Transcripts For CSPAN3 On The Firing Line With The Germans 20170422

And restored by the library of congress. , withatch the entire film commentary by two scholars who helped reassemble a movie that had become a jigsaw puzzle of fragments. This program is about two hours. Cooper graham my name is cooper graham. At the moment i am retired but i used to work at the library of congress and while i was here, among the fascinating things ive found buried in the vaults, and there is a lot of stuff buried in the vaults, is the film on the firing line with the germans. I looked at it and thought it was a fascinating bit of lost American History, including the high mark of the german army. Especially on the Eastern Front in 1915. As well as other stuff because it reflects interestingly what was going on in the United States at that. Lookingor the u. S. Will was looking at the strange war in europe and wondering how much of wonder to get involved and how much it could stay out of it and whether circumstances would allow it to. Jim i am a scholar retired from a Computer Systems career. I wanted to research my family history. I was looking into a journalist who was a war correspondent for the german news stories and world war i. While researching him i came , across his bylines in the Chicago Daily news. I saw he came back amid a film and early 1915 and he prays ever having a system of getting real war pictures. And wilbert durbo did not start journalism until until 1909 and within three years moved from examiner in chicago and event went off as an independent contractor with the newspaper enterprise association. And shortly was the best person they sent on difficult assignments like the mexican troubles. Anyway, in the Background Research i was looking for the film. I wanted to see what they are witnessing on the east front and i kept chasing. He was a hard get a researching as he moved around a lot, change careers a lot. After about 10 years, i was still working on the research i came to the end of my line and i was going to write an article excite body was a fascinating fellow. It was about organizing notes when lo and behold i learned cooper hundred and this article, a fabulous article. I was glad to get over someone else interested in this. I contacted him. I brought total ignorance to the fact that this was a lost film. No one knew with the content was. Through contact with cooper, he gave me the magic key and the library of congress, buried in some copywritten paper rolls from the original copyright filing was a few small images of the initial film frames that allowed us to document the real of our and with the help coauthor, found many of the lost pieces of film and worked with the library of congress to encourage them and help them recreate it. I am george willamen. On the nitrate film vault technician. It has been my job for the past 30some years to take care of the nitrate film collection of the library of congress. What that means is these are the films made from the beginning of cinema up to about on nitrate 1950 film stock. The reason it is different is because nitrate tends to deteriorate and even more important is highly flammable. So it is important for us to maintain not only the film but the atmosphere it is stored in to give them long life and keep them from blowing up. I am a preservation specialist in the moving image section. My duties involve ensuring the physical integrity of the collection. Our handling and storage standards. I concentrate on the safety side. I have many other duties including maintaining and circulating the film loan program and also assignments on special projects such as d urbourough. Whether it is assisting in reconstruction of research or on the firing line with the germans. Where does that come from . Why do we still have it . It is just one of those Amazing Things it just never happens. From what i have learned, we acquired the film some years ago from the son of one of the original backers of the film and it innd it found his fathers wine cellar. It was 40some reels of film. It had been sitting on a shelf and several attempts had been made to put it together but there was no paperwork. There was no way to put it together. It just kind of sat there. The nitrate vaults in ohio were at Wrightpatterson Air Force base and i would see the film and i thought, who the heck is this . I am so glad that finally we were able to put it all back together because it is one of those things that should not have survived. There is no reason for it to survive. Lynanne a wine celler is not a good place to store a film, nitrate film or safety film. The fact that survived all these damp. And probably was definitely damp as well the water damage. How do we get to the point from it sitting in storage to now where it is available for the public to view . I think the Library People in the library had always wanted to see this film put back together. I know cooper has always been interested in it from the point of myself being a film that needed put back together. I never thought i would be able to see it put back together. But when the script, as it was, was put together by james cooper and resented to is, that is when the time came. Plus, the time had come when we were able to do high enough levels of scanning of these film reels that they could be edited together digitally rather than having to try to make the film copy and try to edit it that way. There was such a huge volume of material, the cost would have been astronomical. But using can digitally, it was much easier for us to electronically but back put things in their place and try this. Oh, here is a better version and we will use this. So without Digital Technology i do not think this project would have happened. I guess it was two years altogether. Lynanne yes. That is just the physical putting it together. That does not count all of the prework that happened before we got there. It takes a lot of time and effort. What is the value for the American Public . Why is it worth it . I would like to say one of my sort of Guiding Principles in all the years ive been the film e iservation, the first plac saw it was on the wall of the air force museum and gain, ohio, in dayton, ohio and it is a saying those who do not remember history are doomed to repeat it. So i thought it was important for us to make it available for people to see so we learn from it. Whether or not we do learn from it is not my problem but i want , to make sure i do my part for people to have the ability to see this other part of history that is not in the books, you know. Whether it be this film or a film about dairy work, or a laundry or newsreels. , newsreels were some memorable, so many of them are lost but there were a lot of interesting stories besides the major one. Just to see what we did, how we dressed, how we talked how we , walked, all these major things that we do not forget. Because our society is so disposable. Every part of it. We are getting to the point now where it seems like people are disposable. It is really sad. I want to make sure all of that, as much as we can carry, is still there. Lynanne i think particularly the refugee sequences really reinforce this idea of history , the circle of history repeating itself. We are looking at different scenes of the refugees. And going home at night and watching the news and reading the paper with refugees again. Different refugees from different parts of the world best nonetheless this human effect on political actions. The idea of the populace has to and do her in figure out a way to deal with. This has repeated itself. Almost 100 years to the day, we were looking at the same scenes we were seeing in the news every night. That was really shocking. Urbouroughs film. You will see in the first film segment, he rarely missed an opportunity for self promotion. It only came about because of his initiative. The nea asked him to go abroad. He was their top journalist. The newspaper enterprise association. There he is. Sensehink you can already a hardcharging intention about him. Reece was the cameraman. He always looked a little bewildered but game. There he is with a cigar. Both of the guys had a cigar habit. But he looked affable. Here they are in the streets of chicago enjoying the closeup. This really documented in his trip to europe. Durburoughs trip to europe. How did it come about . Who funded it . Durorough was commissioned to he was given permission and moonlight, as long as he paid for extra cost. He met some chicago businessman and convince them to fund it and then went around purchasing the cameras and equipment and here he is going abroad. This is about the time the lusitania was sunk, so submarines were very much on everybodys mind. And the only line that ran with a neutral dutch ships between new york and holland at the time. Here is the famous stuts bearcat. He bought one in 1915 or 1916. This is the lamborghini of its time. A wonderful car. They are so much in demand. One just sold in california i think for 595,000. And it matched durburoughs personality. It set the land speed record about a year before he left. It was a hot car. And i think he realized the film and the car would help him get access to the individuals he wanted to film and interview. As i said he was very good at , projecting his personae and had a definite flamboyance to it. So, was world war i a really big news item in newspapers at the time in the United States . It was. Obviously, the official position of wilson was neutrality. We had a tendency since washingtons time to stay out of foreign affairs, at least European Affairs which seemed to be totally mixed up. And, there was concern about trying to get involved by several different groups of the citizenry. What are we saying here . Seeing here . This is ambassador gerard. He turned out to be very probritish. A controversial figure. President wilson did not very much like him. But he did a very good job of getting americans out of their germany once we did enter the war. Wilson control his own Foreign Policy with colonel house. The ambassadors were only to give input. Eyes and ears and implement whatever wilson told them. Franz max was interesting here. After the war was over and the kaiser left germany in with the holland, prince max was the first leader who set up the Weimar Republic for which a lot of people in germany never forgive him. I think he was a good fellow. Why would durburough and the chicago paper cover the war from the germans side at this point . In the midwest, there was a lot of progerman sentiment. I will not say everybody was but there were a lot of germans and scandinavians especially the germans tended to be on the progerman side. There was a large german voice in some of the big cities like milwaukee and so the feeling in the midwest was very different than on the east coast, which tended to be much more proallied. I think one of the reasons was that he got funding was the germans could get the german side of their story told because they did not think the New York Times and so on was doing most for them. And german propaganda was not very good, either. By this time, less than seven months into the war, there are a large number of casualties, blind soldiers and fets and whatnot. You will see some of that in the films here. I think it is henrietta set up the home of the blind in did hospital work. She became very famous. She was married to a very famous architect. She was originally italian and italy had just entered the war on the allied side. Nevertheless, she did work for the german wounded. Eim was turned over to the government after the war and i think it is still in existence. Here is alice. Here is Alexander Hamilton and miss jane adams. There she is on the right. Next you durorough. The first woman on a faculty for medicine in the netherlands. Three extremely powerful women. It is funny, as jim said, that shot you just saw is probably the most famous shot that has come out of this. So jane addams . Who was she . Jane adams, alice hamilton. Jane addams ran a hosue for europeans to get integrated into ourll hous society. She did a large amount of effort in the peace movement. Her reputation was so important she was invited to be the cochair of the peace conference the women organize. This is visiting day of the hospital . This is very interesting. It shows the dark side becoming more and more evident in this period, the summer of 1915. This is not frivolous footage. Interestingly, cigarettes became much more prominent in the trenches, obviously. I guess they could not drink in the trenches so smoking became more popular. But i guess premade cigarettes really grew in popularity among the army. Why do you think they decided to film these things . How did that happen . I dont know. Duroroughe them put down as a kind of frivolous guy going for the main chance but some of the footage you have to think that he was very much aware of the tragic side of all of this. He wanted to capture the civilian perspective and show it just as he could see in the film lens. There is an interesting shot. In a way, it is a godsend that durborough could not make it to the front and was stuck in berlin. He has these incredible shots of berlin and wartime. He has sort of a nice portrait of the city that is beginning to suffer. You would not have gotten that off toad gone swanning some battlefield. In the beginning and the , correspondence, initially, they shouldve gotten permission. They go on their own. They connect out there. This is rather famous. This was shot later in the film. This is shot at the workshop of a professor von herftman who became very famous for working with prostatic devices for soldiers. You see it in the Scientific American and three or four newspapers in the United States. Same guy, same workshop. Evidently, he was very famous. Gerber was a horseman. You will see a bit of the emphasis on the horse opportunities in the film. Did he go into this project with a plan about what would happen with this film when he got back . No, i do not think so. I think he just wanted to record his trip and get enough footage that it would be able to be shown in the theaters around the United States as a profitmaker essentially. But also i think to drum up sympathy for germany, which was already unsuccessful largely in its propaganda. But i do not think the syndicate had that as the motive. It was just that obviously there was a Large Population or market for showing the german situation. That is true. That is true. Of course. They were not progerman or brits. You can argue about wilson but they were businessmen. They wanted to make money. And durborough wanted to make his name. I should mention that. He is in 25 of the film scenes. The secondmost seen by stuts. Em is the dyi the germans liked to take s and cameramen to prison camps. It was a safe trip. The germans like to do it because they had a lot of control over what the correspondents saw and did not see and nobody was likely to get hurt and it showed the germans the chance to show they were treating prisoners well. Giving them enough to eat. Like these shots, there may be a element of parity but these guys do seem happy. Apparently they are happy enough not to the in the trenches. It was a place and time they put their best foot forward. To be fair, and again george credit as a neutral he did watch , over for the allied prisoner war camps and he did get credit for improving the conditions which were pretty bad later on. Do you know if these camps were close to berlin . One camp was very close to berlin. It was put there. It was a major army field, training field. As i say, i do not know. It is hard to know if they were trying to make and the prisoners were trying to make the germans happy, but it looks to me that they were not unhappy to be warm and dry. Like shorty and later on in warsaw, film was a new commodity. It is like being featured in films, a novel experience so i think that was the thing that stimulated everybody if they wanted to get in front of the camera. And maybe it was a way to somebody from your family to see the footage and say, he is all right. It is rudimentary especially on , the russian side. They recruited prisoners to help repair the roads and farms. Without the tools were going to farm survey had tools. The ones with the shovels and stuff would fix the roads. These look like british. You sort of get the impression there are many journalists going around with them . Was this almost like a media tour in some cases, or yeah, well, these trips to prison camps they would maybe take 10 people. It would be a group trip. They controlled them pretty well. Youll see in a bit, waiting to go to the front. They are in uniform. Initially they did not have uniforms, they did not have good control. They found they arrested many journalists who did not have permission and went up on their own and started walking running got caught and were almost shot as spies. They decided they would give them official uniform said they could be recognized and escorted from berlin by an officer. What are we seeing here . The band is leading the soldiers out towards from berlin to the train station to go to the front. That is the Brandenburg Gate behind and actually the hotel avalon, one of the most Famous Hotels about a block away. It is right to the left here i think. He couldve popped out of his hotel in shot right in front of his hotel marquee. Whether these guys are heading east or west, i could not tell you. Anyway, they are coming from the tier garden area said they were headed east. At this time in the war, the german army looks rather happy. What was the situation . They were not thrilled, but again, one of the reasons for this film was there was a huge drive in the summer of 1915 starting in may, as a matter fact these guys may be headed towards the battle front which was designed to check the chuck the russian army out of poland. There was a ring from the south with austrian and german troops. And then there was a norm or northern wing which was headed by hindenburg toward warsaw. So, the germans i think were very happy with the situation as they envisioned it. One of the reasons they were invited to do this is they wanted witnesses and they wanted it filmed. Evidently, this footage is extremely privileged. You did not just go up and start shooting the royal family at 20 paces. How he got this or he got the phone from somebody else, i dont know. I am pretty sure he did this. He did get to the castle. They set it up so he would be able to film this impressive ceremony. Impressive, indeed. We are seeing the royal family. Tothat is the kaiser talking this was a review for the kaiser. Hussers was his fear of unit. Bernardi let them through the arc de triomphe in 1871. Did you know that . I did not know that. Who are we seeing here . The wife of the kaiser. The daughter, victoria louisa. She was the only daughter of the kaiser. I think he had 5 sons and victoria luisa. Some of the sons were appointed the head of armies. Not a top obviously and some are relieved later after they did not do too well. Somewhere sort of nominal heads. Like the elder son, wilhelm, the one in the middle. He was actually in charge of the army at verdun. He really was not the expert. The hotel avalon again. This is where all of the correspondence or most of them stayed waiting to get permission to go to the front. Durborough was on the left. That is some kind of hat, fedora hat. Noticed they were wearing a uniform. You mention in your essay about him speaking german. But durborough not speaking german. That is here. He has into east prussia. Got sent to east prussia. One of the correspondence is a guy from new york. He spoke fluent in german. That is bernardi in the middle it was a terrible sore rattler. He loved war. Hes on germany off to and people who did not fight wars were decadent. Kind of a controversial leader. Notice the train in the background. George willemen created a very handful of friends. Those were still they had from the copyright paper that made it look really natural. Im going to mention this because what these guys are wearing im saying this because my wife did not know in a friend of ours did not know these are spiked helmets. Somebody said i should explain in the early part of the war, the germans were distributed those pickle helmets. It was only in 1916 that they got the helmets that they think of as the typical german helmets. The same time the british got their tin hats and the french got their helmets. Head wounds were so bad. It is amazing how much the calvary was the shock troops whenever the victory was attacked. Cavalrynsive in the to break them apart. And they had spears. Steel lances. You will see something else. This is the war that started with horses and ended up in tanks and airplanes. It is incredible. Is is one of the larger cities in east prussia. As you can see it was not damaged much by the russians during the occupation. The russians are still pretty rough. What happened with some of the smaller powers where the russians did do some damage, the russians were not there long. You will see there is this slow tracking shot along the supply wagons you can take a look at the background and see how much wreckage there was. Just imagine trying to supply a massive army with these wagons. They have an infinite number of them. This is east prussia. For people who dont know what is east prussia and the russians invaded there in august. Is that correct . It was a part of germany. It was quite for east of most of germany. It is now part of poland since world war ii. The russians were pretty rough here. Maybe no worse than the germans were in belgium. Im not going to get into who is worse. By the way, this is another city that really took it. Somebody said there was only one family left in the whole city after the russians got through with it. The counting countess of the reigning the count and countess for the rain nobility and were supposed to have taken care of the area. After their own castle was burned by the russians. You can see some of the destruction. Maybe compared with the russian army did in 1945, this is no big deal. Or what the germans did in smolensk. For 1914, 1915, these were incredibly powerful images, for the germans especially. It is one of the reasons they made von hindenburg their savior of world war i. He threw the russians out and they made him almost a religious figure for better or for worse. The battle of tandberg, hindenburg pushed the russians out of east prussia . Pretty much after that the russians were leaving these prussia. The germans set up this tour for the correspondence to take a look and see first how bad the destruction has been. Second, it shows how the east prussians were rebuilding and how it had not kept them down. He went look at the pile of rubble. The mentality of the Central European cities that were over the various areas of war. One side germany or the other, squeezed between two big powers. It changes the whole concept of their nationality and how they have to live. There does seem to be some wanton destruction. This is kind of interesting that the correspondence were sort of on the road. They got a chance to see the great man himself, von hindenburg, the savior of tandberg. A couple of the correspondence who were progerman suggested von hindenburg looked like a mixture of foxy grandpa and father christmas. I dont get that impression. He looks like he has his mind on other things. The guy on the left is that the famous autobahn sleep in this was germanys idea of how to win. He is head of the 20th or marine corps. Armory which was stationed in outshine. He was very much involved in the big battles in poland. Here the correspondents are taken to the area of the lakes and the battle of tanengerg where they took place. It is almost like visiting gettysburg. This is only a year after the battles. Evidently there are people who are going and touring and want to see what happened. I think the guy right behind durboroguh is his official watchmen, guardian. s handler. You can see a bit of the lake area is really beautiful. You can see the barbed wire emplacements. They are everywhere. Whether the russians put them up in the first place or the germans, i dont know, but they look incredibly formidable. Here they have correspondents cars. The stuts did not make this trip. They were bundled in six cars to tour the battlefield. With the market wire. Can you imagine trying to cut through that stuff under machinegun fire . . In an open field. Wow. Im glad i had not been born yet, ill tell you that. With this event german guard wire or russian . I dont know. Whatever barbed wire they could find. They captured some, gave up some. There the correspondents cars again. These people are touring the area where von hindenburg saved germany. I think that is the way the germans really did look at it. That is a grave in front. Or try to figure out what is where. This is the story you can see on the intertitle. I could never quite verify but there was a report in the paper that the germans saw the russians coming across a lake and it was very thick ice so the russians that they were sneaking up on positions. The germans fired artillery at the lake, blew up the ice, and Something Like 10,000 russians did go into the lake and die. I do not it was mined or shell, but there were a lot of russians in that lake. You can get a feeling of how beautiful this area is. Even shot 100 years ago in ortho chromatic film. It is a Great Holiday place for germans and polish now. Very lovely. Fuel was rationed. When he left, it had not been. On april 1, they were on the boat, they started rationing fuel. No private vehicles were allowed. He had to get special permission. Incredibly, he got it from the authorities. This was another town that was destroyed by the russian army. It is hard to tell who has destroyed it. Probably this part was the russians. Probably. Again, it got pretty wrecked. There is a shot here, this is clearly taken from a car. Driving down the main drag. This is pretty good film for the time and for the road. Would american audiences have seen other world war i films when this film was shown later . I dont know. American film, i dont know. I doubt it. Hads far as newsreels, they quite often and they had a tie and with hearst. Pathway films was french. There was a company that did distribute quite a bit of various reels. I dont think it was seen much or very broadly. This guy on the left ernst von enkle, kind of a rakish character. He fought in the spanishamerican war. He is a soldier of fortune kind of guy. Also in the boers war. This is his motorcycle troops. His grandfather was very prominent in the liberation working for frederick the great in prussia. Again, another family stability that he seems to run into fairly often out there. They dont seem to have issued facemasks. We can see the cloud of dust they have to ride through. Again you get the feeling of space. You get this feeling of whether durboroughor not of kind of wandering around and seeing who they bump into. It all seems kind of spread out, kind of random. Poland is a big place. That is him there shaking hands again . Yes. 25 of the film he shows up. 25 of the scenes. Sometimes you have to look hard. I can come and say there he is again. Oftentimes he is sort of invisible, but he is there. Other times is obvious. If he has a camera in his hand, that is probably dorburogh. Is about here that the film stops shooting the correspondence in east prussia and starts to zero in on the german armies headed into poland. Towards warsaw. If im saying it right, it was a big railroad center, a jumping off point for the troops heading east. That he is with the stuts. He usually has the still camera in his hand. At the same time he was taking still photos and writing articles as well . He was taking still photos for the nea while he was filming for his own war film syndicate. But the cameraman is usually reece. The cinema cameraman. Widget complement race because everything was handcranked then. About 19 to 21 frames per second. It had to take a steady hand. This was done pretty well. You mean the cranking up the camera would dictate the speed of the film . Yeah. Yeah. There was no electricity out there or batterypowered or electronically timed stuff. It was all regular study. Steady hand. If a bomb goes off next to you, i guess they cut that scene out. It is hard. Reece was a good cameraman. There were a couple of shots where i think he did some beautiful framing. It should be a delousing station. There are a few grammatical errors. They did pretty well. Describe what is happening here. They are going into get fumigated. A lot of Little Friends visited soldiers, likes. Lice. Going home orore whatever orbiting around after a period of time, they visit stations like this and spend a little time. It is sort of like a sauna bath. I guess there was a special chemical. A sulfur type of thing or something. The soldiers said the lice drove them crazy. Later on youre going to see even more impressive, what was required to supply the calvary horses. And the wagons horses. Remember, this part of the land look at that. Thats like a pyramid. A lot of the land had been just devastated. Forage in fodder was not available in most places. You had to provide it as the army traveled. The infantry used to use mostly shoe leather back then. Uniforms theese germans are wearing our blue. Instead of the usual field grade. Some of the units still had not been issued field gray. The guy in the white floppy cap disappearing is someone who is kind of interesting. He is a correspondent with them and is the brother of the famous theologian. He is with durborogh for the rest of the trip. He wrote quite a few dispatches. Somewhat controversial. Some people thought he might be a spy. He certainly was progerman. After United States got into it, he then worked very arduously for the americans and was involved in making some great proamerican propaganda films. An interesting person. These guys look pretty squared away. In this part of the film theyre working their way towards the front. Is that right . Tell us where they are going. Most of it is behind the front. And the effort to get to the front and in the battle. Then they see the first big offensive Movement Towards warsaw. Was poland an independent country at this time . It was pretty much occupied by the russians. Russia pretty much controlled it. Matter of fact, they did control it. Were not particularly happy under russian rule. There were some polish legions that were set up to help the germans get the russians out. There is the man of the strange floppy hat. And durborough. Here are these guys digging in a bit. Again, this may be shot during training. These are dress uniforms, some of them. Again, you get the feeling everything would have stopped dead without horses. It was a horse war. You had mentioned a spiked helmet before. How long had the germans been wearing that . Why did they give it up . The spiked helmet is it , something it went back a long time in the german army . The british were wearing a cloth cap at the beginning of the war and the germans were wearing these pickle helmets. They are not metal. Theyre kind of leather and copper engraving, some of them. Some are quite decorative, but did not give you any kind of protection if he got a bullet to the head. All three of the armyies decided about the same time that they needed some kind of metal helmet to keep head wounds down. The germans came up with the scuttle helmet. The french, was also worn by the italian. The british wore the famous 10 hat, which is what the americans were when they got into it. They are presenting this as comment but this was a training exercise. I would suspect. Because the camera is up to high. The machine gun practice. They shot than doing machine gun practice and they spliced them in in the last part of the assault. It is obvious they are not actually in combat. That scene was not taken in combat. Is that something that wouldve been frowned upon at this time as farce journalism is concerned . Staging scenes or putting in training and claiming its combat. I dont know. People were lucky to get any film in those days. How theyowing approached combat, the industry infantry. I do think he is trying to make a narrative story. I think if you look at it from that perspective, i think its ok. Today im sure, unless you are documenting the say how this is how they trained and using combat used in combat, probably not. The sensors to that awful lot of his best stuff. This red cross, there are photographs of this same shot that appear in berlin newspapers three months before. Three must before he headed east. And the massive bodies on the battlefields after the assault was over. He was trying to get the red cross to the quickly to possibly save them. They were not individual soldiers like that. It is hard to imagine them with horses. There is a scary statistic about how many horses died in world war i, but it is millions. I dont know. Im sure these are practice maneuvers on a training ground. This is also probably pretty fake. Iest, hegh at his hamm cant stand have these guys and some fake warfare without him being in it. In a minute he will pop up to the right here. They will resplice it and he will be there. There he is. Same spot. It is hard to get a really good shot of a shell or rocket firing. When you do get a good one, it tends to get reused. This shows how primitive things wherewith the airplanes and aircraft. As well as the aircraft. Pretty primitive. They really evolved quickly. Notice the hobnailed boots. This is probably training film. Again, they say any shot where the camera is looking down at the soldiers is probably fake because a camera of the must be immediately dead. This is kind of interesting to show you prussian training. These guys are digging shoulder trenches and you can see they cant hold their rifles while there digging, but rather they put them on the ground, they lay them across the back of their legs so they will stay clean. Which is pretty clever. I think this looks real. Dont you . I think this looks real. You can see the hole in his cap at the end. When this film was released in the United States later, how was it received . It was acclaimed. The second showing was in chicago. Sponsored by the Chicago Daily news for the first three weeks. The movie critic for the tribune , a competitor praised the film highly. She had panned the chicago tribunes film. She said a few hundreds marching around. This one, she really gave it the blueribbon. That is what she said. It is funny because the tribune was a rival newspaper for the daily news. The Chicago Daily news. I think that was a pretty Fair Assessment of her opinion. Relative to the other films she had seen of the war. This filming is in june of 1915. You wrote that it opened in milwaukee november 28, 1915. He came back and arrived in new york city in september , late september. 1915. Yeah. In october 1915, the Chicago Daily news was announcing this film was going to be made, and it first showed in milwaukee at a scripps newspaper, nea newspaper for a week. Then a week later, it started in chicago, three weeks sponsored by the daily news. Later, three weeks by the syndicate and later by the local theaters on their own financial exposure. This is one place that evidently was not faked. Look in the back. He is kneeling with a pipe. He is loading film into his camera, at least i think he is. He just got hit. You will see some guys heading out as soon as they get their act together, trying to chase him down. I dont think that was staged at all. He had his head down. Too. D his head down, that has a look of authenticity. There is a lot of mud. A lot of mud. Yep. Just to go back to the screenings, would the film have made a profit . Im pretty sure they have a pretty good profit for the syndicate. As i said, the syndicate only went for about two years while they were distributing the film. It was widely viewed around the country. I found it all over in the u. S. It stopped the last showing was in march 1917 before we cleared war. We brokered relations in february. Gerard took the train out. At that time, german film was not a popular thing in the theaters, and the market dropped and disappeared. A few people subscribed earlier , i am sure, and they continued showing it. By about april i have not found it again. Do you know where we are now . With this train . It is that junction in poland which was a big jumping off place for the german army. Here they are bringing the welde wounded back. It was a distance of about a couple hours drive from warsaw. He says i he was shot at while he was filming here, but it is hard to tell. You said yours truly is flying, but would it have been him or his cameraman . Reese did fly also. In fact, this im pretty sure was him. Reese was awarded the iron cross. For taking film for the trenches that enabled them to do some information about the strength of the russian side. I think it was big publicity for the germans. The couple million iron crosses awarded several million more than a couple. By the german army. I dont see anything in this shot that looks like any kind of troop movement. No, no. But it did look like they had a couple lines if you look closely. All of the trenches have usually two or three lines. Front trench and behind. We tried to find something on count kaiser. It is a very common name. Fhere are a lot o counts. All they know is he seemed to have an air squadron, was in poland, and he likes horses. I would be curious to know more about him. He also threw dust flew on the east front briefly. It was the thing to do. Watch the pile drivers. In the 1960s, they were still doing it. A couple of hours anyway. I dont think this is the how they got down there, im not sure. It is kind of outside warsaw. This is an area where if you do see Something Like trenches, clearly the russians had built fortified positions and the germans did as well. There were about 80 miles or less. I think if the germans wanted to show them constructing a pontoon bridge in a safe area, that was probably a good thing to be taken to. Warsaw was not defended. The russians abandoned it. They just said they could not do it. The entry into warsaw was very peaceful. Especially interesting is you are going to see some shots of the jewish quarter in warsaw. It should be remembered, this may seem ironic, but 25 years before hitler, the germans were very much trying to get the jews in poland on their side. The jews had suffered terribly under the russian pogroms. The germans were hoping they could enlist the Jewish Community into the german side. Here are some germans who have been very happy and celebrating their entry into poland. And they are sappers. These are the guys in the underes and the mines the lake and everything. This was their big war. Yeah. Count kaiser link pops up again here. You can see the train station right behind him. The guy the right cap gun is someone who shows up in a lot of shots. The guy on the left was oslo. Here is the jewish quarter of warsaw. Everybody was trying to stay in front of the camera. Yeah. [laughter] that is an engineering core . Yeah, it was basically people that dug trenches, some big tunnels under the enemy position and then line with explosives and blow it up so they could penetrate the wall or the front line. This is warsaw, which looks like an incredibly attractive town in these shots. Again, there are some shots coming in here. You will be seeing lancers. Also, some of these guys are not even wearing the helmets. Some units in the german army wore for reasons i dont understand, you have the lancers here. It looks incredibly oldfashioned to me. They had their uses. Do we know if the polish if the warsaw citizens were happy the germans were there . If they were happy . Were they . I think they were happy enough. They did not like the russians. Im not sure they were thrilled with the germans, either. At the very best, i think probably they were neutral. I dont think they had a hard time. I like this shot of ries. It is framed by the door, i think that is really a nice shots. That is him in the third row yeah, watch him scuttling out of here. Is all smoking. [laughter] a different world. Yes indeed. You will see a couple of shots or two of one polish officer. As i say, i think there were the attachments of poles who were very happy to fight with the germans against the russians. You know also because plenty of germans are catholic, and since the poles are catholic there is there is an affinity there to ,o. The central powers had to make friends quickly depending on how the power was flowing. They had to survive. It was survival. So this is being built because the russians destroyed bridges . Yes. Yes. Pretty much the only destroyed the bridges in warsaw. In the background, in this shot, i think you will see the bridge. That is not this one. It comes later. It is close. There is. Yeah, ok. In the top right, you can see it is in the water. There will be a couple of the shots of it too. And these are refugees. Yeah. We dont know where they are going. They are obviously crossing the river. I dont know if they are looking for shelter. Later on, you will see some of the peasants in the farm coming back. It is just utter disaster. Heres the alexander street bridge. Yeah, ok. I am sure the russians did blow the bridges. There would not have been much of a point in the germans blowing them. They were trying to go in that direction. This was a bridge that was built by the germans, i guess. Here is the bridge that the russians with the demolitions, demolished. Yeah. And it is faster to build a small bridge than to try and rebuild that. I should also mention i think from here on never mind. At some point, i think they join durborough and ries join a bus of correspondence on its way to the big fort that the germans took. I dont exactly know when that happens. That for was like the National French line in world war ii. The artillery had leapfrogged the offensive. The general was also called the battering ram because he was an expert with heavy artillery , which took out these huge parts of belgium and was now given his head to destroy. Artillery ande whatever to plan the assault. Yeah. The zeppelins had on to london by now, but they were also used on this front. I dont know why. I dont think they would have been affected that effective. Did you do it, cooper . It would have been spotting for artillery maybe. It is a little big for an observation. Again, you get the feeling it is a rather attractive city. Before it was pretty well destroyed in 1939. This was the start of another reel. You dont get the feel of the actual viewing of the theater at this had ninese reels, and there were eight reel changes from the start. The projectionist handcranked it as well, which would speed up and slow down. It would probably take about a minute or two to switch out the film reels. When they showed it, did they have musical accompaniment . They were almost never silent. They had pianists, violinists, full orchestras in some big cities. Yes they always had music. , they had a repertoire that would change with the music to mood of the music to match the screen. I think he also wrote that durborough went along and was present at many of the screenings . Is that true . He lectured at many of the early screenings. He brought the with him and in philadelphia and between lectures beforeandafter films , he would run up and down the street firing a big loud gun to draw attention. It was part of his flamboyant style, absolutely. Here is one of these polish officers i was just talking about. That almost looks like it was not in warsaw, that is for sure. Yeah. This is a suburb of warsaw. It probably has not been incorporated into warsaw proper, this was the side towards before fort that they were going to assault. Dont they look happy and excited . [laughter] nothing like lancers to attack the fort. This is the group the cavalry , they were famous for. That is german, right . German cavalry . No. I dont know. The film seems to be building to the point of this attack on the fort. Is that right . How would you put the battle for the fort in perspective in the larger war . Was it important or is it over exaggerated in this film . It is over exaggerated because the climax of the films story is travel to capture the german side of the war. He left shortly after it. This was the it fell, as i said, in late august. He left in september. Once he got this, he came home. To be fair, i think his assignment had already been pretty long. You have to appreciate the stress and strain physically that these correspondents endured. The cameraman especially had to lug heavy cameras, a tripod, and some film. When you see what they had to set it up, they could not just hold it in their hand and take film. It was an ordeal. The russians regarded as their linchpin defense a series of forts in poland. One of the bigger ones, they had another, you saw one shot of a bridge that was farther south. This series of forts was supposed to be a line to protect russia from poland. It did not work that way. It had been built in Something Like 1850, and it would not have even withstood the artillery of 1870, let alone what they were going to throw at it. To be fair, castles in the middle ages originally were often positioned at critical points in the the crossings of rivers and or where there were natural citadels with a rock or whatever that could be easily fortified. At this stage, that theory and that mentality was still prevailing. And often there is durborough on the side there. A lot of the russians knew it was a loser. They said they could not evacuate because there was just so much stuff in it. There were so many guns, so much ammunition that they never could get it out in time. Then they said, spiritual reasons call for us to defend it. So i think deep down they knew their not going to be able to hold it for long. It is one of those things you cannot avoid, i suppose. Im not taking away from what the germans did. It was not an easy target by any means and a lot of people died. It did not help that the germans captured a russian officer who had in his pocket a complete map of the defenses of the fort. Like soldiers anywhere, anytime they got a chance for refreshments i think it is fair to say that these guys were progerman. Definitely. Which is no crime. You could be proanything you wanted to be. There they are. The guy on the right was an extremely good writer for the chicago tribune. I always thought his stuff should be published, although he chose the wrong side sort of. They would tell the handling officer where they want to go. You had mentioned the difficulty for the camera people. You have a book about that subject, dont you . About the cinematographers of the great war, yes. Probably the camera equipment alone weighed about 100 pounds at least. It was three pieces you had to lug around. One other thing, you almost did not want to leave without some rolls in your pocket or sandwiches or something because you never knew when youre going to get your next meal. It was not, you know, at the front, it was difficult with circumstances. Once again, just to remind people the timing of this, when did they start filming and what month of 1915, and how long did this all go on . Well, durborough started filming in april of 1915. He got some shots in berlin. He got there about midapril and got permission to film somewhat. He last filmed probably late august, early september. He had to go through the film censors. So much was rejected, he postponed, changed his tickets to a slightly later ship, and he arrived back at the very end of september. He probably left mid it took about nine days for steamships. You figure september in the 1920s, he arrived in the very end of september in new york. Tooke trip to east prussia place between the 10th and 22nd of june. When he left for poland after that, i dont know. When he took a trip, that was in august. These must be unique shots. The left for warsaw in august. At one point, they burnt out it a clutch going over a sandy spot. He had to chain it to a tree out there and come back to it three weeks later. In the field, it was not easy to keep that car running at times. To be fair, he developed i think a closer emotional relationship with ries. Han he did this is the earlier prewar blue uniform on the right. First date on the way to the fort . This could have been taken anywhere and just place in here. But it does look like a real wound. He was doing something, and he got shot. You mentioned the censors. Could you describe that in more detail . The german sensors . Yes. The correspondencts had to pass all their text before they were transmitted by telegram or whatever. However, most censorship took place with controlling who they got access to, where they could go, who they could interview. In that sense, it was both before and after. And the text that was cabled back to the u. S. From germany, the first thing the british did was cut all the cables except for the cable coming from europe to london. That enabled them to filter all of the correspondence that was sent back to america. They butchered or they changed some of it significantly. Some small stuff and some large stuff. Sections of text. Do we know how much film he shot and how much the germans prevented him from using . He bought 25,000 feet of fresh nitrate film. In new york just before he got on the ship. He shot one or two reels going over. He said he filmed and processed he only had about 400 feet of film to take on the way back. Showed that she printed he did not print all of the film, but most of it in printed berlin. He had to show sensors about he had to show censors about 20,000 feet. They cut a lot of stuff. He talked to prince max when he got back from the censors. Prince max made a phone call and said they were going to have another review and he would be there and guaranteed he would get a better result. That is why he had to postpone a week before he got on the ship. The film the germans did not allow him to use, would they have just destroyed it . It got destroyed. I got to tell you, i went looking for it over in berlin in the areas places, but no, it probably was lost to the ages. But if anybody seeing this thinks there might be any of this film, let me know. Get in touch with us, cooper, me, anybody. Is this a special intertidal . No, this is not the one. This is where he gave a shout out. Later on in chicago and new york, where there was a longtime journalist who had a lot of a shout out you will see in a minute. That is him in the back with the goggles and hat did he sometimes also wore an upper cape. An opera cape. This is it. Little his special thanks. Heres not own a car. I dont know if even drove much. He did not own a car up until that point in his life. That is a large gun. I tried to find a german artillery book, but im not sure that is right. That looks at a 42. That is not a mortar. You will see a mortar in a second i believe. Manned by the austrians. That is a 30. 5. Yeah, the mortars. I understand the germans actually had some 30. 5s, and they were pretty good inaccurate. They were not as able to be repositioned as the austrians. But they also did not want the word to get out, so they hit it pretty quietly. We know that the fort fell and that the russians were moved back somewhat. What happened then with the russian army in the next year or so after this . Retreat. Retreat. There he much, they just kept moving back, and the germans kept following them and capturing 300 a day. Camera, 100 pounds of three or four packages back and forth from the firstline defense to the second and the first, and then the camera, the periscope or broad targets. As i say, that puts the germans in a dilemma. Do they follow the russians and go all the way to moscow . And germans in a dilemma. Travelers it looks like as the the troops advance in front of them. And he has got something in his mouth. There on the right is the man with his copyright had. Floppy hat. He wrote about that shot. So it seems to be authentic. I was suspicious of this shot, the weather seems so different. I would be suspicious. [laughter] yeah. Well you see the machine gun is yeah. Is there any evidence that the man encouraged reenactments for his camera . A couple times. German president s prisoners that were dancing, he could not get the camera set up before they got there most of it, and he asked them to do it again, and they did. So it is a recreation of what actually happened, but that is typical of the equipment of the time, and that is fair game, i think. There were some things that he asked people to do. Im sure they spliced it in and presented it as part of the thrust, the offensive thrust into this battle. But i think he was just trying to represent as best as he could you know what actually was there. But look at this. These guys are not this is the target range. They are even wearing shea soes instead of shako instead of the other hats which shows it was shot under training conditions. I assume that is an officer kneeling without the battle helmet on, that was probably the training officer. Yeah. Actuallye shakos were given to machine gun crews. Ch is again kind of prewar what do you think at the time audiences would have thought , all this was authentic, or would they have known . I think it probably knew. I think they probably took it as representing reality. I mean, lets face it special , effects in the theater had not yet been developed very well. It depends on how sophisticated audiences were. I think anybody who had been in combat, anywhere. The germans in the audience would have been pleased and cheering and happy to see it. But again, you can say, it fake onbe it may be some level, but it is a real moxie machine gun. These are drills they are performing. And if you wanted to film to survive, you definitely want to take a training practice run. You werent going to get back to america yourself. I think this was at the front. Yeah, i think anytime they have those canvas covers over their helmets, it tends to suggest this is for real. The generally wore those in the field maybe partially is , camouflaged. Looks like that front is pretty well mashed up there. Yeah. I think a lot of times people try to clear the field to make sure they have the defensive positions. The russians had clear lines of fire. Yeah. Just like in world war ii, the retreated troops. Actually this shot is there is a picture of that in the New York Times, june 21, 1915. This was shot when he was still in berlin. These guys had to get as realistic. You have got to go through mud, guys. Lets go. Dont hesitate. But they made use of the, what little landscape provided for positions and cover. Yeah. This man was never wounded. You can see people in the back, whether it is a training exercise. I suspect this may have been good because the horsemen are hiding in the trees to be less prime targets. They it is just hard to say. Yeah. I guess we dont really think of russian aviators and world war i. But there must have been. What is that . Russian aviators in world war i. There were a few. They were used mostly for intelligence spotting. Getting a sense of strength of the enemy. Now this is interesting, they say they are behind a nice little hill while the russians shell this position in front of them. Im inclined to think this is real. This was probably real. As i said you will see the same , shot a couple of times. In a minute here they will sort of go pan to the right here. You can just see there are random shots of falling, and pretty clearly the camera isnt quite sure where they are going to land. But something is going to land, like that for instance. Obviously the russians were over a little to the right. So he might have been behind the hill, falling out of the frame of the camera. Then its interesting how sometimes the authentic stuff is the least exciting. [laughter] yeah. But it is for real. When they got that nice rocket trail or whatever, i told george i think george might have included it because it was so good too, a little extra. Yell. According to the intertidal, itle, that istert the way they explored it. It looks like rockets going off. I will have to compliment George Willeman and client shall schweighoferanne for the selection and getting the best quality. This has been an excellent film. Remember looking through all the film and seeing all the damage . That wasnt there before. Yeah. When you first went through the film where was it . , it was in the nitrate vaults of culpepper in virginia. Roger packard has their campus there. Repurposed federal reserve, cold cash storage for rising the economy after a thermonuclear a disaster. Which obviously wasnt very useful. They keep it in 40 degree nitrate refrigerated vaults, special spark resistant lights and covers and switches. It is very explosive film. And then you stand in a cement floor with no static generation usually. It is 40 degrees, and look at the film. I think this stuff might be right. I think some too. Right and real. Actually the National Archive had made a partial, they had just taken the film and shot it and made a tape. There were parts of it or missing. Parts were repeated. I think that is the first place i looked at it just to get an , idea of what was there. Luckily, some of the thing 60 , some reels of film started up in this wine cellar a son had inherited from a chicago businessman. He couldnt do anything with it but he got to the american to the the afi, there was no commercial value. But he realized the significance of it and offered it to the National Archives. They took it. About half of the film was so badly corrupt by that time, the nitrate here is an austrian gun crew. What they are firing is a 30 45 skoda. A formidable weapon. They used these against the gas. What he must have done was bring in some austrian teams with these incredible weapons. This isnt as big as the mortars at liege and in belgium, but it is a much easier weapon to do and still does the job. The 30. 5s were a terrible and scary weapon. For the people who dont know what a mortar is drop a very heavy shell fairly high over the air highly , loft, comes down and just a just demolishes it. And it explodes when it hits, it is not just a hard mastic goes through a wall, a large chemical bomb, if you will. Like dropping a bomb from an airplane from the vietnam war era. And that is pretty much true. The surrender did take place in the middle of the night, the morning, which is always unfortunate for camera men, especially in world war i, there were always attacks before dawn. All of the action seemed to take place before dark, that is the way it goes. If you see a film of going over the top trench, you know it is enacted. They usually pounded the trench first, andartillery then after several, maybe an hour or two or three, then there was a slight pause, and they went out in the dark around 6 00 a. M. They went out over the top. , everything opened up. Everything opened up. Here is 42 centimeter gun. They say there is a 42 centimeter got it is there. Look in the upper right corner, and you will also see the wounded guys being carried in stretchers. I saw the stretchers, but i did not see the gun. See in the back, right behind the helmeted guy . Off the screen now, it is going off the screen. That is the gun. I believe you. Here are the pallbearers, the pallbearers, the stretcher bearers bringing back the wounded. Themthem get clean let get clean supposedly. You have tore give credit to the red cross or , the medic, the unarmed medics that go in there with their satchels. Some of this was shot earlier actually in east prussia. Because they came up with this ingenious system of trailers so they were behind the ambulances so they could carry the wounded. I have no reason to think these are fake shots, though. Yeah, these would be, because they are dropping them off at the field hospital. Actually the man never got wounded except for maybe mexico, he had a slight shrapnel wound in the mexican troubles in the , knee. Said he let he fainted from lack of food and sleep. The stuffhave to get off to the side of the road and let the army get by with the trucks, and the fumes were just incredible that he got nauseous and fainted and woke up in the field hospital. They took him to the field hospital. I think that is about im british or that happened. But he never got shot or wounded in europe. 85,000 russians. 700 guns. It was a huge victory. Pretty well wiped out any organized defenses in russian and poland. Again, you can see this is a bit of a rainy day. And these are russian prisoners. Russian prisoners, exempt you will see a fellow with a gun a german uniform. Did not look too worried, although i do think there is the demon soldier, escorting them back. Probably a couple of thousand soldiers and maybe a couple of dozen germans. They were glad to be out of the battle. Yeah. This is called this is kind of interesting. Kaiser wilhelm shows up with revieu, called a kaiser where he is going to congratulate his troops. Here is the old car. All of the soldiers are lined up witnessing this. The man couldnt stand it, and he went running out and started filming. They had officers yelling at him, he said come on, please. He asked for permission and said, no, you cant leave the area. And so, but the officer turned and tussled with him. He said, you dont stop smoke you dont smoke at a kaiser review. His feats were actually made , the cover of los angeles times. That was the only time he drew a lot of attention himself for his activities. The kaiser kind of went and waved at him winked and waved at him as he went by. He saluted him. I was the part that didnt survive. The kaiser recognized and smiled. There was speculation he may have been shot at the firing squad at dawn, but they figured that the kaiser didnt look disgusted and acknowledged him. Yeah. Must be ok. That he took his cap off and said, much obliged, thank you, as he went by. I dont think the kaiser understood him or heard him. This is part of the destruction. So as the film is coming close to the end, what was the rest of durboroughs career after this . At. I will defer to you on th in 1917 he was sent abroad to be behind the ally line in behind the british sector. Nothing was published, and i think it was because by that time the british hated the journalists as much as germany did. But germany needed a little bit of pr while we were so neutral or maybe to bring us to their side. Nothing was published, and he came back after about six months in the middle of the year. Soon was seconded to the informationr public. While they were processing his commission, he joined as a First Lieutenant in the cinema group with a couple of others. Made a film, how to defend fort lewis out in the state of washington. Films in the rainy washington stuff. He faked some wounded people, or whatever but he starts out , with people sitting and enjoying their sunday, theyre on a relaxed sunday, family visit. Telephone calls coming in to rile the troops. And he also took some film of ships being launched and other similar types of things that would be publicity to show howard getting prepared and getting ready to fight the war, take the war to the germans. He left after 1919 after two years in the army. He then became in marketing and promotion guys for a tire company. He ended up, took the start, they sealed the air in the tires, send them on a tour in canada and northeastern u. S. Quite a few thousand miles. And they certified that the tires held up. But it had been done with it was a recapping process that was a more efficient, Better Process that was less expensive. I just want to say i think , durborough has the good taste somewhere here to stop showing up in his movie and just let the , images speak for themselves. Including some incredible shots of refugees, which you know, i think that inner title is all too accurate. A couple of people in the red cross were asked to take a look at the refugee situation in poland. They said what they saw and in poland was infinitely worse than anything they had seen in belgium. But unfortunately the political situation had gotten so bad at the time that neither the germans nor russians nor anybody else was willing to allow any kind of international relief. But these he wrote about how bad it wasnt poland. Yet was in poland. He had written quite a bit about the severe shortage. When you think about these polish refugees in world war ii, but not in world war i, so isnt this what were seeing here . Yes. The polish and the germans i mean the russians and the germans tend to blame each other. The russians said it was the germans fault because they were carrying out a scorched earth policy. They were destroying crops and houses as they retreated. Russians would probably say no, that germans were taking everything like locusts as they headed east. And theres probably truth on both sides. Yeah, the truth is probably but either way, these are the people that are going to pay the bill. These were itinerant spirit they had to pack up everything they thought they would have in the future to survive with their families. We until you see some of the scenes. Theres a great shot coming up. These wagons, its amazing they held together. Yeah, there is one here, the wheel is about 45 degrees. I think this is the one. Lets see. Yes, there it is. Yeah. Good luck, buddy. So these are presumably returning to their homes because the russians have been forced to leave . I guess, i think so. Actedthat that is not i dont think. Yeah, it is interesting to know whether they were heading east or west, and what a difference would it have made. They were just trying to survive. Twont think they cared hoots for either. Just leave them alone. Do we know anything about how many civilians might have been killed in this part of the . Or just died of starvation , disease. Again, more people probably died of disease and starvation and accidents and whatnot then necessarily civilians we are talking about, not the front lines. I havent seen any real numbers. And these were probably forced off the road to let the army coming the army was probably coming with a big caravan. Now this obviously was positions. They say, you just stand there for a while. But this has got to be real. This is what people had coming up. And there is a leanto. There is that leanto. But as with they had. That is what they had. In philadelphia, the Pennsylvania State centers required them to remove these portraits at the end, fearing that anglophiles and germanophiles would start a fist fight. They also confiscated posters that were going to be posted around advertising the film. It was announced just before the opening. They were refused, so bad to take the film out. Later on it was the center was declared wrong. Because it was only for morally objectionable material naked ladies and that type of thing. He was not a part of our original research, but he had on thisman Service Project ever since. He has been sending us stuff he found in the paper. Online and on the web. He is a webmaster. At finding that stuff. I dont know what we would have done without him. He has done a lot of very good blog spots. So thank you, ron. Sorry you are not here. If you are all interested in this era of world war i film, connect to his blog. Because the imperial war says it film archivist is his favorite blog now. That is high compliment. It is indeed. Which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] announcer 1 how washington corruption is worse than you think. When you arrive in washington dc and have the surroundings i described earlier, you get comfortable in that situation, and you dont want to give up those comforts. The way you earned them is to spend more money. Not to solve problems but create programs and take credit, whether they are official or effective to take credit for those. Congresshe members of are here. It is the best job they have ever had, it is the highest paying job they have ever had, and they dont want to give it up, so getting reelection is more important than the actual problem solving that goes on in washington dc. Announcer 1 watch at 9 00 p. M. Eastern on book tv. Located between the new museum of the revolution and Independence Hall in philadelphia, the portrait hall of the second bank of the United States houses more than 150 paintings of notable 18th and 19th century leaders, military officers, explorers, and scientists. Up next on American History to these american artifacts, we look at a selection of works by Charles Wilson peel