Individual started putting together of objects with histories, thats the important thing. He was only interested in objects that had histories. The institution was formed around that collection. Is a stonet object projectile point about 12,000 years old, not very long after the glacier retreated from this area. A very good collection of 17th and 18th century furniture, owned and in many cases made in concord. 19 century furniture, objects associated with the authors in collection the great of objects related table 19th, 1775. We have arguably more objects that were participants in the events of april 19, 1775 maybe than any other collection. Were going to take a look at a thattion of those objects arranged more or less chronologically, following the events of that epic day through the objects in our collection is Strong Enough that you can actually pick up on the high point all along the room. One of the most iconic objects in the Museum Collection is this lantern. It was in this collection even before the museum was formed, and this was in cummings davises collection by using 56. Its been on view to the public since before the civil war. This is one of the two lanterns that was used as a signal from north church to christchurch in boston on the night of april 18. This was a signal not to paul revere, but arranged by paul revere to be flashed across the of theor the advice provincial militia in charlestown. Was planning to spread the alarm that the regulars were coming out to capture the supplies, and he knew that he didnt really have a very great chance of first getting across the river. He thought maybe id better have a backup, and this is the backup. He got across the signal so the day got underway. It way that longfellow put was one of my land into by see, and i on the opposite shore shall be. Revere was in boston when the signal was posted, the signal was meant for someone else on the other shore. The way revere put it was if the british went out by water, we would show two lanterns in the north church steeple, and if by land, one is a signal. They knew they were going to concord, there are only two ways out of town to get to concord. There were two lanterns, only one of them survived. Case, for the example for the target of the troops on they knew they were military stores in concord, because they had a pretty good spy network. Happened, the provincials knew they knew that because we had a pretty good spy network two. It was pretty clear to both sides is something was going to happen, the only question was where and when. General gage determined the where when you gave the troops orders to go out to concord to seize and destroy the supplies they found. These are examples of some of those things. Were havespoons a history of use in one of concords militia companies. There were barrels of them that ase being stored in concord the provincial congress had ordered supplies for an army of 20,000. And not an army of one day, but an army that was meant to stay in the field. They had barrels wooden spoons, they have barrels of flour. And they have barrels of cannonballs, because the provincials had several cannons requiring all of those they could fit their hands on. Particular were thrown in to the mill pond by the british regulars on the 19th. That was their duty that day was to destroy these things and throw them into the mill pond. These came out of the mill pond the 1850s and have what Henry Thoreau writes about in his journal because he knew immediately what they were when they came out. Is whats called a shot at shovel, meant for digging trenches for combat. And then up above it was a private sword from the 10th regiment, one of those companies that was in concord on that day was captured on april 19 in the center of concord, its history, it was a soldier who deserted. And this with his sword. It carries all the regimental markings of the tents on it, this was a private sword. This is the powderhorn of amos barrett, and he was in one of concords minutes companies, the minute companies were the elite troops, the younger man, and they were charged with responding at a minutes notice to alarm. Barrett was at the northbridge, and 50 years after the events, he wrote a letter wonderfully evocative describing what he did that day. And he says right in the beginning of it that those weres of 50 years before more present in his mind than even the events of a week ago. You could tell it from his language as he narrates what happens, hes right back there. Its really needs. Having the object that was there in the first person account the goes with it, thats about as good as it gets. They are there above the bridge, watching the british and they started taking planks up off the bridge, so the provincials couldnt cross it. And thats when they marched bats even the british accounts say the same thing. They came down in martial order, so they arent just a mom, they are army. Bridge,ched down to the amos barrett said they fired three warning shots into the river. He said i saw them splash in the river, and then they fired on us. Killed and davis was mr. Hosmer. There were two casualties on a regular size. And John Buttrick gave the order to fire back. Know, thats the first time provincial troops had ever been ordered to fire on regular troops in america. Its a pretty significant moment. Significant is the fact that the order was obeyed. Might be theso last time that day that anybody was ordered to fire. The fire he never stopped, but no one had to order fire again. Regulars whoveral were killed and wounded and they retreated back into town and then started their retreat. Back to boston. But time you got to merriams corners, this was about noon, there were 1200 provincials very now they are outnumbered. Fire began, thats how it was described. The provincials are going round and round the regular troops and firing on them. And that kept up for the whole rest of the day. In the regulars ran out and ammunition, they hadnt brought sufficient water for any rations and it was a long day. By the time they got to arlington, and would like some of them were throwing or equivalent outside if youre out of ammo, why kerrys willpower thomas get any further when you have now been watching marching for 12 hours straight. This seems to have been discarded that point. ,his is an officers must get and it seems likely to have been discarded rather than captured. Atofficers were killed arlington. There were two brothers from watertown who heard about all this. They were too young to be in the militia, but they turned out from watertownt to arlington and got there in time in the afternoon to pick one brother picked this up and one brother picked this up. This is an officers sword, and i speak of piece of work. This is an officers must get muscat, and has the rack number five on the inspection plate. Deal severity or equivalent away. It was a big deal to throw equipment away. It seems to me thats a good indicator of what sort of day it was for these fellows to choose to throw those away. We brought a few additional object out from storage to give to therther suggestions depth of the collection. These two actually go together. This is the powderhorn on the of at and the musket minuteman who responded to the alarm. He was in concord about 4 00 in the morning at the northbridge. Musket, and it is in many ways a typical Middlesex County firearm. The militia and the minute companies were responsible for bringing their own arms when they responded to. In other words, you are not issued arms, you bring them from home. , what you useer to hunt birds with, at its french. And its french. Its either going to be french or english or maybe dutch. This one is french. It was used, you can see, even after its use of the battle, it was used until it fell apart. And thats why it survives, then seems to have gone into a barn and stayed there. It also retained its history. ,hats why it wasnt thrown out because it was remembered that this took place, this took part in the battle at the northbridge. And then these are interestingly almost the only example of an item of costume certainly in our collection, but i dont really know of many that you could plausibly say was worn in concord in 1775, not by one of hannah hunt. But by shes born in 1763, shes 12 years old in 1775. Can imagine these being the shoes of a 12yearold, if thats possible. I like to think that she put these on on that day. The minutemen and militia who responded very often were dressed in their sunday best. I was kind of the way they turned out. Because they knew it was an important event. The events of april 19 only took one day. The battle of the bridge only took a few minutes. Its one of those events in history where what comes before it is just unlike what comes after. This was really apparent to the people who actually participated. If they knew their world had changed. Its our hope that this firstperson encounter with real objects that were there can share some of that feeling with our visitors. Our cities tour staff travel to concord, massachusetts to learn about its registry. Learn more at cspan. Org citiestour. Youre watching American History tv all weekend every weekend on cspan3. Announcer on lectures in history, Iowa State University professor Ruth Mcdonald looks at the history of nutritional standards and government dietary guidelines. She describes the shift from preventing disease to promoting Optimal Health during the 20th century and the recommendation of a daily allowance at the outset of world war ii, and more recent updates that helped lay a foundation or a national a modern National Nutrition policy. Her class is about an hour and 15 minutes. Ruth today we are going to get started. Today we are going to start our new section on nutrition and cover the aspects of food systems related to health, food access, food insecurity, and the impact of the food system on the environment. That is going to be the section we are going to cover for this last part of the course. Today we are going to start out by talking a little bit about nutrition and how we got to the