And his talk today entitled Josephus Daniels in world war i will share the research from his most recent book. Please join me in welcoming dr. Lee craig. Well, as as dr. Orr informs you during the introduction, i am a college professor, and we are scheduled to do q and a at the end of my presentation, and so i always know, as a professor, what the first question will be, and what the answer to that is. And the answer is, yes, and the question is, will this material be on the final exam. So, yes, it will be on the final exam. In fact, anything i say is potentially material for the final exam, so i expect to see a lot of note taking. So my talk today is about Josephus Daniels and his role during the First World War. While you were enjoying lunch i was being interviewed on cspan. First world war. And while you are enjoying lunch i was being interviews on cspan and the first question that i got was, why why would Josephus Daniels, a small town newspaper editor, be secretary of the navy during the First World War. And the answer, the short answer to that is politics. Daniels, the longer answer, is daniels was a very important player in the Democratic Party at both the national and state and regional level. He had been a member of the Democratic National committee for 20 years by the time the 1912 president ial election rolled around. And he was a newspaper publisher and arguably one of the most important voices, democratic voices, in the south. Thats what put him on wilsons radar screen initially. And then, he played an Important Role in getting wilson nominated and then he played an Important Role in getting wilson elected. And so wilson came to appreciate daniels for his political wisdom, his connections, and power. And so, he wanted daniels to be in a cabinet as a political adviser. And you say, well okay, youre persuaded us why you would want daniels in the cabinet, but why the navy. Well, why not. There wasnt going to be a big war in the spring of 1913, right . So who cared who ran the army or the navy from wilsons perspective he just wanted politically connected and wise advisers. Well, it turns out daniels had no military background whatsoever as near as i can tell, the only time he was ever on a naval vessel in his life was when he took a ferry to the outer banks of North Carolina for vacation. So he had no military background or preparation for this job. He was, however he wasnt just a political hack. He was a successful businessman with a selfmade man, and made a fortune. And thats really how i came to study daniels, was from his success as a publisher and a capitalist, rather than as a military leader. And an economic historian wrote his biography rather than a military historian. But i thought i would organize the talk about his time in Wilsons Administration and during the war. Specifically into three parts. We will talk about kind of before the war, leading up to the war, as one part and then the war itself and then the immediate aftermath. With respect to what was going on in the navy before the war, i think one of the most important aspects of his management was integrating the new military technologies of the big battleship and dreadnaughts as they were referred to at the time and the submarines. The uboats. Ts as they were referred to at the time and the submarines. The uboats. Ts as they were referred to at the time and the submarines. The uboats. Into the navy. And the marshal side of that, the strategic side of that, he left to his admirals. But there was a managerial and organizational side that he was responsible for, at least partly. And the one of the most important things he did was he got congress he was the administrations point person on Getting Congress to pay for those new technologies. And todays dollar, dollars, a single dreadnaut would run into the billions of dollars. And the navy was a substantial proportion of the overall federal budget at that time. Much larger than it is today. And the battleships were a substantial proportion of the navys budget. And so just getting funding lined up and not the naval spending and Building Program was an important task. Also he faced some organizational and managerial issues. With respect to the noiorganizan of the navy when daniels took over in 1913, the organizational chart, to put it in business terms, had not really been changed since before the civil war. And with the electronic communications, daniels wanted to see the organizational chart move from what you might think of as a flat chart to a horizontal chart to a more vertical chart. Where command and control could be could move up and down the line more directly with the Communication Technologies that had been improved since before the civil war. But he also had some manageri managerialish issues with his admirals. That is partly related to daniels vision of the navy. And daniels was about as close to a pacifist as the leader of a military organization could be. And so he, unlike his add mirrals, who saw the navy fairly clearly in marshal terms, daniel saw the navy as a big vocational school. He thought it was a place where young men could enter and learn a trade and then leave with a skill for the private sector. In addition, he focused heavily on moral improvement of the young men who entered the navy. Specifically he thought that they should come into the navy and leave the navy without ever having consumed alcohol. And also without ever visiting a house of prostitution in a navy port. And so he spent a good bit of time in effort cleaning up the red light districts around the ports. And he also banned alcohol from the ships and bases. And its from that that we get the expression cup of joe, because when he banned alcohol, there was an increase in the coffee rations and the sailors would somewhat angrily refer to it as a cup of Josephus Daniels. And it was eventually shortened to a cup of joe. So he had these conflicts with the leadership of the navy. And those ran more or less throughout his tenure as secretary. Once war came, initially of course, when war begins in europe, the United States is not a combatant, but daniels, who as a newspaper publisher had been very critical of the republican administrations that had preceded Wilsons Administration and in particular gun boat diplomacy and imperialism more generally. He actually becomes an aggressive, albeit reluctant, gun boat diploemtive. So he either oversees operations in mexico, haiti, nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. And with respect to the invasion of mexico, thats a direct response to the germ answers running guns to one side during the mexican revolution. Answers running guns to one side during the mexican revolution. And enforcing the doctrine becomes policy. And of course the u. S. Invades. And then later with respect to haiti and the Dominican Republic, the reason that was given for invading those countries, or at least the reasons the Navy Department gave for invading those countries, was to keep german influence and uboat tens from being established in those countries. Daniels was referred to and again not favorably by the end of his administration and as king josephus i, ruler of haiti, and sometimes referred to as the king of the Dominican Republic, because it is basically the navy mean reason corps that are running those countries during daniels administration. So he gets involved again rather reluctantly in these gun boat excursions in the caribbean and central america. Another aspect of the administrations policies with respect to the war before the United States enters the war, is the formal policy of the administration which is neutrality, and daniels was a staunch supporter of the administrations neutrality policy as it was announced. But he and wilson had a great deal of conflict over how the policy was actually carried out. Wilson, in daniels view, favored the british. And arguably that may have been the more popular political position in the country. More broadly. That was not don yells position. He never made a moral distinct between the british and the french on one hand and the germans on the other. With respect to the violations of International Law, which so outraged the other members of the administration and the public, particularly the im referring here to the waging of the uboat war by the germans in the atlantic, daniels thought that the british with their blockading policy and mine lighting policies in the north sea, and their stopping of neutral vessels and in turning them, he thought those violations were just as egregious as the germans of violations of International Law while they were waging the uboat war. So his policy, his personal views were of a much more stricter neutrality than what he felt the administration was engaged in, in practice. And so this, as i mentioned, this led to a bit of a rupture in his relationship with wilson. Well, eventually, of course within the country goes to war with germany be a then all of his reservations about violations of International Law go out the window and he starts engaging in all of the practices that he had criticized the british for before the u. S. Joined the team, so to speak. The most prominent of which was setting up a mine field between the scottland and norway. And basically sealing off the north sea so the german uboats could not escape out into the atlantic. So when the country, the United States, enters the war then in 1917, daniels is basically con fronted with two major problems. One of those is of course the uboats in the atlantic. Confron problems. One of those is of course the uboats in the atlantic. And the other is transporting the army to the battlefields in france. So with respect to battling the u ksh boats, the british were of course blockading the continents and stopping just about anything from getting in or out. Then the germ answers were in turn trying to get theanswers w turn trying to get the british and french published to get their governments to sue for peace by cutting off their aid from the rest of the world with in particular the United States cutting off their aid from the rest of the world with in particular the United States. With the uboats in the atlantic. So these are really these problems of getting addressing the uboat minutes and getting food and supplies to the british and french and getting troops to the front, they are two sides to the same coin. Basically controlling the sea lanes in the atlantic. And so the primary manner in which daniels has the navy do this is through the convoy system. And previously the british favored sending loan slips out. And the argument was when you put ships in a convoy, what you do is first of all you make a larger target. And second of all, the convoy can only move as fast as its slowest member. So essentially if you use the metaphor of predators on the planes of africa, youre just creating slow large creatures to be eaten. Well, i think what was underestimated there was the ability of the u. S. Economy to generate escort vessels and to just, the sheer number of ships that u. S. Could bring very quickly to the equation, to get the convoys safely acrossdsy t atlantic, and the same with the troop transports. After the war, daniels is asked what he thought the navys largest contribution to the war was and he said it was transporting the army into the field to defeat the germans in france. And daniels was the last member of Wilsons Administration of the cabinet to vote for war in the spring of 1917. And one of the reasons why he waited so long before he would finally vote for war was because he felt it would take an Enormous Army and casualties as a result of that to defeat the germans in the field. And most of the other cabinet members did not agree with this. They thought that United States would just supply material aid and in the uboat minutes, and that would be enough. But daniels said, no, were going to need an army. So one of the most important things the army did was to get that army into the field. And now he claimed, in my research, i was not able to verify this, but he claimed that no u. S. Serviceman or woman lost their life on a u. S. Navy vessel while being transported to france. And if thats true, that would be a tremendous a kplishment. In any case, he did get the army over there and he war was eventually brought to a conclusion and then that set up the post war. And daniels played an Important Role in the post war settlement. In two respects. He joined wilson in the late winter or early spring of 1919 while the various peace treaties that were being designed to wrap up the war, and so wilson used daniels as kind of a roving adviser. And as such, he sent him to the various places in europe where the boundaries of the new nation states were going to be carved. And two of these happened to be italy and germany. And the issues involved were the boundary settlements between the italians and the new yugoslav republic on one hand and the other issue is between germany and poland. And the socalled dan zig core dor on the other hand. So wilson sends daniels out, and daniels comes back and gives his report. And his report is, if you go with the british and the french who were advising a more generous settlement for the yugoslavs relative to the italians and advising a more generous settlement for the polls relative to the germans, if you listen to this advice, youre going to have trouble in the future. And wilson did not listen to that advice. It is not clear that if he had listened that he could have done anything different than or that that would have prevented the riefz fascism in italy and germany. But certainly, the way the two boundaries that were opened that subtled, does not improve to the maintenance of peace after the war. Now, the story that were told is that some wilson made territorial concessions to the extent that cared about these issues in order to secure the inclusion in the treaty that the first of the major treaties, their side treaty, of the leaving nations. And initially, daniels was on board with supporting a league of nations. And in particular, the expression that surrounded the discussion of the league was the collective security. That the problems that led to the First World War were the worn off treaties between countries that then came into conflict and what we really needed was a collective security and the league would guarantee that. Well, as i said, initially daniels was supportive of that view because he was persuaded that that would have kept the germans in particular from being so aggressive. And he thought that if there was a leak in fact he thought that leak would be necessary if theter toral settlements that were on the table, again just for example, the ones that he was involved in, italy and germa germany, if those, the proposed territorial settlements, were in after the war after the treaties were signed, which they did, that there would be trouble with the italians and the germans, which there was, and that we would need the joint military forces. Again, the collection of security of the league. In towaorder to keep the germand italians in their respective plat places. Now in a relatively short period of time, his view of this changes almost 180 degrees. Even though he continues to voice in public support for wilson and the league, he begins and in particular these reservations come from the second issue i mentioned there were two. One was the territorial settlements that he was advising wilson on in the peace 1919, and the other was post war naval arrangements. And so it is part of the post war naval arrangements that daniels is a party to that leads him to begin to question wilsons strategy with respect to the future of the league of nations and the series of treaties that are ultimately wrap up the war. And here he gets involved with negotiating with the british over the relative naval power after the war. And the problem is that a lot of the leaders saw the naval arms race between the germans and the leading to the joonset of the w. There are political voices saying, how can we avoid a repeat of this problem. And daniels, who when he first took over the navy in the spring of 1913 basically saw it as a big trade school or enlisted men in a place of moral uplift where young men could hide from the temptations of alcohol and way ward women for a few years during late adolescence and early adult hood. After entering the administration with that view, after fighting the war, he realizes that he had exactly the wrong view. That watching during the early years of the war, watching the british drive the germans, after the germans put all of this money, all of this treasure and Public Resources into building the Second Largest Navy in the world, the second most powerful navy if the world, he realized having the second most powerful navy in the world doesnt do you much good . You go to war with the country that has the most powerful navy in the world. Frts and so he really he really flips almost 180 degrees in his view of the navy. And he realizes what the United States needs is not a good trade school, but what it needs is the Worlds Largest most unambiguously, the worlds most largest and powerful navy. The u. S. Had ships in the pacific before. This is where the expression that two ocean navy comes from. So you need a Navy Building 4d÷ program that will give you the largest navy in the world split between the atlantic and the pacific. And partly this stems from what i was talking about earlier with respect to his views of the germans and british. The germans always thought the American Administration and American Public were pro british and arguably they were. But again, daniels was not. He was as ready to prepare for the next war against the british as he was to prepare for the next war against the germans or the japanese or whom ever that might be. Ever that might be. So after he advises wilson on on the danzeg and polish questions and after he advises wilson on the yugoslav italian questions, which wilson did not take his advice, daniels is off to london now, you may say, well, what was there to negotiate . Well, again, the Political Leadership of the powers that engaged in war had comeycte to conclusion that we spent a lot of money in our naval arms races, got a lot of people killed, and maybe as part of the post war discussion, treaty, settlement and so forth, maybe we could come up with a better way of organizing our International Military relationes so that if nothing else at least it might be a little claheaper. It might save us a little money. So they are talking about the post war naval arms settlement relationship which basically meant reduction. So the British Empire had financially been driven to the drink by the war. So financing the perpetuation of the Worlds Largest navy was growing to be a cost that the british politicians were going to have a difficult time selling to the british taxpayers. Owing british politicians were going to have a difficult time selling to the british taxpayers. To the british taxpayers so he goes to all of the political people who he is supposed to see in england. Spend some time with the king and ends up in parliament in a late night meeting with the secretary of state for the war for that time, the equivalent i guess of our defense minister of our secretary of defense today, Winston Church hill. And in the book i describe the scene as churchill and daniels discussing the post war naval treaty over brandy and cigars. All of which were consumed by churchill. Since daniels neither drank nor smoked. And their relationship was not a warm one. And it was not one that they perpetuated. Churchill told daniels that the british had to maintain because of the nature of the empire the british had to maintain the largest navy in the world. And daniels told churchill that because of what he had learned during the First World War, that the United States had to have the Worlds Largest most powerful navy. And so churchill said okay. Im putting this in my own words. Im not as eloquent as churchill. So im paraphrasing for you here. Churchill says okay, go ahead and daniels says okay we will, suspecting rightly that british will not be able to continue to fund a naval Building Program at the same rate that the United States could fund Building Program. One of the reasons being because the british gold reserves were now resting in the United States because basically the british had been paying the United States to help them koo keep them in war before the United States intered the war. And so daniels and churchill have this long back and forth and they walk way with no agreement. So daniels goes back to paris, tells wilson, we tried to settle this, we couldnt. And we just need to stick with our naval Building Program, which in a few years, assuming the british did not up their naval Building Program, which daniels did not think that they could not do politically or financially, would ultimately give the United States its twoocean navy and the largest navy in the world. So he goes back to the United States. This is 1919. And it turns out that the repupally crepup republicans the taken control of the congress in mid term elections and he had tried before he went to france in late winter early spring of 1919, he tried to get the lame duck session of congress, which was still controlled by the democrats, to fund the next installment of the Building Program. They dragged their feet. The war was ending. They didnt want to commit to the amount of money daniels was asking for. So the issue rolled over into the next congress and the republicans, after this torturous set of negotiations, in paris and london, the congress will not fund the naval Building Program, and so it becomes eventually the harding administrations problems to problem to address following the 1920 election. Now, the another question that i received relating to the 1920 election in the earlier interview that i did on cspan, the question came up of what role did franklin delaware roosevelt play as secretary in his tenure in the navy. I will start with that and work backwards. The end came before the 1920 election because fdr was the democratic parties nominee for Vice President. And so in order to campaign, he leaves the administration. Well Franklin Roosevelt was brought into the administration by daniels. And daniels had named fdr as his assistant secretary. Now i dont know how many assistant and undersecretaries there are today, of cabinet positions, but just from all i know is what i read in the newspaper, and see on cspan. My understanding that there are a lot. Thats a fairly large number. In those days, you got one. So daniels after the election, the initial wilson election in the fall of 1912, he thinks oh, wouldnt it be a nice political nice Public Relations coup if we could bring into, only the Second DemocraticAdministration Since before the civil war, remember the others were grover cleveland. Those of you who are o,eam enou, and i wouldnt make eye contact with any of you, but you remember we used to have to memorize the president s. And remember all of the ones after the civil war, they all had the same beard and looked alike. The one in that group who was different, outlier was grover cleveland. So he had two nonconsecutive terms as president and he was the only democrat between buchanan before lincoln and wilson. Which is one of the reasons wh daniels is so supportive of the politician, wilson, is because he was a winner. And after losing three times with brian, who was a close friend of daniels, he thought that wilson was the way go. Well, one of those republicans was Theodore Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt may or may not have been a good president , depending on your perspective, but he was a very bad ex president. And he just was not constitutionally suited to be an ex president. So he had run as being rejected by the elders of the Republican Party as candidate against wilson in 1912 he ran as a as an independent bull moose candidate. So daniels thought it would really makeno1. T the administra look good, from the beginning, to bring a roosevelt into a democratic administration. And so in his correspondents he was corresponding later, he described how and why, he had this vision of this youngys 0se knew so well, and that he had identified as havingesj quote right stuff. To bring him into the administration as his assistant secretary. But in going over daniels primary sources, his diary and letter to his wife, he said to his wife, i shall bring frederick d. Roosevelt into my department as assistant secretary. So its possible he did not know Frederick Roosevelt as well as he fclaimed years later, that h did at the time. So he brought roosevelt into the administration and itfv was on 24ir they sort of very together throughout wilsons two administrations until fdr left the Navy Department right at the end of the second administration. As it turns out when things went really badly after the republicans take power in of nations runs into a lot of trouble and with respect to the navy, there are actually some when the republicans get control, they conduct some investigations into the waging of the war. And the any navy is subjected t some very distasteful investigation of is the marines behavior in haiti, the Dominican Republic and also daniels management with respect to planning for the war and so forth. And so fdr, like a lot of very successful politicians, knows when to leave a troubled shift. And so he went his own way politically an daniels went his way. And if you saw ken burns recent documentary series about the roosevelts, daniels was not presented very favorably in the episode on the First World War. And his troubled relationship with fdr was ehigh lated. And they did have one side of their relationship was troubled. There was a lot of cultural difference between the two and fdr was not a particularly loyal assistant secretary. And he was one of the more velicose voices in the administration looking to take a advocating a more aggressive position towards the germans. But that was only one side of their relationship. Later in life, fdr would often introduce daniels, who ultimately became fdrs ambassador to mexico during the 1930s and the second world war. That was only one side of their relationship. Later on, when fdr would introduce daniels to his friends and political colleagues, he would introduce him as the man who taught him what he needed to know, that is fdrs expression, and he recognized that daniels had been a pretty good political mentor for him in washington. So i think wrapping up the Wilsons Administration with fdrs entry into Vice President ial candidate into the 1920 campaign would be a good place for me stop, and i think well take q a now. Thank you very much. [ applause ]. All right, plenty of time for questions. So keep your hands up. From the picture you paint of daniels, it is like he is basically, as secretary of navy, reluctant warrior. He grows into the position. Could you describe the situation he had in terms of the Mining Operations in the north sea. Like 1907 they have the convention and all of that allows such things. Neutrality with norway and that sort of violation. And also, do a little bit about daniels and his management style. Did he lead, did he delegate more, or was he handson . Let me start with the second question first. I think if we can bring some of his senior admirals back from the dead, and we would ask them that question, i think they would say that he was all too handson. I think if we could bring even just daniels back from the dead and ask him that question, he would say, yes, i was handon, but only on the things that i thought i should be handon on. I think he felt like he never interfered with his admirals when it came to the execution of orders, tactics, strategy. He was not an arm chair admiral. He confessed he knew nothing about strategy. But with issues with respect to the management, the seamen themselves, he thought the navy was too capped driven and that the separation between officers and men socially, culturally, was too great. And so he wanted the navy to be something of a drn the expression is sometimes an orderly, but a raising be not to level the officers, but to raise the men up. Is sometimes an orde raising be not to level the officers, but to raise the men up. So in that respect, i dont think he was ever troubled by the criticism he received from his add mirrals that he had about meddling in the culture of the navy because i think he thought that would admit the culture was not a good and productive one. With respect to the first question, one of the problems that british the british had no trouble violating International Law. They basically turned the north sea into one big mine field, which was a clear violation of the earlier agreements. So they had no philosophical objections to putting mines acro across norway. It was the technology of the mines themselves, once the u. S. Gets involved, im an military historian, so i dont know all the details but they come up with a better mime. So thats part of it. And the second part of it is just political expediency. Daniels was against british violations of International Law when we were neutral, the u. S. Was neutral and the brits versus germans. Once it is the u. S. And brits versus germans, well you know, International Law did not mean as much to him as it did when he with a is a neutral. egth a is. Dr. Craig, you say he was not an arm chair add mirral but he was a publisher. Did he stay aloof from the operations of his newspapers at the time that he was sector sometimes like frank knox later on, kind of distance himself a tenure. And if editorial policy changed with kind of an away along with daniels change in his own views about his are a tparticipation n his war effort. That is a good question and one i address at some length in the book, the short answer is no. He did not separate himself from the management of his newspaper. And he tried initially, but he could not just as Teddy Roosevelt could not not be vd i re. Daniels couldnt stop controlling the opinions side of his newspapers. It is just what he did. Sew continued to control the editorial policy of the newspaper. In terms of the daytoday management, he left a couple of people in charge. One of whom was his brotherinlaw. Those of you who have ever run Family Business knows thats a badz6xn idea. I have not run a Family Business but i learned that was a bad idea. His brotherinlaw caused a good bit of trouble both professionally and within the family. For one thing before the u. S. Entered the war, and daniels oldest son joined the marine corps, daniels had sent his oldest son, who at this time was in his early 20s, he had left him back at the newspaper in raleigh as kind of a part of his apprenticesh apprenticeship. Well it turns out that the son and the brotherinlaw, the sons uncle, did not get along very well. And there was a lot of trouble there. This put daniels and his wife, who was t yhav sister of the brotherinlaw in charge back in raleigh, it put them in conflict. And so the mother, daniels her son over her r qzer and basically told josephus to get rid of my brother. So they shipped him off. Josephus arranges for him to become a newspaper man at a texas. There was some personal scandal involved which im just going to leave it at that. Because this is a public show. And those of you, i hope i have wet your appetite to buy the book. To read the scandalous parts of the biography. But basically, he did not stop running. He is tried but he wasnt well opinions. He wouldnt give up that control and then he kept getting dragged back in because of the managerial issues with his family. Did you happen to find out why daniels did not take advantage of a money available from congress and in 1915 and 16 to establish a base here and four battleships and large aircraft that could not tie up along side of i dont know the answer to that specific question. But i have a hypothesis based on other research that i material that i found during the research. And that is, daniels used the budget that he was granted by congress to often to achieve political objectives. I know youre shocked, right . That that, shocked that gambling is going on inping on in casablanca. You6 right . Your shocked that a politician would do that. So it wouldnt surprise me thath maybe there was conflict with state or local politicians or o senators from virginia at the time that caused him to hold ld back money or steer money in another direction or what have u you. I can give you two examples of where he did this. One is with releasing contractsg for navy supplies. And another was, you may recall a little while ago, i spoke wit about cleaning up red light agstricts. A if the local politicians would s not aid in that effort, daniels would go to the congressional pn representatives and governors and would threaten to withhold money from those port areas if y they didnt do what he wanted to respect to cleaning up eaning red light districts. U thats just a couple of exampls of how he would use it. Use so it wouldnt surprise me. I cant recall exactly that issue. But it wouldnt surprise me if that wasnt the issue involved there. Me i ill cut off there. Okay. Yes, sir. Would you touch on daniels enlisting of female personnel and what was his relationship with secretary yes, it was interesting. I was invited because he had w essentially created, daniels ntl essentially created the role of women in the navy. And it was the 100th anniversary of his order establishing roles for women in the navy. Last year. And i was invited to speak at the Navy Memorial in washington, d. C. In commemoration of that event. And so for those of that dont i know, it is a couple of blocks off the mall. As i left my hotel to go give my talk, there were hundreds of thousands of people outside. And i thought, im not accustom to audiences of this magnitude. My students back in raleigh would be shocked. Audif that anyone that wasnt forced to take the course would listen to this guy. Rn well, it turns out that when i went into my room, i there was o only the staff there. W because it was the day that president was speaking in dent commemoration of the anniversare of the march on washington, Martin Luther king, jr. , i have a dream speech. So i gave that talk and daniels for those of you who are familiar with daniels background, he was a notorious racist and was one of the leaders of the whitec0q supre movement in the south and the disenfranchisement of africanamerican voters. Ranc and it is alwayslhm shocking f people to learn that the individual who was as important as any other single individual in the country, in the disenfranchisement movement at the turn of the century, that ht was also a, what we would say hz of feminism. Suppor he was one of the countries leading advocates, and by leading, i mean someone with ith political power and a voice as a leading newspaper publisher, for women suffrage. And so he not only was pushed o the administration towards the amendment for women suffrage bu he also created the roles for the women in the navy and air force. Ith forget the question did have you a followup to that . His relationship to secretary oh right. He and4 baker had very good relationship. A good working relationship. He and baker had very good relationship. A good working relationship. Oh. He and baker had very good relationship. A good working relationship. Tin they had a good reworking relationship when they were toward war than daniels had been leading up to the war. An workin relationship when they were toward war than daniels had been leading up to the war. Working relationship when they were toward war than daniels had been leading up to the war. So they worked good together but i think they had conflict witho runup to the war and daniels being in the peace camp and baker outside of it. Ea but i think daniels was probably the loudest voice in the peace camp and there was nobody else in the administration who was og going to get along with him because he wanted on this front because he voted against war until the very last moment. Okay. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. Thank you. [ applause ] youve been watching cspans American History dv. We want to hear from you. Follow us on twitter. Connect with us on facebook, or leave comments too. And check out our upcoming rams programs at our website, cspan. Org history. Here on cspan this week we are featuring on American History programming. Email us at American History t an cspan. Org to leave your comments and suggestions. And we would like to tell you to about some of our other American History tv programs. V join us every sunday at 8 00 p. M. At midnight eastern for a special look at the presidency. Learn from leading historians about president s and their first ladies. Andiden hear directly through archival speeches. Programs on the presidency every sunday at 8 00 and midnight on cspan 3. Here is a look at some prost heres a day on the cspan networks. Holiday festivities start at or. 10 00 a. M. Eastern with the foll lighting of the White House Christmas tree. Following with white housechri Christmas Decorations with firsh Lady Michelle obama and lighting of the capitol christmas tree. P. Celebrity activists talk about i their causes. Then at 8 00 samuelg[nj alito aa former floridamu governor jeb bh on the bill of rights and orida founding fathers. And cspan 2 at 10 00 a. M. Eastern venture knot art of good writing with steve pinger. At 12 30, see the feminist side of a jill lepro about female superheroes. Oo about female superheroes. R about female superheroes. Eabout female superheroes. Bout female superheroes. Out female superheroes. Ut female superheroes. Ll o f at noon, fashion experts on first ladies fashion choices and how theyx represented the stieflts time in which they lived. 8i[ then at 10 00, former news and anchor tom brokaw on his more than a years of reporting on world events. Thats christmas thi day on the cspan networks. For a complete schedule go to cspan. Org. Bjcn American History tv visited d the mcarthur memorial in Norfolk Virginia which was hosting a m symposium marking the centennial. Up next author Nimrod Frazier talks about world war i, focussing on the rainbow p division which included soldiers from 26 stalts and district of i columbia. Vi among them, his own father. His talk is about 50 minutes. 50 our second speaker this afternoon is nimrod frazer. He is a son of a soldier serving in the 42nd infantry