether to serve it in their homes. Before i got interested in the tea party, i got interested in College Ranks in the way taverns were an important part. F politics men found ways to unify and become this unified in taverns. Disagreements often spilled into the newspapers like this article about the john kasich incident or even into the streets. Some attempted to restore order by encouraging civilized discourse, organizing social clubs and associations were saying the only places that are to serve alcohol in new york are to be orderly taverns with proper licenses and Everything Else meaning it just needs to be regulated and shut down. These are ways you can try to impose order on the drinking culture of new york. Despite these attempts to establish an orderly dragging culture and despite the sons of establishattempts to an orderly resistance to british toicy, drunkenness was bound accompany both have in life and the revolutionary movement itself. New yorkers have different views on dragging and taverns. This became part of the tension that shaped their political culture. The resistance to Great Britain writing from taverns also encompassed trunk and disorder as well as ordered the mobilization. As new yorkers found mutual affirmation, political leaders attempted to harness and mobilize tavern goers as part of their resistance to the British Empire. Colonial new york city was a drinking town and a culture where the consumption of alcohol was staggering. Americans over, 15 downed 6. 6 gallons of alcohol for cap that per capita over the year 1770. Towards the end of the 20th century, it was about 2. 8 gallons per adult. We are much less of a drinking culture in general than they were in the 18th century. Drinking was almost more certainly prevalent in new york city than in boston or philadelphia. New york merchants insisted their liquor be distilled at a high proof. Visitors found new york more lively than philadelphia. [laughter] because it was a town run by quakers who were thought to be too stingy. N guest saidphia and g the next generation of the new yorkers might consume the whole vintage of madeira wine. Said,do i believe, he there existed a city more thoroughly devoted to baucas. Alexander hamilton, a different person from the secretary of the treasury. Dr. Hamilton, a scotsman observed among new yorkers, a man could not have a more sociable quality than to be poured down liquor while others sunk under the table. This was how you prove yourself in polite company, being able to drink everybody else under the table. New york city officials issued over 300 licenses between march 1772. 1 and new york had double the number of establishments than other large colonial cities. It is in many ways more of a drinking town of the other cities in north america. We are not talking very large. New york city has about 25,000 people at this time. Was unlike boston and philadelphia in other ways, unfettered by the cultural predominance of quakers or descendents of puritans. New york citys ethnically diverse population could find Common Ground over their desire to make money and also hanging out over bowls of punch and tankards of ale. Public houses can be found throughout the city. They had a close relationship with commercial life. Cabins sprang up with all parts of the city as a group, usually ahead of churches and other public buildings. It was easier to turn a house into a tavern and back again, much easier than establishing a church. New yorks networks of taverns became pipelines for medication with the rest of the world for communication with the rest of the world. Ships deposited the mail, gossip, and newspapers that found their way into the public houses. Taverns were places for government business, job recruitment, military enlistment, and signing up for privateering. Patrons could discuss matters of news float among the Transatlantic Networks from london to new york and from new york to other cities. Becometworks would vitally important as mechanisms for political mobilization. News androutes gossip and information are traveling, these are the same political news and propaganda are going to travel as the revolutionary movement unfolds. If you are in power as part of the imperial government, provincial government, or local government, how could you impose order on hundreds of taverns scattered throughout the city . Governments past two types of laws regarding alcohol. To profit that sought from alcohol and those that sought to prohibit from certain groups. The first made sure duties and fees were collected and licensed caverns kept in order the house according to the law. The power tod limit the number of establishments, this was not their goal. They raised revenues by encouraging drinking in new york city. The more taverns, the morpheus got spread around. The second type of law tried to curb disorder. You could not serve hard liquor to service. They could not take clothing or goods as a mentor you were not to bet on certain games. You could not sell drinks two locals on a sunday. You had to report the name and profession of outoftown guests. New yorkers feared disorder that might arise from drinking among blacks. More than three slaves were not allowed to be together without their masters consent. You could not sell hard liquor to any block to or slave without their masters permission. After the negro conspiracy of , after this conspiracy among africanamericans who supposedly burn down the city, the new York Assembly tightened penalties for serving liquor to said thecause they public houses in which negroes had been entertained had been the principal instruments to their diabolical villainy. Despite these regulations, blacks continue to find ways to gather and drink, often in the company of with whites. There is an attempt to regulate, but the laws are not perfect. There are a lot of violations. There are going to be prosecutions for keeping disorderly houses throughout the colonial period. One of the reasons whites were so worried about disorder among blacks was because they had witnessed the immorality and other disorders that had arisen among whites themselves in taverns. 18thcentury sources reveal a constant tension between people comfortable with integration of drinking and those who were not. They knew alcohol might lead to the loss of selfcontrol or weakening of controls over the community. Songs,ts declared bawdy gossip, and discussions of fashion would disconcert the modest. John adams when he visited new york said there is no conversation that is agreeable, no modesty, no attention to one another. They talk very loud, very fast, and altogether. [laughter] a new yorker would ask you a question and interrupt you before you got three words out. [laughter] msse were ada observations on his way to the first continental congress. He said there is very little good breeding to be found. I have not seen one good gentleman in the town. Dr. Alexander hamilton had said 30 years earlier the commonly held their heads higher than the rest of mankind and imagined few were there it calls. I found this proceeded from their narrow notion, ignorance of the world. New yorkers were to provincial and arrogant to be able to see how provincial they were. [laughter] the cure for this jumble of taverns speech and lack of manners might be the establishment of certain kinds of informal order among tavern companies. Clubs, johnuals or dennis drunkenness helped to put everyone on equal footing. You are measured by how much you drink instead of helpers digits you were. The tavern and its social workers were potentially open to all. You are pressured into drinking for fear of attended offending the company. You could not sit out a toast or people would say you did not support what was being toasted. Opportunity to ingratiate yourself to strangers. New yorkers respected a man who could hold his liquor. Satires get there is an inherent contradiction. They ridiculed orderly drunkenness. This freewheeling sense of inequality while drinking was significant. It gave people a sense of belonging because taverns were places where visitors and residents mixed together. You could organize a social club. All of these could bring people together into local networks and connect them with Transatlantic Networks. Bees began to emerge in a big way in the 1740s. There were clubs for outlook usefulness. Three presbyterian bloggers who have gone to yale formed a encouragedlubs that Civic Improvement hoping to raise new york up to the metropolitan standards of london. They began launching a number of projects. They founded the society for the promotion of useful knowledge followed by the new york society library. Founded thermed form for legal discussion. Yorks adultf new white male population belonged to voluntary associations like this, not including social clubs. 1763, date added the hospital society, chamber of commerce, marine society, and the society of house carpenters. There were all kinds of clubs you could join as a way of keeping yourself organized in taverns. There would be drinking involved and it would be a good time. But some had other purposes as well. Taverns were places where working new yorkers found rest and networks. Broadway was the. Nofficial headquarters they could hitch horses and wagons. They could fetch mail and find out who is hiring. During the privateering craze, the captains of vessels would post recruitment notices in taverns. If you were a merchant, you can get clothing, small loans, and other services at a tavern. Humeish philosopher david predicted men would flock into cities to receive and communicate knowledge, to show their wit or breeding. As club members, new yorkers might harness their private interests and individual pursuits of happiness to promote public benefits, civic spirit, and solidarity. The spirit of voluntary participation also became an important component of political mobilization in the decade preceding the revolution. They were part of the debate over representation and democracy. Letters from the an American Farmer observed two problems with mixing alcohol and politics firsthand living in new york. Taverns encouraged equality trade he thought this was a bad thing. The frequent use of liquors and inebriation swells people with the idea of equality when they were talking with their betters. This gives an american high opinion of himself, higher than deserved, because the average american only knew the rudiments of politics. He is saying most americans did not know much about politics. But they would start drinking and were swelled with a big opinion of themselves and Start Talking to their betters like they knew better. Aat is what distinguishes monarchical system where everyone knows their place and a more Democratic Society where ordinary people are beginning to talk about and participate in politics. The second thing he observed was voters often judged portable candidates based on gossip. People neither know nor foresee what service this man will be to their country. The only way they are judging candidates for office is based on what they hear set of them in taverns and other public places. He thinks this is a bad thing. The way people learn whether a candidate was fit for office was not the proper ways to judge them but because they listened to tavern gossip, and that was how they were influenced. This is how we understand democracy nowadays. To him, it seemed new and strange. These are a couple of problems with tavern politicking. Oftenhe polite clubs were prone to disorder even though many forbade clerical discussion. Meetings often dissented and chaos he cause of disagreements. Critics became frustrated when new yorkers failed to observe the standards of politeness the clubs attempted to instill. Alcohol was constantly confounding attempts to place social controls on new yorkers. As a result, successful new york politicians recognized it was better to operate among the beer houses than to try to rise above them. Straitlaced presbyterians might poopoo the idea of mixing liquor and politics, but this was disingenuous. Cabins inspired feelings of individuality and equality by encouraging civic awareness and participation. The historian divides new york politicians into two types. The first, popular whigs, sociable gladhand his comfortable doing their politicking in taverns. Original Fraunces Tavern had been a mansion before they sold it. He bristled from his tavern going. He describes the politics of the next crowd as corresponding to a second kind of your politician. Ho were more prudish and aloof for them, a good evening was conversation with other educated men. Both groups sought to use tavern sociability for political ends. By the 1760s, the divisions have become less relevant in your politics. Both had reluctant dealings with the new leaders of the street and tavern. These were the liberty boys. After years as a privateer captain kept a slop shop for sailors. Sears had a fatherinlaw whos tavern i mentioned earlier. Hn lam must have had business with retailers all over the city. A loyalist also sold wine and liquor. These are some of the most famous Young Liberty boys who drove the revolutionary movement. During the imperial crisis, these men would mobilize new yorkers in the places they knew best, taverns. They also faced the challenge of maintaining order among them. The imperial crisis created disorder in new york just as it did throughout north america. Parliaments harsh implementation of order caused mobilization. New yorkers reacted to the stamp act with outrage. This was parliaments first attempt to tax the colonies under a new regime by placing on playing cards and legal documents. Theyre going to threaten the groups most likely to complain, lawyers, printers, and people who hang out at taverns. This is a bad idea. You will see what happens. First, new yorkers threaten to attack the stamp officer from in 1765. Packs them off to fort george. When delegates from colonies convened in new york city during the Stamp Act Congress in october of 17 685, John Dickinson was among them. He wrote to his mother at a center will consume the greatest part of our afternoon. He was a straitlaced philadelphian. He is worried. This is how they were getting political business done. The day before the stamp act was to take effect, the merchant ped documentsrap in black as a sign of mourning this would be the death of liberty. 200 merchants met and resolved they would import no goods from Great Britain until the stamp act was repealed. This would put pressure on british murders to Pressure Parliament to repeal the act. The americans figured if we dont have representation, we will try and convince the people who do have representation. Crowds paraded in front of the tavern. They broke lamps and windows. On november 1, the crowds prorated effigies of the Lieutenant Governor and the devil in front of the merchant coffeehouse. They destroyed the house of a british officer. Upperclass new yorkers had to patrol the streets to quiet things down while the Governors Council described these drunken threats as perfect anarchy. Orderly resistance and disorderly disruption were apparent in new york city. Tavern goers did their best to impose order. Using taverns to mobilize people was risking. Once a drinking crowd emerged, you could never be sure you would be able to restore order. New yorks culture of sociability could never be solely the province of the polite. Elements of disorder fermented alongside beverages. Pauline maier argued the stamp act crisis top leaders to try to contain disorder. They must of been clear they could not rely on wishful, genteel standards as a way of directing the revolution. On november 25, 1765, leaders of the resistance called a general meeting at george burns tavern for the next day. Persons of all ranks and conditions were welcomed. They assured the public that followed the strictest rules of society. In other words, this was an attempt to restore order to the stamp act protests by saying we are going to meet at a tavern, but we will make sure we keep things orderly. It will not be like the demonstrations on november 1 where things got out of hand. You see similar things in boston. Two connecticut tavern, sons of liberty from new york city showed up and urged local radicals to join them in resisting the stamp act. Which first group met weekly at William Howards tavern established a committee can see the we general safety of the colonies and british constitution to depend on a firm union of the whole. This was the sons of liberty, a group that eventually stented to the 13 colonies, in network of tavern resistance. It was reminiscence of the fraternity of tavern clubs. These were thought of as brotherly. These groups drew on tavern idioms of unity and masculine that would come to characterize the revolutionary movement and institutions. New yorkers made it clear whose political opinions were welcome in the taverns. Taverns were places where authority was largely absent. Yet men could fortify each other with strong words and drink. Every well of wisher to their country was acceptable, that language was meant to exclude as well as include. If you favor the stamp act, you were not able wisher to your country. Therefore, you were not welcome. When the schoolmaster announced his support of the government, new yorkers told him plainly i should eat no more of their bread. He returns to england. As north america becomes more polarized, so did the city taverns. The sons of liberty did the best to maintain order, but new yorkers knew drunkenness and put cool strife could threaten political strife could threaten order. Celebrations of the stamp acts repeal were held in two separate taverns that year. The sons of liberty managed to fight among one another. When one group tried to extend an orderly courtesy to the other, the companions debated whether the emissary should be shown the way out of the window. Not all resistance meetings ran smoothly when drinking was involved. Nevertheless, the sons of liberty seem to have accepted a certain level of disorder as the way of doing politics and taverns in taverns. Things get heated between new yorkers and british troops. Taverns often provided the fuel for disagreements. When business was booming and new yorkers were happy with their role in the British Empire, interactions might be a source of imperial goodwill. Soldiers were in town spending money. Everybody was involved in a shared war effort. People might toast these things together. After the seventh year hit, thers war depression stirred up suspicions and gave new ammunition to those who sought to counteract imperial encroachment. Soldiers were thought to be estranged from the bonds of family and nation. They are just a pack of roving debauchedliving a life antithetical to liberty. Soldiers without the antithetical to the notion of liberty. The council began to restrict the sale of liquor to his majestys soldiers. Soldiers sometimes stabbed tavern keepers and civilians while drunk and cut down the liberty poles which defiantly commemorated the stamp acts repealed. Enraged new yorkers poured out of taverns to insult soldiers and officers and refused to admit them in their houses. Attacked men in taverns. Taverns are become focal points for these assertions of authority and control. Triumvirate and moralists tried to hold true to ideals of lyrical mobilization and sociability free of disorder, but they failed to recognize the reality of prerevolutionary new york. Disorder, drunkenness, and writing more useful tools of wereization rioting useful tools of mobilization. Taverns together at rather than expecting their elected representatives to solve their problems for them. By taking advantage of the beer houses, radical leaders were more successful than the moderates recruiting new yorkers in the clerical process. Loyalists and conservative new yorkers attempted to mobilize against the radicals using taverns. Taverns prove to be more useful to the radicals. They were more effective at fusing potent forces together into a weapon of cross class mobilization. Lubricated rage on the one hand and ritual club life and orderly sociability on the other. These things could work in tandem to create an effective revolutionary movement. John cases complaints about drunken anarchy revealed the implicit recognition the whigs had become more effective at mobilizing in taverns. The word liberty had the power of intoxication in the colonies. Others call themselves a friend to order or a sober citizen. Embraced social organization. This was a tricky game to play. Moderate patriots hated it because they were trying to win concessions in parliament. These reports of drunken mobs sent to england sounded terrible to the overseas audience. There is tension in new york politics of some people trying to keep things orderly and other people willing to accept a little bit of drunken disorder. After fighting in lexington and concord, taverns served as Recruitment Centers for a that kept order and intercepted supplies for the british troops. Americanslled with who put down their mugs and picked up their muskets. 1775, the crowd drank madeira and planned to rouse the president of kings college, shave his head, strip him, and banish him from the town. Somebody warns him ahead of time and he fled to a british ship you for the threat could be carried out. Tojune, willet led a crowd relieve reduce troops of excess arms and ammunition. A party of radicals drank rum and attacked the Printing Press of a loyalist printer printing responses to Thomas Paynes common sense. New yorkers were called reluctant revolutionaries. Ultimately, new yorkers succeeded in mobilizing their counterparts to revolt. Not all cities were like new york. They did not have the same diversity, factional climate of family rivalry, the same clash of ideologies. Andin every town, tories moderate retreats worried about this order. In every town, they dealt with the challenges of mobilization in different ways. Most cities and even smaller towns succeeded in finding leaders who knew how to mobilize men in kevin culture tavern culture. In taverns, these leaders hosted committees that corresponded with her their counterparts in other towns. New york was a leader given its access to networks, drinking culture, and cultural pluralism. New york was a good hub for these relationships. To the extent americans and other cities reflected these laments, elements, they too participated in orderly and disorderly resistance. It fostered bonds among white men and encouraged an open debate of political issues as they gave rise to disorderly dissent to british authority. They persuaded americans to separate from Great Britain. Without taverns, it is difficult to conceive of how the revolution might have taken place. Before questions, i want to talk about two incidents as an epilogue involving alcohol in the history of revolutionary new york city relevant to the revolution. The first was in the Early Morning hours of september 21, 1776, a few days after british troops occupied lower manhattan. A fire broke out at the tip of possibly at a tavern or behind it. This fire consumed 1 6 of the city. Many patriots and historians have tried to argue the fire was an accident or the british started at themselves thank you it themselves it themselves. I have argued the americans started it themselves. A fire that started out at a has a major impact on new york city by burning 1 6 of it down. This week, i was reading a manuscript about a famous legal case a wellknown legal case among scholars. Hamilton, thender treasury secretary, represented a british occupant who was being sued by the brewhouses owners for back rent. Hamiltons argument set important resistance pre cedents. Hamilton was a big defender of loyalists in the immediate aftermath of the revolution. Washingtons farewell to his troops. All sorts of ways taverns are mixed into the revolutionary history of new york city. In that way, i think they are useful windows into politics and history. Thanks very much. I am looking forward to your questions. [applause] back. Were women allowed to go in these taverns . Strictly meant . That is a good question. T have earned companies tavern companies at the elite levels were meant for men. But women were present in taverns in all sorts of ways. Women hung out in lowerclass taverns. It was not a place for respectable women. Workingclass women could get away with more things. Women were issued tavern licenses. This would go to widows as a way for them to make money. It was a kind of charitable work in the city. New york had a lower ratio of female Liquor License holders than other cities on the seaboard. New york does not seem to have welcomed women into taverns in the same way. Women might also be the spouse of the tavern proprietor. There would be serving girls serving patrons. Women were often present in that respect. But they would not have been welcome at these clubs which tended to be men only affairs. There are other ways for women to participate in leisure activity. The tavern or coffeehouse was taught not to be a respectable a place for a respectable woman. Upfront. [indiscernible] appropriate gift for a tavern . Looks they would have to be careful about the revolutionary history. It is a work of scholarship based on my dissertation. The tea party works better for a wider audience. I know a lot of College Professors like the book. My comments today reflected the chapter from the book. In the back. Was there anything like a drinking age . Were children routinely served . I dont know that they would have been served hard liquor. They may have dropped a little drunk a little. Keep in mind the water is bad. If you wanted to have something to drink, you either had to boil or ferment something for it to be possible potable. It is possible children were drinking lower proof alcohol with meals. We can only speculate. Way i have seen in Historical Records children were starkly kept from drinking was apprentices were not supposed to be served hard liquor. Apprentices were often younger boys. That would have been one way you would have restricted younger people from drinking. The specification was for hard liquor, not softer forms of alcohol. What was the preferred drinks . Was it the same in boston and philly . I think so. Boston and new york city are drawing closer together as a general British Culture during this time. The most popular drink would have been wrong rum distilled from molasses from the caribbean. Beer and cider were local drinks and probably cheaper. Wine tended to be a fancier drink, particularly the fortified wines. Those would have been more upperclass things. Scotch whiskey was not unheard of. You might see a bit of that. The hard liquor of choice in the 18th century in america was definitely rum because it was close at hand and there were distilleries up and down the east coast. Straight butnk mixed with sugar, fruits, other things. Toddies would have been a mixed during theerved warm winter months. The case incident took place in january. They would have been drinking toddies instead of a cooler refreshing drink. Over there. I did a quick calculation. The average consumption came to about eight ounces of liquor per day. I did that myself. Depending staggering on how you shot it. It could be eight shots a day. Is one of then only survivors of that period. What role did Fraunces Tavern play for the sons of liberty . Where were these other taverns in relation to this one . I dont remember the exact addresses of other taverns i mentioned. Sometimes the locations would move around. A proprietor might close shop in one location and open another crosstown. Fraunces did that. This was the last of his new york taverns. Prior to that, he was the proprietor of the queens and thenrevolution runs a pleasure garden establishment. Fraunces himself moved around. It can be difficult to keep track of some of these taverns. In the newspapers, everyone just said across the street from this. Everyone was supposed to know where that was. They moved around quite a bit. This would not have been this was the site of washington saying farewell to his troops. But it would not have been the site of samuel Fraunces Tavern prior to the revolution. I think he winds up here later on. One of the things that skews the per day Alcohol Consumption is the figures for new york is mostly for imported alcohol. A lot of that probably went to new jersey as well. Just because new york was the york and new new jersey, difficult to measure the exact annual per capita consumption. More asal, people drank part of their daily lives than we do today. Over there. I was curious to know in terms of the ratio of ownership of the taverns, patriots versus loyalists, versus on a need to know basis. There is no way to know for certain. If i had to statistical statistical profiles of the tavern keepers, that we dont have good enough information about the tavern owners to know that. We know about some of the prominent places patriots met because they often were talked about in papers or in correspondence. We know there probably were more war list loyalist friendly taverns. Trying to find concrete information might be someone elses project. I was not able to get a lot of concrete information. It is possible a lot of tavern keepers tried to say i am not of any lyrical persuasion political persuasion will not allow talking politics. Im sure there were a lot of people just trying to make money, lets leave politics out of it. Moreen 1765 and 1774, people are being forced to make a choice one way or the other. You could imagine how various things in newning york could make life miserable for tavern keepers. We could imagine that kind of thing happened. I dont have a lot of concrete information about the ratios. They probably changed. People changed their minds during the period as well. The breakdown of loyalists drinking traditions versus the patriots. Actually what happened in the taverns. They are all the same people up until be and. [indiscernible] differences in what they were drink and, technicallys became technically speaking. It is not as if the loyalists were some foreign nationality. These were the same people. They just see their interests as better served under the British Empire were under the new patriot regime. They are the same people. I would not think there would be differences. The only differences are the ones i mentioned in my talk. If you are more conservative, you might be less comfortable incorporating politics into the rituals because there was too much risk of a more democratic mindset. That is the main thing i would argue in response. In the back. Differentiate between a tavern, inn, pub, and ordinary. Was there any difference . As far as im concerned, those are synonyms. And urban tavern is different from a country tavern in that a might be a local place to govern but also a wayside for travelers. That was a crucial function. We could imagine in new york city even though a lot were welcoming visitors from overseas, a lot catered to local clientele. The difference would not be among those various terms. The difference would be there were even eat a late taverns elite taverns, middleclass. Stablishments you had taverns that follow the same model as houses. Below those, you had disorderly houses that were basically illegal. Those were even sketchier. Uptheory, anyone could open their living room and start hosting people on wednesday nights to begin drinking. But you ran the risk of getting busted if you did not have a license to sell alcohol. That is the difference. Many of the people who held licenses may have just been retailing liquor and been more like a liquor store. It seems to be the case a lot of people could show up and do their drinking there. They might not want a container. They just might want enough to fortify themselves before they went about their date. Some of this is murky. I tried to capture as much about new york drinking culture as i can. There are other books you can consult as well. Did most serve food . Was there a varied menu . The better class of establishing a served food the better class of establishments served food. They might try to attract patrons by advertising the things they had to eat. Oysters were popular in new york city. It strikes me a lot of restaurants nowadays have tried to do research and reconstruct things that look like an 18thcentury menu. We have some evidence about what these would have looked like. You can imagine various types of fowl, turtle soup would have been popular. All sorts of different things. Talking about the difference between boston, new york, and philadelphia. Samuel fraunces came up in philadelphia. Claimedhistorians have things change after the revolution, that tavern society becomes more strictly stratified according to social class. What you see in the 19 century are things more like hotels where this kind of mixing was discouraged and it would be a more polite kind of thing. The politics of tavern keeping change a lot. At the time i was working on the book, it was a good book on i peterphia taverns thompson called rum punch and revolution. He talked about the philadelphia history. I made the claim new york city was a bigger drinking town. For him in philadelphia, there were arguments over regulations , streaking we should allow people to do, and whether they should restrict the number of taverns. New york was like, open as many taverns as you want. It is like anything else. If you have a good reputation for hospitality, you could make your way in the world. This is what it meant to be a member of the middle class in the 18th century. If you got the right kind of patronage, like paul revere making gold and silver objects for money, many of which you can still see in museums. You could do very well catering to that clientele. Obviously, this was a skill that fraunces succeeded at. He took those skills with him to philadelphia where the was a lot of economic and Political Action in the aftermath of the revolution. Likee hierarchy washington and jefferson, did they drink as much as the common person . Absolutely. There was a class of people more didish like john adams, who not approve of doing a lot of drinking. There was a class of them that men shouldghminded not drink and i disapprove of my friends drinking. Others had no problem with it. There were some known as being good company in that way. Students, if you read the records of colleges, they had problems with their students drinking all the time in the 18th century. Most of those grip to be the ministers and politicians and to behing else grew up the ministers and politicians and Everything Else. Drinking was common. You would drink at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. It was more of a drinking culture than we are used to. Alcoholism was probably a problem. Some of the theories i have read have said big problem drinking seems to increase after the revolution in a way that had not existed to the same degree in the colonial period. Hard to know. Theres probably Research Done i am not aware of yet. Are women drinking the same amount as men . Hard to know. It is possible. I have to imagine that home, beer and cider are being consumed by women as much. Theres tea and coffee, but it expensive. More if we assume the water was drink,mes unsafe to women had to drink something. I imagine proper ladies can find themselves more to beer and find confined themselves more to beer and cider. They are not participating in this public culture of toasting and politics. The other thing we notice from court records. Women are participating in cultures of prostitution and disorderly drinking and keeping disorderly houses. So women who did not have to worry about the reputation in the same way were probably drinking just as freely as the men. Thatow from trial records kind of thing took place. May be behind you. There may be someone who has not had a chance to ask a question. [indiscernible] common practice. It would be gross in tea, i think. Was there any difference between the alcohol percentage . I am sure there is evidence for that. Aside from food and drink, walking into a tyrant today, are there any traditions that have . Ranscended time before, if you go to colonial williamsburg, they try to make the recipes conform