Mira from the university of washington. She previously held positions at stanford and the university of pennsylvania. Prior to her academic career, she worked in the Clinton White house and at the brookings institution. She will be upstairs one level in front of the Archives Store to sign copies of her book. Describedgton post her book is a captivating read. She draws a vivid portrait of modern politics that takes readers on a delightful tour and puts on her battles into context. Just a delicious book written by an authoritative historian. We are pleased that she can be with us here today. Please welcome Margaret Omara to the National Archives da. [applause] prof. Omara thank you so much. I have been to the archives as a researcher. I have been here as a citizen. Nd a resident it is such a pleasure to be here as a speaker to talk about my book. I am pleased that you exhibited interest in such an unobscured subject that nobody pays attention to, president ial elections. [laughter] we are more than one year away from election day 2016. Aybe less we have already seen remarkable moments emerge in this cycle. We have had a huge celebrity that put the establishment on run, etc. Candidates outsider candidates. We are seeing how social media is changing campaigning, the way that campaigns communicate to voters, and the way that voters interact with one another. Experience and gridlock and infighting that is causing many observers to say, is this whole thing going down the tube . Well, is it . What is new about 2015 and 2016 . What is not . What can we learn from earlier elections . This is a book about four elections between 19002000. Elections lot of hold on a second. I think i will need to go back to our slideshow. Slideshow . Lets see if this works. There we go. So, i could have chosen a lot of elections. There were many pivotal political moments in the 20th century. There are also other elections i did not write about that has been written about a lot, and are good fodder for this context. I could have written about 1938 when Strom Thurmond ran as a states rights candidate but i could have written about 1960, between nixon and kennedy. I could have written about Ronald Reagan in 1980 and the conservative revolution. 2000ld have written about or 2008. Thesee to write about four. Personal. Reasons is i was a staffer on the 1992 campaign for clinton. I have some personal recollections to bring to that story. All four of these elections have threadsries common to show how different electoral cycles feed into in contrast with one another. They all occurred at moments of economic and cultural change, sometimes tremendous. In 1912, america is relaying from the transition from farm to factory. The birth of industrial capitalism and all of its consequences great wealth and. Reat inequality in 1932, you have an economic crisis unprecedented in the history of the country. 1968, a moment of cultural change, countercultural change, change on both the left and the right. And 1992, the first election after the end of the cold war. Is the first election in which Cable Television becomes the dominant medium for which the campaign is fought and won. The first election with the baby boomer generation president and candidate, where different issues become salient in the campaign and election. Lets start with one of my favorite people to write about, Teddy Roosevelt. , a former president and decided to throw his hat into the ring. Moment when the revolves around making government do more to rein in the power of industrial capitalism. If you dial back to the 19th century, not only did president s have a different role in , but thelife government was not that big. You didnt have all of these large buildings along constitution avenue. Most americans encountered the government through going to the post office. The military and the post office where the only places of connection between an ordinary american and their federal government. Roosevelt is a pivotal figure in that he served as president at this moment, muddling through with the federal government should do as corporations and the population get bigger in society gets more complex. The office of the assassination of mckinley, reelected in 1904, has a public debate about whether to run decides not to and hands over the keys to his successor taft, who was a friend and an ally and someone that roosevelt believed would be a good caretaker of roosevelts legacy. That did not turn out as he expected. Office es the awful the oval office to go to africa. He is gone for over one year. Meanwhile, taft is back in washington, disappointing him. He fires close allies, the donts. Closese allies, confidants. He is a vastly different personality. Campaigniption of the was the most uncomfortable for months of my life. We can marinate on the fact that the campaign was four months long. Roosevelt is gone and when he comes back, he is greeted as a conquering hero. One of the conversations has been running around the phenomenon of donald trump over the last summer, in particular, well, and america is just obsessed with celebrity and he is a famous person. And kind of that we have all become so shallow. With america was obsessed colonel theodore roosevelt. When he returns in 1910 to new york city, hundreds of boats and greeted him, thousands of people lined the streets. Nation across the here is the tacoma times from the Pacific Northwest a full front page devoted to his return. A public figure. He is someone who people not only admire but also are fascinated by. 1912, with some more radical ideas. Mores talking about Government Intervention into markets, doing more to help people, to rectify the economic inequalities that were coming in the wake of the growth of corporations railroads, oil. He goes on this huge speaking tour across the country. Sounding more and more progressive at every stop, and more radical, speaking up on ideas that were at the fringe of the political conversation. And having a really robust reception. And of this was curiosity, part of it was hunger for change. This is something we see over and over again. Outsider candidates, candidates pushing the envelopes of the political conversation getting traction when people are hungry for a new message. When they feel that something more or different needs to be done. Sometimes it is more government, sometimes less. Theodore roosevelt was not the only outsider candidate in the 1912 election. Debs, ahave eugene socialist. Debs was a true socialist running as a socialist. 1912 was the year he got the million. S, over one roosevelt was taking up some of the things that eugene debs was more stronglytely radical, further to the left, but there is a hunger for new ideas and so outsider candidates are getting some momentum. People arent, as having to declare roosevelt said he was not going to run but he keeps getting crowds and he decides to run against taft for the republican nomination. Taft marshals the Party Faithful at the convention and ends up the victim. Roosevelt ran as a thirdparty candidate, the bull moose party. None of the people i talked about one. Oodrow wilson wins why . Because roosevelt takes away a fts votes. Wilson is also picking up on these conversations about government doing more. This is when the Democratic Party was the party of small government, states rights, washington doing less. Moment, when the government has to do more than just the post office, have an army wilson runs and governs as in more interventionist, progressive guy. This is the moment when the Democratic Party becomes the party of more activistcentral government. Anothero now to progressive, someone from the same political moment of roosevelt and the like, Herbert Hoover. Ver is never membered noter is now remembered very favorably. When i talked to my students about hoover and ask them what they know, they say, the great depression. Failure. Hoover was once one of the most famous man in america, admired. He was so famous that his name was a verb. He was ani , andn who went to stanford he was a selfmade millionaire by wilson as usual just operation figuring how to serve food and get them to people in wartorn countries during and after the war. Housewives of a talk about hooverizing to economize on food. He goes on to become secretary in the 1920s. Not only is rate not only is he renowned for his managerial expertise, he is good at running things. Media. Is a master of he is really good at working new media. This is a guy who has talking Motion Pictures as a campaign. They had only been out for one year. Rather than being this failure, hoover was a modern man. He understood the power of words and images and messages. He once said, the world talks in phrases. The world lives by phrases, and we are good advertisers. He understood that politics and policy was something that should be packaged. They were very precise ways to market to people. He was very forward thinking. Another person who was aware of his public image was Franklin Roosevelt. Acutely aware of this in large part because he had to work very hard to project an image of himself that was at odds with reality. He contracted polio in the 1920s, was disabled for the remainder of his life and went to great length to disguise the fact that he could not walk unassisted. I love this photograph which is a rarely seen photograph i get that i had the time to it into the book this is a picture of roosevelt shortly after being elected governor of new york. In a classic pose, projecting strength and confidence. Of course, he is leaning on a cane to people knew that he had polio, but it was very important to convince voters in the press job of was up for the governor, in the job of president. If you look closely, you will see there is a second cane concealed behind his leg. He is holding himself up with all of his strength, trying to look casual, to keep himself upright. Modern, you have two politicians who are masters of media, who understand the power soundbites. Rases, they both probably would have been good at twitter. The game has changed. You can be the master of message, the master of communication, but if reality is at odds, no amount of phrases and images can work against hard economic realities like the great depression. One additional note about this photograph a soup kitchen in chicago run by al capone. The depression is of such a magnitude, such a crisis of capitalism not encountered before in American History, that it completely forced hoover and his advisers frankly, professionals on both sides of hoover actually again, the master of phrases, he said, we cannot talk about this as a panic paid we cant talk about it as anything other than a depression. That was understood to be something not that bad. A depression, not falling off a cliff. Then the depression becomes great. All of the tools that the government had despite a couple of decades of progressive reform, it is still not that big. You do not have large agencies that can intervene to stimulate the economy. It depended on private markets. Hoover did not realize this until too late. By the time his Administration Made serious interventions on he did not he was a master of management, his reputation as the great engineer did not work when he was trying to engineer an end to the great depression. Takes advantage of this masterfully. This was a year when any incumbent would have had a difficult time but a particularly difficult time for someone who was able to pick up on the americans need not for policy prescription you can see what roosevelt said in 1932 he was a list fully vague. And change andpe big ideas. He got dinged for it. Voters were like, he is not saying anything. He talked about the forgotten man, he talked to these voters who are out of work, who were feeling hopeless like, we are going to fix this. We are going to do something. He barnstormed the country on the back of a trained. This coming to the people, this image of vitality and personality, but again, leaning on something here to carefully crafted image reaching a frustrated and despond and despond it nation. Roosevelt is elected. The new deal he is reelected and again and america entereds a high point of modern liberalism. Where the liberals are in a sentence in the conservatives are in retreat. One of the things i want to neither athat we are conservative nation or a liberal nation nor is it right to say that there are areas of conservatism and liberalism. There are moments where one side of the other is more dominant but lets think of it as a shifting center with a range of political possibility shifts to the left and the right depending on the moment and depending on who is articulating the message because even in the 1940s and 1950s and 1960s, the high point of america liberalism, there is a conservative inlition that is building strength, that is both grassroots and topdown. Includes Herbert Hoover, who retreats back to california, to stanford, and from there, becomes a fierce critic of roosevelts policies. It also includes the grassroots. Americanss ordinary who, by 1964, mobilized to a degree that they got a very conservative republican nominated as the republican nominee. ,oldwater loses in a landslide thereby validating the people on the left in the right saying you cannot go that far right. The Republican Party says, we should have had nelson rockefeller. See, weocrats said, have support for our efforts. It is kind of like roosevelt thinking, i can be president again. Things change very, very quickly. And to and 68, the third election that i wrote about, it another example of this liberal moment, so much of what we remember and what is written about in 1968 is about the antiwar liberals who upended the Democratic Party, mccarthy, whose rise to political prominence was driven forward by all of these young activists, many on college campuses, who got deeply engaged in politics because of the vietnam war, because of the vietnam draft, but also, and more Women Political figures like kennedy. Whenis also the year Richard Nixon returns to the political stage. I did get permission from the designer of this cover to appear in the book. It is one of my favorite images. Richard nixon, the democrats are in disarray. Richard nixon is the most unlikely comeback story. And 1962 for960 the governor of california. And then, 1968, he is back as a different candidate. This goes to put in our current moment in context, thinking about the power of image and , and how the same politician might repackage and also take it vantage of a different moment in American History because between 1960 and 1968 so much changes in ,erms of how geopolitics domestic politics, grassroot politics, and culture. Richard nixon comes back not as the same Richard Nixon in 1960. If you are interested in president ial campaigns, visit the website hosted by the American Museum of the moving york called the living room candidate which archives all of the Television Advertisements for the major party candidates. Nixone the 1960 richard with the 1968. The 1960 at is very traditional. It is black and white. It will involve him standing like this, leaning on a desk. Talking straight to the camera and saying, something serious about an issue of the day. It is not particularly charismatic. There are no jingles. Very straightforward. 1968, it is like mtv. There is technicolor, fast clips, music. Richard nixon appears nowhere, you just hear his voice saying something authoritative and each hurdle about law and order or the need to end the war in vietnam. It is masterful. You cannot figure out if it is antiwar or not. It like he is a beatnik. One key to his victory. The other key, another important thing to think about, this is quite honestly the main reason i did not write about 1980s because so much of the story of modern american conservatism can be read into the story of 1960. He can see the groundwork being. Aid you have a democratic field with kennedy, but also George Wallace. Thefamously stood at schoolhouse door saying, segregation forever. He is talking to a national audience, working class, white. Eople, living in cities these peoples the people whose grandparents might have voted for eugene debs in 1912. In a certainly voted for Franklin Roosevelt in 1932. He is not talking about segregation, he is talking about freedoms. Individual freedom and how the government is stomping on it and it is a remarkably effective. Essage he is picking up on messages that Ronald Reagan used when he ran for california governor. He is picking up on messages used by other politicians not as wellknown remembered like claude kirk. About, your home is your castle, protected. Protect it that is a resonating message. Talking to people who are very concerned about race, civil rights, concerned about where they fit in this new america but not using the same incendiary language. Nixon also picks up on some of this, talking about freedom, individual rights. That is one of the many reasons that he won. Continues. Moment when both major parties experienced great change. Encapsulates in one image of what happens to the democrats in 1970. Becomes aatic party more welcoming place for people women, the civil participantsnt find a home there in the 1970s. The party still has people like George Wallace. 1972, a delegate from 1972. There is this great democratic fracture and ultimately the George Wallace supporters in the south leave the Democratic Party. Without the south, it is impossible to win nationally. In the republicans recognize this. So here is Ronald Reagan in South Carolina in 1980. This was not republican territory, and now it is. The reddening of the south is a significant shift for the Republican Party. These parties are constantly changing. They are constantly changing. Is one reason why the twoparty system is so enduring. This sets. Moment sets us up for a because this time one year before or year and a half before george h. W. Bush seemed unbeatable because of the successful go for, because the economy was still pretty good and no major democrat was willing to go there because they thought they were going to lose. Guys. D up with these younger, it wasnt like there turned to run. People like jerry brown who is now governor of california. Jerry brown is on like jerry now, its awesome. Veteransam generation,. And of course, bill clinton from arkansas. Field, a new Democratic Party. They are more centrist. Ome of them are southerners they are picking up on some of these messages about law and ,rder, reforming welfare reinventing government, making government work better as a way to recapture some of those voters who are lost to the Republican Party. Spoiler. A thirdparty this is one proof point of what a big deal Cable Television and cnn was in 1992. Talk about this a lot in the book. Cnn had been around for 12 years before this election. This was the first time it became a decisive force. What it did was a couple of things they created a 24 hour spin cycle of news, where you calledat Mandy Broadwell the beast that needed to be fed stories all the time. Little blips became stories endangered from cycle to cycle. When you have 24 7 news that we have multiple cable news tions that need to be said so much more stuff is news. You dont just have Walter Cronkite for 30 minutes, you have a lot of time to fill. It also requires campaigns to be very nimble to respond very quickly sometimes too quickly. It also feeds on scandal, interesting news. The other dimension is it because this platform for ross perot who, in a series of , wasviews with larry king talking about his views of what the country should do. And then on larry king, announces he will run as a thirdparty candidate. He is an interesting figure in that, kind of like Teddy Roosevelt, straddling between the two candidates. He is maybe more republican than democrat. On bush aide said they did not take ross perot seriously enough. They did not think he would have much staying power. Of course, the Bush Campaign was them on more deeply hurt. More because, like previous elections and today, americans were hungry for outsiders in the sky punched through the clutter with his folksy ross perotisms. People understood that his billionaire was a man of the people because he was not adhering to a script. Victoryreason that the went to clinton was the south. This button was not produced by the Clinton Campaign but not discouraged by another. ,ne thing that bill clinton did he picked al gore from tennessee. Demographic, but also a new democrat. Someone who is part of this new wave of the Democratic Party. Candidates were backgrounds,eir able to capture enough votes in the formallysolid democratic south to win nationally. It was one piece of this victory. Win anyot does not electoral votes but he becomes a decisive factor. Today,have tried to do in this book, is to bring is to weave elections into the tapestry of history. They are not just fun contests, they are reflections and things that propel economic and cultural change. Of america. Lections they are reflections of where citizens are. As dysfunctional as we might , itk the system might be has been a way for individuals to have their voice heard. It gives us some lessons for today. And the lesson of new media technology, reshaping how to run and win first, it was newspapers, then radio, then television, then cable. It is the same story all over again. The campaigns that capture that new media platform effectively are the ones that did the best. Outsiders gain traction when voters believe that established institutions have failed them. We are particularly in that moment now, giving us insight into why individuals like others carson or it is not a swinging pendulum between left and right. The United States political scene is never one nor the other here to say that we are in charge now so we have a mandate that is dangerous territory. Think about it as a shifting center. Things that Richard Nixon did as president would be classified as unbearably liberal today ,nvironmental protection guaranteed income for poor families this is Bernie Sanders territory. 1960s,orld of the late the realm of political possibility was a few steps to the left. Now it has moved to the right. Understanding where that center is an understanding where the parties are is what we need to think about. Thank you so much for listening to me. I would be happy to take questions. If you have a question, come to one of the microphones and i will take people in order. Thank you. [applause] books going to buy two for somebody. Question. One i like your selection but what about 1948 . You had two outsiders. George wallace, and four conventions held in philadelphia , why did not you pick 1948 . My only criticism is that in 1968, Nixon Humphrey do you buy the theory that if humphrey had broken with johnson over the war, it might have actually made a difference . Been entirelye different. Those are two unrelated questions. I would like your views on both of them. 1948 almost made it in, it was a matter of space. Also because i wanted to think about how i could talk about other elections bridging between the ones i discussed in depth. 1948 is interesting. You can really dig deep into the changing nature of the south and anticipating what happens. It would be easier to go there by talking about 1968, the aftermath. Is a breakaway, the fractures than the Democratic Party they were there in 1932 the new deal and thurmond was a democrat. Prof. Omara and he exemplified for roosevelt as a reformer, this constraint, Building Social welfare programs who were the lasses of workers . [indiscernible] aof. Omara i dont have perfect answer. It was mostly because i wish i could have but i try to address those in other ways the humphrey question is a great one. You know, i dont know. I would have been surprised humphrey he did that so late in the game it is reflective of who humphrey was purity was a loyal party man. He was a standup guy. The difficulty that he had was could have disavowed johnsons war as much as he could is if he was still the Vice President and he also didnt run in the primaries. He comes in as this candidate to sort of fixed the immense fractures that are happening in the Democratic Party. Robert kennedy had just one they california primary in june when he is assassinated immediately has been ad there lot of people who talked about what if he had lived and who he had been the nominee, how would it have changed . I dont know. There was a lot going on. We shouldnt discount the power of the silent majority, of nixons of the majority of people who are really anxious about the immensity of social change that they were seeing happening around them. I have often wondered why soy Teddy Roosevelt was did roosevelt or taft change . Prof. Omara that is a great question. Their friendship is a fascinating one. It is the subject of books. Roosevelt was such a i see their dynamic as of course, roosevelt being the healthy dog of all healthy dogs and have to ugh, suchrilliant man, a brilliant man. He was so quick to take credit for things and taft was the opposite. Where his stellar career he went from strength to strength because he was so smart and so good. We forget the real taft. He is seen as this marginal figure, kind of comical figure. He is this extraordinary man. When people say, why did he come so far so fast . My plate was right side up when things were theing it is kind of opposite of a lot of other people who are [indiscernible]. But he really wanted to be a Supreme Court justice. That roosevelt felt that tapped was going to be his guy just into that he hoped what he would do. He got in the oval office and he said, i am president. Im going to not always do what and ironically, in some ways, he was more progressive. He kind of pushed things in a little bit more that direction by teddy saw him as just a party hack and i think roosevelt just didnt he hated not being president anymore. He was really young, really vital in a just, you can see him going on is barnstorming tour in 19101911 and he is getting more excited everyplace he goes and the crowds are huge. Now, 98, when you look at read between the lines of newspaper accounts and they are observing that there are people who are to believe people who are just curious like, i want to see teddy in person so they cannot and watch but they are just watching. But he really loved the spotlight. He was hungry purity also felt that taft was not doing enough, that he clearly particularly his time in europe in 1910, really kind of soaked in some of these ideas that are emerging in european states, the welfare state, government, the role of government and industrial life, and had much stronger views about what should be done and he thought that taft was just a little too much of a status quo guy. Sometimes people think of the word pivotal as synonymous for the phrase turning point. I was a little surprised you did not mention that starting in 1932, democrats had a plurality or a majority in seven of the next nine president ial campaigns , starting in 1968, republicans had a plurality or a majority in five out of the next six president ial campaigns and starting in 1992, democrats had a get and plurality or majority in five of the next six president ial campaigns but that is not my question, my question really is, my question really is is there something about a substantial thirdparty candidacy that exemplifies pivotal elections and should we expect that this coming election will be pivotal only if there is a substantial thirdparty candidacy and probably not otherwise . That is a super question. I hadnt thought about it in that way but i think that is right. Richardes hofstadter once said third parties are like bees, they staying in an anti. And then they die. I think that a third party or independent and a third party figure can be somebody like George Wallace who was a candidate of one of the two major parties but is pushing the whole conversation in a different direction. They gain traction, it is a reflection of the fact that the economic mood there is economic instability, there is enough change that people feel that they really need Something Different than what they are this inand you also see 2000 with ralph nader, where a lot of voters beforehand one of the reasons was they would say, or in bush, there is no difference. I think george w. Bush shows everybody that he wasnt the same president as al gore but there was this real kind of belief that you have these two establishment parties and they werent really offering fresh solutions. Then these outsiders the twobe they get major parties and again, the durability of our modern party system is one of the reasons that it is so durable this because it kind of accommodates the ross perot platforms, talking about the reduction of the national debt, for example, talking about fiscal responsibility with with something that ross perot thought that bush and clinton had to talk about more than they were talking about it before. Toyou have i will have think more about this sort of correlation and causality because i think there is something to that when you think you are pivoting to a different political era, it is important because the parties themselves are finding a way even after the election to accommodate the voters that were supporting this independent candidacy. Thank you for an engaging. Alk about an engaging book i did not have the knowledge of my friend but i will followup on that. I will ask you to use the crystal ball you dont have purity to do good job of using history to understand the president. Now im going to take you to the. Epublican field if you were forced to make a and im going to follow this up who do you see at the end of this emerging as the republican candidate, and why . Indy you think if it is not donald trump or ben carson, would either of them be encouraged by their support even though it is so early in the cycle that they might run based on their support. In the easier question, you spent so much time with these , do youes and winners have a favorite or a nonfavorite or both . Prof. Omara it is always dangerous to have a history professor with a crystal ball. I think there are patterns. Is based on thinking about history. I would be very surprised if ben carson or donald trump ended up being the nominee. In 1963, people would have been surprised if goldwater was the nominee but i think that whoever is the republican nominee will be someone that is going to have to accommodate some of the , thate, the use of media some of these outsiders have gotten all the attention. And thee obviously general everybody moves closer to the center, right . The primaries are going to be really interesting. Ballmakes this crystal particular the cloudy this time in my field has been so large is because of the nature of campaign finance. If you have one very, very deeppocketed contributor, you can launch a national campaign. And if it i mention is the cost of media is different. Donald trump has gotten he is. Edefined media that has been around for a while. Bill clinton was very good at that, going on the arsenio hall show. It is a tough call. Part,d be surprised, in because there has been so much light but on these candidates on the edges now. Thirdparty run yet, all bets are off. I dont know. People may promise they are not going to do it but roosevelt promised he wasnt going to run, either. Of the it is hard to pick a favorite. What i really loved there are so many great personalities, right . There is a reason there is a big president ial history dizziness, it is great stories. What i really enjoy is recovering and uncovering the stories of people who are today. Rpreted Herbert Hoover is an example of that. And then other stories that really showcase their humanity. One of the reasons i teach history is because i worked here , one of the kids that came to washington every year to work in the executive branch or work on capitol hill and when you are even if you are young and a small person in this political machine, just being this close to lawmaking, policymaking, and leadership gives you a different perspective on power. You realize that a human being the presidency is onthejob training. There is no like president score you can go to. It is extraordinary everybody is trying to do the best they can. We may disagree on how they are doing what you believe is the it is and these are human beings and they are ordinary men and we hope there will be more women that join them in the coming years that are just trying to figure out how to run the largest, most powerful country on earth and it is a daunting, daunting job. It amazes me that people wake up in the morning and say, i could be president. I dont think i am going to be running anytime soon. To show their humanity in and to remind people that they have this multidimensional life story that with these phases in these careers, everybody has their up years and their down years. Not a single president , even the ones that are the best of the best, they had moments where things are really going sideways for them, whether popularity was going [indiscernible] on the wall was not sticking. Eventually, it is one of the reasons that it is good and have looking back over a long purity of time, we have come to appreciate to come to get past policy by is what we think these people stood for and actually appreciate them as figures of history and his representatives for a moment in time. Your questionsor and thank you all for coming. This was really great. Thanks. [applause] prof. Omara i will be upstairs. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer next weekend, the vietnam hearings 50 years later. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee giving equal time to critics of the war and members of the Johnson Administration in hearings are televised live. Thats next saturday at 10 00 eastern. Only on cspan3. The citizens of the Granite State are not easily one. Won. Voters braved snow and sleet to cast their votes. Thanks to the people of New Hampshire could be back here in New Hampshire New Hampshire New Hampshire New Hampshire New Hampshire hey, he is from New Hampshire. The governor, thank you so much for coming to New Hampshire. This is a place where you can observe a candidate in the heat of a dialogue, getting tough questions about their positions on the issues. It is not just a place where they give a scripted speech. New hampshire takes his primary status really seriously. This is one of the series of town Hall Meetings we will have. This is my 20th town hall meeting. Welcome to our 115th townhall meeting in New Hampshire. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] up next, lincolns outlook on Economic Opportunity and equality. We hear about a belief that every citizen has the ability to slaves, including who he said it went against the g american promise. He
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