Marcels father, jacob, worked lumber countant in a factory while his mother raised younger sister. We see marcel and his mother, 1934. In germany and the soviet union poland in 1909. Germany 2, 1941, violated the german pact and attacked soviet territory. In a few weeks, it was occupied by german forces. 1942, members of marcels amily, including his grandfather, were deported to extermination camps where they were murdered. In the fall of 1942, marcel and his family were forced into the ghetto. Can see an historical photograph of jews being forced into the ghetto. Liquidationid of the ghetto, the family escaped. Hiding with a o polish ukrainian family. In 1947 family is taken or 1948. From left to right, we see uncle abraham drimer, is parents, laura, jacob, and marcels uncle, abraham gruber. Earned a degree in mechanical engineering. The united d to states in 1961 where his wife, anaya, joined him in 1963. Arrival in the u. S. , post hired by the u. S. Office department to work with conveyors. Period with ssful the post office department, he transferred to the u. S. Army as in 1972. N e worked as a mechanical engineer from the army of engineers. Marcel retired from the army in he remained a consultant of the army until 2010. Retired. Ly but not entirely true because of the museum. Does for anaya continued her profession after the arrival in the united states. Retired. S son adam lives in richmond. Mary, age 12,ren, jack, 14. Theyre both in the International Baccalaureate program. Officially theyre both retired. As do considerable work volunteers for this museum. Arcel and anaya translate documents written in polish and portions of the blooms, notes ghetto, a rsaw 25page collection of diaries detailing documents the events and lives of those who live in the good morninged ghetto. Marcel and anaya worked on the useum exhibit titled somewhere neighbors, collaboration and complicity in the holocaust that opened in 2013. Testimonies made about the significance to the exhibit. Quite a team. Marcel speaks publicly about his holocaust experience in various settings. He spoke to the graduating judge advocate general class of the university charlottesville, as well as at synagogues and colleges. Mia farroweaker with in an event in gettysburg, pennsylvania. The oke with cadets from four military academies who are now on their way to visit hechwitz, yesterday morning, spoke to 300 seventh graders. Participated in the museums memory project in which the vors write about specific reck leks at the holocaust. Six of the writings can be found museums website. With that, i would like to ask you to join me in welcoming our person, mr. Marcel drimer. [ applause ] thank you so much for your willingness to be our first person today. Y pleasureo see to see you again. Likewise. Much. Have so the war ii began when attacks happened between the west and the east. Arly in the war, your family lived under Russian Occupation. But before you turn to that time in the war, tell us a little bit life, your family, your community in the years war. E the the town where i was born where i was born. It was when my parents were born century. 20th and that was ukraine. The space was in one place, but borders shift all around. Quite typical for central and Eastern Europe until now. Now, we can see that time to do but thats notar the subject of our conversation. Some things dont change. Some things never change. No matter how hard we work for them to change. The population was about 40,000 people. 12,000 poles. About 12,000 to 15,000 about 13,000 jews in our town. The relations with the neighbors were friendly. Jews had their own clubs, their own libraries. The high school and jewish high school. Theaters it was quite the cultural the culture time. Most of the jews population religious jews who they are tailors and merchants. Nd but a group of jews were more assimilated. Polish. Ke good they were doctors, lawyers. And they were leaders of their community. 1933, t Time Starting in germany became what it was the holocaust. Hitler came to power. His ideas were world. Ng all over the and they came to poland. Poland were groups in supporting what hitler was preaching. And the life of the jews became little more dangerous or not as it was before. Example, for something called the jewish to go to college the polish the could not be officers in the polish army. Junioruld be privates in and seals but not officers. Hitler came to power, and some of his ideas were spreading all over the world and also came to poland. There were groups in poland that were supporting what hitler was preaching, and the life of the jews became a little more dangerous or not as comfortable as it was before. There was, for example, a program for jewish students to go to college. The jews could not be officers in the polish army. They could be privates, but not officers, and so forth. So those that wanted to study, they would have to go to western europe at the time. My wifes father was a doctor, educated in france and switzerland. Because he could not get the education in poland . Because he could not get the education in poland. We had nice synagogues life was normal. What was your fathers occupation . My father was in a lumber factory, but he also was a lumbar technician. He would go to the woods and determine what trees would be ready for the factory and buy them and bring them. Some other people cut them down and brought them. I remember once in the wintertime, he took me with him to look at these trees. This was before the war. I must have been four or five years old. On a sled. I was so enchanted that i did not even tell my father that my toes were freezing. I froze a couple of my toes, but i was very happy to go on that trip. Marcel, shortly after the germans invaded poland, on september 17, russia attacked poland, and as a result, you and your family would live under Russian Occupation until june 1941. Tell us what that time was like, when the russians came in and occupied your community, and what life was like under the soviets. The russians attacked poland on september 17, 1939. Only 17 days after the germans attacked. There was an agreement of nonaggression between russia and the germans, so the russians attacked poland, and most of the polish Defense Forces were on the western side fighting the germans, so the russians just went through the eastern part of poland. They took the prisoners of war about 25,000 prisoners of war. They released the lower ranks soldiers, but they kept the officers in pow camps, and they killed them, cutting forests on april 10, 1940. This is a very tragic date in the history of the polish, up poland. 22,000 officers were killed in that cutting camp. Most of these people were civilians that were professionals. During the war, they were taken to the army. Among them were some jewish doctors and lawyers that were also killed. You will see the cemetery or the monument for that slaughter. They tried to impose communism on the population. They forced people to accept russian citizenship. Again, my wifes parents did not want to accept that, so they were sent to siberia. They also sent people they considered enemies of the state. They confiscated all the private factories. They confiscated homes, apartment houses. They sent a lot of people that they considered enemies of the state to siberia. Among them were my wifes parents. She usually comes to these, but she listened to me yesterday and she said, enough. [laughter] your birthday is may 1, which is a significant day in the communist world. Tell us about the significance for you. I celebrated my 80th birthday this may 1, so it was quite important to me. My good friends from poland, from Grammar School and high school, wrote me a letter and said that i was destined to live only to the age of eight because the germans had plans for me, but i lived so far to 80, so i am a lucky fellow, and i sure am. Actually, i was born on april 30, about 11 00 or 11 30 in the evening, but since i was born in my grandparents house, and the doctor did not there was a doctor, but he did not make any, you know, notes that, notes about that, my father went a few days later to register births, and he decided that maybe may 1 would be a better date than april 30. [laughter] it was the International Labor day under the communist regime all over the world, and i had some communist and my family, some of my fathers siblings were communists. To please them, he just changed the date to may 1, but dont tell anybody. Its our secret. Several of your uncles joined the russian army at that time. Is that right . They did not really join. They were drafted. Maybe i will come to that. You lived under the soviet occupation until 1941. But soon after germany turned on the soviets in june 1941, german troops came into drohobycz, and for jews, their life changed even more dramatically. Tell us what it was like. I will finish talking about the Russian Occupation. The western part of poland was under German Occupation from september 1939 until the end of the war, and they started the termination of the jews right away. The warsaw ghetto was opened, and the killing started. Of course, there was no television, but some people from western poland managed to escape and came to our town, and they told us what was going on. When the germans attacked poland, june 22, 1941 my father was the oldest of five siblings and my mother was the oldest of four siblings, so some of the siblings of my father, the men all of the men that were at a certain age were taken to the russian army. Two of my aunts with children of two or three months followed the russian army as they retreated to russia. The uncles that were taken to the russian army, two of them fought and died on the front, and others survived another three survived and came back to drohobycz. But they were very brave because the children were very small, but they knew what waited for them if the germans came, so they left with the russian army, and they survived. Those that were deported for example, my wifes parents were deported, and she was born, actually, in siberia. Her father was a doctor, so he delivered her. It was sort of ironic that these people were actually saved by deportation. 90 of those that were deported to siberia survived. Or maybe 85 . On the other hand, those that stayed in poland, about 90 were killed. The germans come in now. Before the germans came to drohobycz, they contacted Ukrainian National groups under dont remember his name and they agreed with ukrainians supported german attack because they thought the germans would give them their independence as a country, which they never planned to do. They contacted the Ukrainian Nationalists and told him that the first day after they came to drohobycz, they could do whatever they wanted with the jews and their property. In drohobycz, when the russians were leaving, they killed about 100 of the Ukrainian Nationalists and left their bodies in the middle of the town and put out a rumor that the jews did it. With the agreement of the germans not to look at it, the ukrainians started a program, a slaughter of the jews in drohobycz. They brought very primitive, uneducated peasants from nearby villages, and they went from jewish home to jewish home and beat people up and took things that they wanted to take. One of the victims was my mothers father, who was eaten so badly that he died 10 days later because there was no access to doctors. There was no medication. But the robbers, when they left my grandparents house, they took whatever they wanted to take. Among the things they took worthy albums of all those. They did not need the photos. They just wanted to take the leather bound albums, so they shut out the photos on the ground. A ukrainian neighbor came and picked up these photos and kept them. After the war, my father went to see what was left of my grandparents house, and, of course, everything was ruined, but my grandfathers neighbor came out and gave my father 50 photos. The one where i am with my mother in the carriage, the picture was taken august of 1934. I donated all these photos to the holocaust museum. If anybody is interested, if you google my name, you can see these photos and see my story that they write. Also, at the same time, my father was sent from his work to take some courses at the university. My aunt went with him. As the germans came, june 30, and the ukrainians started the program at the same time, so they announced that they would take the jews to do some work and then they would let them go back home. My aunt told my father that he should not go because he had some problems with his legs, so she covered him when they heard the germans coming well, ukrainians, actually. When they came, she went supposedly to go to work, and she never came. The ukrainians slaughtered and humiliated 5000 jews. In drohobycz, they killed 200 jews and wounded 1800. Some of them died. These were the first two or three days of German Occupation. My father waited for my aunt to come, but she never came, so he walked to drohobycz. Imagine my mothers feelings when he came by himself without they hoped that she would come, but she never did. I know theres many things you will not have the time to tell us, but one thing i would like you to talk about if you do not mind is when you went with your nanny if you would not mind telling us that. Yes, of course. The situation in our house was quite critical. The germans, when they came, they put out their rules of existence. The jews were not allowed to sit in parks or walk on the sidewalks but in the middleoftheroad. They were supposed to wear a star of david on their arm of their jackets and so on and so forth. There was also a system of food rations, that people were entitled to about 200 calories per day. Can you imagine that . My fathers father, the one that you saw in the picture, the bald one he was a widower. He came to live with us. My mothers mother, who became a widow, and my fathers sister, will who with her two children came to live with us because her husband was one of the uncles that were taken to the russian army. Only my father could they just could not take care of themselves by themselves because there was absolutely no chance. They did stay with us. Father managed to barter things for food. He would exchange a wedding ring for a loaf of bread. But we were hungry, but we were not starved. They were my family and my aunt, her two children, and my grandfather and grandmother. It was very crowded and not very, you know hygienic. My nanny loved me very much. I was a very cute little boy. [laughter] at that time, she would come and bring us some milk or a loaf of bread. She was a friend of the family, really. In one of the visits, she looked at me, and i looked sort of pitiful, and she said to my mother, i will take him with me to my house and give him some food, give him a bath, and then i will bring him back in a few weeks. So she did. I went with her. Two or three days later, my sister started bothering my mother about, i want my brother back. I want to play with my brother. What do we go and pick up and bring him back home . So my mother said, ok, we will do it. So she took off her armband, which was if she would be caught, she would be killed immediately. This was a crime that, you know, deserved killing, the germans thought. She took it off and then with my sister, she went to the nanny, who was pregnant at that time and was in labor exactly at the moment when my mother came. I was sitting in the corner of the room scared. I was eight years old. I was absolutely no help. So my mother started boiling water to see what she could do. There was no talk about getting the doctor or midwife or anything like that because we were jewish and it was dangerous. So my mother helped to deliver the baby, but the baby was stillborn. Then it sort of became evening. Jancia said, why dont you stay with us and you will go home tomorrow . So we stayed there, and the next morning, her husband came back from work. He was working the night shift, and he was terribly surprised and unhappy to see us there. He said that the germans were killing the jews, gathering them, taking them to the camps and if they came and saw us, we would all be dead. You have to leave. You have to go. He gave my mother a couple slices of bread and told us to go. There was a dirt road in front of the house and then there were wheatfields. It was august 1942. There were trees behind it, and he said we could go there and try to find a place to hide. Early in the morning, we left and went to look for a place to hide. We did not get to the woods because my mother found an indentation in the ground, and this is where we laid down. Mother had a raincoat the color of the wheat. She covered us, and we laid there quietly waiting for what would happen. Soon, we started hearing the germans screaming and shots and people screaming of pain and begging of mercy and shots again. It lasted maybe 15, 20 minutes, and then it quieted. Another half an hour later, the same story over again. It was, like, four or five times. My sister called that the symphony of pain, symphony of terror. About 7 00, 8 00 in the evening, this stopped. The screaming and shouting and shooting stopped, so we got up, waited until another hour or so. We got up and started walking towards jancias house. As we came to the road, looked around, there was a german soldier with a big dog. We thought, this is it. Because he was armed and he was not going for a walk. He was looking for jews, obviously. But he saw my mother was blonde and blueeyed and my sister was very light blonde and also blueeyed. I also have blue eyes. It was in the family. He looked at the two women and did not see me because my jewish nose would give me away, and he just turned around and walked away. It was sort of a miracle. I think theres two reasons that it went like that normally, the germans would go in pairs. They never went hunting for people single because they could get a human reaction and try to save the person, and the other one would squeal on him, but he was by himself. There was nobody that could tell his commander that he let them people live, so he turned around and walked away. We came to jancias house, and we stayed there again through the night. The next morning, my father came. There were no telephones or ways of communicating. We did not know if father was alive or not, but father was staying in a dormitory and a factory where he was working. They made a special booth for him because he was not allowed to work with the gentiles. He was jewish. The jews whose families were killed they stayed there in the dormitory and ate and slept there. Father came to pick us up and took us home. We came to the house, came in, and the doors were broken in, and the house was empty. All those family members i was telling you about work on. The germans put them on a plant where they kept them for two days without food, water, sanitary facilities, and those that still survived were put in cattle trains and taken to the camp whats the name . I forgot. They were taken to an extermination they were taken to an extermination camp. Im having trouble with my memory. There were two kinds of camps labor camps and extermination camps. Camps like auschwitz where people would work until they fell down and were killed, and then there were camps that were killing camps. This camp was a killing camp, and they were killed. 800 people were killed in drohobycz, and 2500 people were taken to the extermination camp, out of the 12,000. In one movement. And there were more like that. Marcel, its now you and your parents and your sister. In the wall of 1942, the nazis forced you into a ghetto in drohobycz. Being mindful of the time we have, tell us, if you do not mind, about you were forced into the ghetto, but your father got you out of there. He found a way to get you out of the ghetto. Tell us about that. I know youre not going to want to leave here without talking about it. Absolutely. He was an accountant, but he was a very brave man. When it came to his family, he was really a tiger. I love him. Im very happy that my son is named after him. My grandson, sorry. Father realized that the ghetto would soon be liquidated because the plans of germans were very wellknown, so he decided that he had to take us out of the ghetto and hide us. While he was working in the lumber factory, he prepared a place for us to hide. He put some planks of the fence down and prepared for us to get there. He bribed the policeman what they did, the jews lived in the ghetto, but they work in all kinds of places all over drohobycz. A policeman came to a certain place at 5 00 in the morning, and the jews were waiting there to be taken to their places, and they would take each group to a different place, and then in the evening, he would pick them up. So, father, one day, one other person was not supposed to come, so father took my mother got dressed in mens clothes and took my sister under her arm, and father took me under his arm, because we were very, very thin, as you can imagine, at 200 calories a day. Father took us to his factory. He put us behind some bushes across the street from the fence to the lumber factory, and said to me, you stay here. You are the man now. I will take mother and irena and take them inside the factory, and then i will come and take you up. As soon as he got up and left with them, i got quite panicky. I heard some stories about parents leaving the children behind, and i was not really a man. I was eight years old. A scared, hungry kid, so i started running after my father screaming, daddy daddy dont leave me here so father had to turn around and pick me up, and there was a guard telling him what a terrible thing my father was doing, and my father bribed him i do not know where he got anything to bribed, but he bribed him. He took the jacket off his back and bribed him and said, we are just going here for a few days. Anyway, we all came in. I remember father spanked me. He never before or after that spanked me. He said he was not angry for me running after him, but he was angry that i thought that he could leave me. Anyway, we came to the factory, and the place was prepared for us. It was an addict attic of a big drying shed where the wood was trying. We were there, and father would come at night and bring us some food and take the waste down on strings. So you understand, this hiding place he constructed, he had it inside the lumber factory where he was working. Yes. The shed where the wood was dried. This was how he provided food. One day, a friend of his, a young woman approached and said that another friend of hers suspected him, suspected that he had someone hiding at the factory and said that she just had to determine she was correct and she would do the right ring. What she meant the right thing was to denounce them to the germans for a kilo of flour or sugar per person. Thats what the bounty for jews was at that time. Again, what to do. Theres no place to run. My father had a friend who was a physician. He was a director of the Little Clinic that they have in that factory. He talked with them and said, we have to come up with some solution. The doctor was educated in vienna, spoke german perfectly, and he came to a very ingenious plan. He wrote a letter, an anonymous letter that he was an ss officer on lead, and that he had had an encounter. The next day, the assessment came and took her away and took her to the clinic where the doctor was. I do not know the terminology, but he determined that she had to be put away because she was a danger to society. Well, she was put away not to be seen until after the war. This was another miracle in our survival. Given that miracle, your father realized that he could not just stay there permanently. He had to find another place for you. This was not a longterm hiding place because people could see sooner or later but also the germans were going to liquidate the work camps and everybody would have to go. So my father took his armband off. Jewish men were in danger going out of the ghetto and out of the working place because only the jews were circumcised in poland. If a german or a policeman suspected the man to be jewish, he would just say, drop your pants. If you were circumcised, you were guilty of being a jew. But he took off his armband and went to the village actually where my mother was born and talked to certain people, and some were not so nice. They asked for his watch or they were going to denounce him. Finally, he went to a family that knew my mother since she was a little girl, and they were very friendly, and they agreed to take us. Of course, the deal was that someone would come to the lumber factory where my father was working and take my sister and my mother. The deal was because if i would be in that group and somebody would come and see me, determined that i am jewish, the whole family would be killed and the jews would be killed. So my father was he was ready to let my mother go and my sister, that we should save whoever could be saved. The dormitory, and it was at night, of course, and we started to prepare to say goodbye. My mother had i do not know if you remember the sophies choice movie, but she would have to go to camp together with us or go with my sister and save my sister. Of course, it was a very hard decision, and we all cried. At one point, she said, i cannot take it anymore. Whatever will be will be. Take the boy with you. So there was not much luggage to take with us. We had absolutely nothing. She took us, my mother and my sister and me, to their house, to their farm. They were very poor. The law that applied to everybody about rationing food applied to farmers, two. They were not allowed to slaughter any animals without telling the germans. They had to have permits to slaughter animals, even chickens. The germans had lists of all the things the farmers had. On the other hand, they could not go on the black market and buy food i should tell you that after a few months, when we were hiding there, there were 13 of us. 13 jews. So they started with just originally taking your mom and your sister, and then you, and before long, there was 13 in their house . And its a teeny little place. Very. The house is covered with straw. Like a thatched roof . Thatched roof. Right. And no chimney. So when they cook things, the smoke would go up to the attic. Up to the attic and out, and this was one of the places some of us hid. So food was a big, big problem. We were very hungry. We were in danger. I remember we would look out and there were different hiding places in the stable. She would look through the cracks in the wall and see the chickens and say, why couldnt i be a chicken . I could be free and run around, and when the time comes to be killed i dont think she really said it, but she said, why couldnt i be a chicken . I would like to be free. Some of you were hidden under the floor. It was a dirt floor. In a hole. Some were in the attic. But 13 people hidden. There was no way they could let anyone else hide with that many mouths to feed. Exactly. The youngest son would go to there was a factory. There were oil wells in the refinery nearby. There were oil wells nearby and there was a refinery nearby, and he would take a card with a big container and go there after lunch and take the plates of the people that worked there and ate there. Of course, food was very scarce, so there was not much left. It was supposedly for the pigs. This was something that we had the first choice before the pigs got it. We bathed once a month. First the children in the same water, then the parents. You know the saying dont throw the water out with the baby . Thats because people in the middle ages did like that. In the end, the water was so dirty that the child could have been thrown out. We were in that situation. Of course, there was no medical care. If something went wrong, you could not get a doctor. That at one point was a major concern with your sister, wasnt it . My sister was a bleeder. She would bleed from her nose, and she was very pale. We were malnourished, and we did not play outside. We were sitting or lying down, so we worried what we would do with my sister hot body when she died with my sisters body when she died because you could not put a grave or the neighbors would see or Something Like that. Luckily, she did survive. You would live in those circumstances for almost a year. All those folks hidden in that house. Tell us how it ended, how liberation came about for you. We were liberated on august 5, 1944. I dont remember the date. I just know the date. I read a lot about these things. April 5, 1944. As we left, the family got out of the house, we wore the same things that we came in. The shoes were gone. Actually, i could not walk because my leg muscles were atrophied. I could not talk because we were not allowed to talk loud, only to whisper. The word came to us that all the jews that survived were going to one town, and there is about 350 of us. People came from the woods, from hiding, and there was about 12,000 or 13,000 jews. There were also those that came later that survived in russia. One of my uncles was taken prisoner of war he was in the russian army. He was taken prisoner of war by the italians, and we did not know about it. His wife thought thats a different story, but i just have to finish. His wife thought that he was dead because the germans killed all the jewish p. O. W. s, and she married my uncle, who lost his wife. Amongst those who came after the war was this uncle that the italians took p. O. W. They did not expect that. This was another 300 to 400 people out of 12,000. Before we close, theres a couple of things i would like to ask you. Right before you were liberated, there was a fierce bombardment. That was significant for you because it gave you an opportunity to get fresh air. There were two refineries. One was the national refinery. One was private. Somehow, the americans or british managed to bomb the government out of the refineries. They do not realize that somebody in america was part owner of that thing. But anyway, when the bombers came bombing the factory, this was the only time that we could get out and straighten our legs and get some fresh air while everybody else is hunkered down. We were out being free for a few moments. When you were liberated and you knew the war was over for you, your family and other jews that had survived came under the soviets. Yes. My father he was made the director, ceo of the factory where he was accounted before the war. The war was still going on, so he was providing wood to that army, and he was happy to do that, but he was barefoot. The russian general comes in and say, how dare you be barefoot . You are a big director and you do not wear any shoes. He says, i do not have any shoes. So he gave father a pair of shoes for him and a pair of shoes for me. Father was called to kgb and accused of being a collaborator. He said 12,000 people were killed and you survived. How come . You must have been a collaborator. Father says, i was no collaborator. I just was lucky and i survived. But he got some people, some other survivors that confirmed that father was not a collaborator, that he was a descent, honorable man, but the other part of my life started right there. I wasted the years of my education. I grew about one inch in all these three years because there was no food, so i had a lot of catching up, a lot of to do to become normal, to have a normal life. This is a long other long story. One last question and then we need to wrap up. You told me that your father made good on promises he made to himself about the family after what they have done. It was actually my uncle. When he wants to come to hide, during one of the roundups, a crystal chandelier fell down and broke, and my uncle picked up some of the crystals and asked a friend, jeweler to make a ring that looks like a diamond ring, and the friend did it. My uncle went to ask the family to take him in, he gave them that ring. He said, this is a diamond ring. You can just keep that ring. But because he said his cow just died and he was going to sell it, he said that it had tremendous emotional value to them, so keep it, and if he returned it to them, he would buy them a cow right after the war. And so it was. Just recently, i went to my wife and i went to the warehouse where did things like that are, my photos and everything, and i was telling them someone mentioned about the ring. They said they knew the story about it, and it was called the diamond and the cow. It is one of my stories that is online, but the people there they knew it. They took the pictures. After all these years. Only when my uncles last third wife died, they did not know what to do with the ring, and my sister got the ring, and they took it to the holocaust museum. I wish and i know our audience does as well that we had more time with you because you had to really skip over many Different Things during that sixyear period that you described for us. Thank you. Im going to turn back to marcel to close our program in just a moment. I want to thank all of you for being with us. Remind you that we will have programs each wednesday and thursday until the middle of august, so we hope you can come back to join us, and if not, perhaps in 2015. Our website will have information. It is our tradition that our first person has the last word, so im going to turn back to marcel to close our program. Because we did not have an opportunity for you to ask questions, marcel will stick around a little bit. Please feel free to ask him a question or say hi or give me a hug. Or give him a hug. [laughter] i am talking to you and others who want to listen to me because there are people and organizations who claim that the holocaust is a hoax, that it never happened, that the jews made it up to get money from the germans. I am a witness that it did happen. Listening to the stories of my childhood, you become witnesses also. Our good friend said that we all have to fight before evil is intolerance, injustice, ignorance. These are what allowed hitler to come to power and torture and murder millions of people he considered not worth living. Not only jews, but people with disabilities, gypsies, homosexuals, and many other groups. Changing these behaviors is the path to preventing holocaust and genocide. I also want to read you what one pastor said when he was liberated. First they came for the socialists, and i did not speak out because i was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and i did not speak out because i was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the jews, and i did not speak out because i was not a jew. And they came for me, and there was no one left to speak for me. We cannot be bystanders. We have to be at if active in trying to prevent genocide, homicide, hatred of all kinds, racism of all kinds. Thank you. [applause] [captions Copyright National youre watching american tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan 3. O join the conversation, like us on facebook at cspanhistory. American history tvs reel america brings you films to help tell the story of the 20th century. Swift and sure has been the on liation for the attacks the high seas. His is the mattox, one of two destroyers attacked while patrolling International Waters in the gulf of