For the American Revolution institute and i am pleased to welcome you to anderson house. The American Revolution institute promotes the knowledge and appreciation of the achievement of american independence, for filling the aim of the Continental Army officers who founded the society in 1783. The institution supports advanced scholarships, conduct Public Programs, and makes Resources Available to teachers and students to enrich the understanding of the war of independence and to the principles of the men and women who secured the liberty of the american people. If you are not out our Public Program mailing list and would like to be, you can fill out the form you found on your chair. We also have our fall Public Program out front if you dont have a copy and would like one. Tonight i am pleased to introduce dr. Dennis conrad, who will speak about the changes to Naval Warfare during the spring of 1778. Dr. Conrad as a historian at the naval history and heritage command. As a editor of the naval documents of the American Revolution series, and is one of the authors of sea raiders of the American Revolution. He is currently the lead historian for electronic document to him as the spanishamerican war. Dr. Conrad received his doctorate from the university. [applause] my purpose here tonight is to highlight the publication of volume 12 of naval documents of the American Revolution. It is a little difficult, hawking a book that even your publisher is less than enthusiastic about. To quote a blurb, this book is a key scholarly resource for a narrow group, naval and military historians and researchers of Early American History and the revolutionary war, who require primary source materials. Potentially interested may exist with some military and revolutionary war enthusiast, students studying this war may be interested in the naval perspective through this comprehensive source. But the president of the United States is very enthusiastic about volume 12 so it balances out. Unlike the Government Printing office, i think volume 12 is an important book that should enjoy a wide audience. I am hoping we will put it up online at the naval history and heritage command website in the not too distant future. You wont have to pay the 99 in costs to buy the letterpress edition. Although a period covered by volume 12, april and may of 1778, is a small number of time, a number of changes occurred, changes that would significantly affect how the war was fought and contribute greatly to its outcome. The most important of these developments was the internationalization of the war. With the dispatch of a french fleet on 13 april bound for american waters. The signing of a treaty was obviously a major event. It was not, however, i guarantee that the french would commit to naval resources to support american independence or to operate in american waters. In fact, the first request made by the american commissioners in france, asking that the french navy convoy attacked american merchants was denied. While the french leadership was unwilling to commit resources to protect american commerce, they were willing to commit their navy to assist the americans. In able to move that was credited to the triumvirate of sartine, his assistant, and the chevalier, the french decided to dispatch the squadron to american waters. Since the british had few ships in the mediterranean, they were free to go on the offensive. At the same time, the presence of a larger french squadron, the threat of a cross channel invasion, and concerns supported by intelligence that was incorrect but on good authority, that the spanish were preparing to enter the war as allies of the french, disquieted the british and forced them to keep significance naval forces in the English Channel and to delay sending a reinforcement under admiral john byron to north america. Byron first received orders to sail with reinforcements to america on 3 may, but avoidable delays and a decision by the lords of the admiralty, postponed to the departure of this relieving fleet until the british fleet commander got good intelligence of the fleet and is satisfied it is down to america or the west indies. It did not sail until 7 june. The indecision grew when foul weather jack, his fleet, encountered horrific weather that to battered and scattered it, according them to arrive well before british reinforcements. The riskiness of the decision to send it to american waters should not be minimized. Had the british dispatched quickly, they might have been trapped and lost. French planners understood that the possible benefits outweigh the possible dangers and acted decisively. Had to the execution of the strategy than as bold as the planning, the french navy could well have ended the war in the spring of 1778. Vice admiral howtzs fleet was badly scattered and was inferior. Moreover the british army abandoned philadelphia on 18 june to move to new york city. While that army marched overland, it shipped the bulk of its stores on merchant men which moved slowly and in a disorganized fashion down the Delaware River to delaware bay and then north to new york. Haddad arrived earlier, he could have captured this enormous prize, crippled the fleet, and could have blockaded the city. The large british garrison there depended almost entirely on supplies shipped in from elsewhere. Without that resupply it probably could have forced a surrender. However, this did not happen, because the fleet was slow getting to american waters. Although it sailed on 13 april, it took more than a month for the spanish fleet to pass the straits of gibraltar. Documents published in volume 12 demonstrate that our adverse weather, poor sailing, faulty equipment, the need to go as fast as the slowest chip, and the use of the voyage as a training exercise, caused the squadron to proceed across the atlantic that can only be described as leisurely. One of the most informative documents in the volume is the station bill for the flagship. Here it is in the original and our french and english translation. It demonstrates clearly how they used the voyage to america to train officers. The station bill not only gives the station of every officer during combat that also detailed the instructions regarding their duties, such as on the poop deck, [indiscernible] as near as possible, will command to the maneuvers and musketry and watch over the rapidity of fire. Another place in the station where they say, every commander of a gun division will have control over the men attached to each gun. He will do his best to become personally acquainted with all his men and notes those who show the most seal and intelligence and those who distinction themselves in combat. While the french fleet may have been better prepared as a result of this training, its slow progress across the atlantic meant that it did not arrive at the delaware capes until 8 july. By that time the chance to defeat the fleet before could collect and retreated to a strong defensive position in new york or to capture the british army had passed. Despite this opportunity, the nature of the naval war had changed dramatically. Internationalization of the war meant that no longer could the british assumed they had unchallenged control of american waters or even the English Channel. Another effect can be gleaned from how wills reports to the admiral. Service in american waters was hard and british ships and crews suffered accordingly. British commanders in north america were thus put between a rock and a hard place, as there was no facility to the british had plans to establish one. To rotate ships to england for refit and repair left of the American Fleet week but to keep those vessels on station, as howe and his successors were often forced to do, reduced their effectiveness. One of the congenital factors in the french naval victory at the battle of the virginia capes in 1781 was the Poor Condition of the british fleet. The spring of 1778 also saw a dramatic change in British Naval strategy. The british deemphasized the war in heartland america. As mentioned, they abandoned philadelphia and consolidated forces in new york and rhode island. They eventually abandoned the latter, as well. Under the new strategy, mobile detachments sent by water from new york to destroy American Forces in detail, to rate american seaports to keep down american privateering activity, and to support a british attempt to hold up a selfsupporting loyalist base. Thus the focus of british efforts would be the west indies and the periphery of the United States. In a letter to lord howe, the lords of the admiralty spelled out the new strategy. To reinforce east and west it was a viable strategy. However, fear of invasion caused british leadership to limit reinforcements to its army and navy in america. Because of this the british were overextended and outnumbered in the United States and west indies. New york was a difficult position to hold, which limited the troops available for detaching, and as a result of written forfeited naval initiative in the western hemisphere and became increasingly reactionary. The concentration of royal forces in american waters did open up opportunities for british and loyalist privateers, a trend that would continue until wars end. Because howe feared such privateering would result in desertion from Royal Navy Ships and would provide a smaller pool from which to draw sailors, he eventually had to give way. As a result, the royal governor began issuing letters of mark and reprisal in august, 1778. This excessive privateers operating out of bermuda, sent augustine, and especially new york became more and more evident, and they garnered greater official support and had a greater impact on american shipping. The Continental Navy saw changes during this period, too. In the period of march to may, 1778, the Continental Navy had six ships captured and destroyed the alfred, the randolph, the columbus, the virginia, the washington, and the effingham. William mallory wrote to a friend, our little fleet is much thinned. Only one has been captured on the ocean. These losses called into question the competence and character of the Continental Navys leadership, particularly its ship commanders, and also forced a changed in the role the Continental Navy played. Unable to contest british dominance in the bays and sees a surrounding the major cities of the United States, american seamen were pushed to the peripheries were they enjoyed some success. In north america, there were two areas, nova scotia and east florida, where american vessels dominated in the spring of 1778, and a third, the Mississippi River, where they could realistically hope to contest a british dominance. In nova scotia, privateers from new england so invested, the term used by contemporary, the residents of liverpool voted to dismantle the towns fort and to inform american privateers men that if they attempted to land under arms we should oppose them, but if they did not, they are offered to take a vessel out of the river and we shall not molest them. In georgia, gunboats, manned in large part by continental soldiers, scored a dramatic victory over the royal navy. To check an invasion of east florida by the southern Continental Army, captain Thomas Jordan led a force of three vessels to save simons inlet in georgia, destroying three galleys. Instead, the british squadron was soundly defeated in two of the vessels and it were captured. It was a germanic victory and gave the americans control of the inner coaster waters all the way from charleston to Saint Augustine, thus threatening the very existence of british east florida. Well in active they were able to coddle together a naval defensive force, thus mitigating the damage and unrelated issues halted the american advance toward Saint Augustine. It was nonetheless an important victory and established at least for a very short time american dominance in those water, and could have changed the course of the war and the american deep south. Then i wouldnt have had a career because there would have been no nathanael greene. Another success was on the periphery and early 1778, occurring along the Mississippi River. The origins of the expeditions to conquer west florida go back to the summer of 1777, when the governor of louisiana received a letter from colonel george morgan. It proposed a 1000 man American Expedition against pensacola. Galvez would provide intelligence and transport and artillery powder and provision. His response was equivocal but probably more convincing was the fact that the flotilla returned laden with arms and ammunition and provisions. After much debate, american leaders decided to dispatch a much scaleddown expedition. James welling, a captain, and 1029 man went in a boat, arriving unmolested into the heart of english territory, his party captured and ravaged a number of british settlements. They also captured several vessels, one of which was later turned into an american warship. At natches, they convinced the inhabitants to sign of oath of neutrality. He might have successfully captured west florida, however the americans began plundering those not considered friends, thus creating a pool of disaffected who were instrumental in helping the british to reestablish authority. One result of the willing expedition was that it almost sparked a war between england and spain. Wellings party was too small to be viable without the help of galvez, who helped extend american raters the the sacred right of neutrality. The english saw him as aiding and assisting and abetting his majestys rebellion, looking upon them as separate and distinct powers. Galvez also disposed of plunder accumulated by the raiders. In a letter to lords george germane, peter chester, argued that the only effectual method to truly address our injuries after all other methods have been tried would be to make reprisals and detain spanish property until ample restitution was made. Therefore it was not a paranoid rant but an appreciation of the situation that led a beleaguered yet to determine galvez to write his superior on 14 april, it seems the english are plotting an attack on the city, new orleans. Although the reception given to set americans is the same as in ports of europe and the islands of america, against which the english take no revenge, they see the town as defenseless. I already have two frigates in front of the city and according to this, an additional two or three are expected. One is at the mouth of the river. They cannot have any other object but this town and no business to attend to in natches. I have been informed that the commander of these frigates is a brutal man, willing to commit any kind of transgression without regard for consequences. It appears he intends to demand i turn over the americans, especially the commander in his party, and opened fire and destroy the city if i do not cecede. His lordship knows i cannot accept such a demand, and that i should be determined to defend said americans and their prizes and use all forces at my disposal although they are few for this purpose. It was a testament to the strength of galvez and to his friendship toward the United States that he was not cowed into submission by british divination. As Oliver Pollock reported to congress in a letter, i cannot include this important subject without giving the greatest applause to governor galvez for his noble spirit and behavior on this occasion. Though he had no batteries erected or men to defend the place against the two ships of war, with a hundred men all coming against him, and he laughed at their haughtiness and despised their attempts and in short they returned. What then ensued was an elaborate game of chicken which went on for several months and was not resolved until chester received a letter from lord george germane on 5 august, forbidding him from taking the rash step of seizing spanish property. By then the material willing had exhausted the patience of both galvez and pollock so that both were dedicated to getting him out as quickly as possible. Galvez went so far as to allow pollock to put out an armored vessel. Even so, it was november before welling departed against a privately owned sloop. The sloop was captured at sea dwelling was taken prisoner. Welling languished in british custody for almost two years before his captors permitted his exchange in late 1781. While the welling expedition boosted galvezs reputation, it was a failure for the americans. Contrary to expectations, it did not permanently open the Mississippi River to american commerce. In fact, the river was less available for American Youth after the raid. It also hardened sentiment in british west florida in joining the american cause. Clarks assessment of the exhibition is spot on plunder is the prevailing passion and the country can expect little service. Therefore, and west florida as in georgia and nova scotia, the americans were unable to transform temporary advantage into longterm success. In afghanistan and i had a thousand 50 eight, the british had reinforced with the nova scotias and had undertaken an offensive against georgia. However, the idea that the Continental Navy cannot stand to protect the heartland prevailed. Americans who attacked the British English scientist is not expected in european waters in 1778. An example of the latter was an activity of the rhode island privateer marlborough on the coast of africa. Lets consider european waters. While a number of continental vessels were dispatched to european waters, including two continental frigates, the activities of which are covered extensively in volume 12, there were two Continental Navy captains who did the most. Cunningham and jones. Between may, 1777 and may, 1778, cunningham and the Continental Navy captured 24 british vessels, including six in the months of the spring of 1778 and they are detailed in volume 12. Thanks to the onslaught of british commerce by cunningham and others in european waters, british Maritime Insurance increased to 28 of the value of the cargo, higher than they had been at any time during the seven years war. It is Little Wonder that the pirate cunningham became a hated man in england. Another, probably more famous, captain who brought the fight to the british was John Paul Jones. While the battle between his command and the british ship is the one americans know best, joness 28 day voyage into the sloop of spring of 1778 probably had more impact on British Public opinion and the conduct of the war. Sailing they captured and destroyed british merchant men and a british navy ship, and most notably executed a land rate against the northern British Coastal town of whitehaven and an estate, which is right on the border between england and scotland. At the former, jones tried unsuccessfully to burn some 200 merchant vessels lying aground. He attempted to capture the earl of silk or who jones believed could be exchanged for a great number of american seamen. While the attempted arson was thwarted and the earl was away from home and really wasnt important enough to command the kind of exchange jones envisioned, the fact that jones and his crew landed on british soil twice and escaped demonstrated the vulnerability of english coastal towns, 4s jones put it in his report, what was done is sufficient to show that not all their bolster navy can protect their own coast and that the seams of distress which they have occasion in america may soon be brought home to their own. It provoked a firestorm of criticism of the admiralty. It is something strange and worthy of particular note is that at a time when the ministry are boasting of an invincible fleet which they have fitted out which is now writing it to spit head, that a Little American privateer should not only ravage the coast of the kingdom but fight and take his majestys sloops of war. It is the particular plague of the present times to rely upon appearances and neglect realities, to put the nation to a vast expanse and do little or nothing for it. That was a london newspaper. Such fears concerning the vulnerability of england strengthened the hand of those who argued that greater resources should be committed to the defense of the island, which was the goal of american planners when they committed the continental may be to this risky strategy. Finally, the rate strengthened the perception in europe that the younger public might actually survive as a nation. According to a neutral italian observer and the french court, the raid caused a sensation in europe and especially france because it again confirmed to the opinion held that americans forces are vigorous. Thus i think it can be safely argued that the actions of cunningham, and especially jones, when paired with the entry of the french into the war was a game changer. The coast of west africa was another area in the periphery in testimony in parliament in february 1778 including our volume 11 analyze the effect of the war on the african trade. Before the war, 200 ships engaged in the trade. By 1778 that number had been reduced to 40, and 15 of those were taken by american privateers. Although most american privateers cruised for slaves near barbados, which meant complete cargoes of slaves, and because of its proximity to the american coast, which lessen the danger of recapture, a few, like marlboro, operated directly on the african coast, which should come as no surprise that a rhode island privateers should operate an african waters, since Rhode Islanders had actively engaged in the african slave trade before the war and were familiar with those waters. There is no record that the marlboros captain certainly implore you had been involved in the slave trade all his life. He sell from new bedford. The crew sailed east to the french trading post and then southward along the guinea coast for the english trading settlement. Vessels captured five am a persuaded a british master to ask as pilot for them, negotiated a mutually beneficial deal with the local tribal leader and then burned the settlement when the british factors there refused to surrender the the property they help. The law, there came a canoe from sure with a black king called robin gray. Steering when we hear of a slave ship all slave ready to sail for the west indies, all sales that running southeast by used with our fleet after us. At 2 p. M. We made the sale to anchor under the land, all hands getting ready to engage if needed. At 5 p. M. We came up with a ship at anchor. The captain order them to strike the colors, which they immediately did. At the same time running under their stern. The prize proved to be the captainl letter, William Allison mounting 16 guns with it cargo of 300 slaves as rice, a very,and very lucrative prize. After missing a second slaver that he had intelligence of and with supplies running low, babcock decided to return to north america, but obviously not before having dealt a heavy blow to the english african slave trade. Finally, while this is not unique to the spring of 1778, volume 12 illustrates that attitudes among sailors in the condo maybe were becoming more volatile and they were exercising more agency in their own situation. Captains authority was awesome, and the tools he could wield to enforce his will aboard ship were formidable. But documentation in volume 12 illustrates the other side of the coin, that sailors were not powerless, and they could influence matters far more than one would think, given the imbalance of power, at least on paper, between captains and the enlisted. Recruiting skilled sailors were such a struggle that officers amen of dubiousemen loyalty. Both John Paul Jones and cunningham gave in to the demands of their men and allowed actions that neither officer believed was legitimate. He was notdiscovered home, he wanted to leave the state unmolested. Allowing his crew to leave the estate. In the end, he got his men to agree to take only the selkirk familys silver. Cost jones personally, since he later felt it necessary for his honor purchase the silver from his men and return it. Similarly, cunningham allowed his men to seize British Goods bound in a neutral vessel, even though the condo congress had determined to follow the rule practiced by france that free ships make free goods. His captor therefore cause major problems for cunningham and anger allies. Condo maybe captains put their enterprises at risk by signing loyal to you was neither to them or to the United States buried in buying 12, when he came into conflict with his principal lieutenant, thomas simpson, John Paul Jones found that most of his crew recruited from simpsons hometown, sided with simpson. Instance, a member of the party sent to burn the shipping and whitehaven decided that this was his chance to return home to ireland and he deserted and alerted the townspeople, thus limiting the damage done by the raiders to the partial burning of a single vessel. In another instance recounted in volume 12, captain Samuel Tucker of the continental frigate boston narrowly escaped death by the timely discovery and suppression of a plot aboard his vessel, as boston was completing its refit in france, two or three englishmen in the city hatched a plot to seize the frigate and sail it to england. The plan was for these seamen,en to sign on as and a few deserters who would pretend vincent and return to the frigate, they would seize the ship to root ensure the success of the mutiny him and they wanted to neutralize the ships marines. This i sought to dubai and vaguely a marine sergeant, a frenchman. He played along and then informed tucker. The plan was diabolical and included adding opium to the Drinking Water to drug the crew and officers, the latter for which were to be murdered. Then he announced the schemers, it and the ringleaders escaped. Ironically, he later successfully petitioned rich authorities for release from his enlistment claiming illtreatment. Summary ofrief events from the spring of 1778i hope demonstrates that it truly was a time of seachange in which the naval war of the American Revolution was conducted. Tank you. Questions . I was struck by your comment from the writings of John Paul Jones that the british navy was a boasting navy. I was also struck by the fact that the british navy had a very small presence in the mediterranean, so small that he couldnt protect the things it wanted to. And further struck by the fact americas, it couldnt repair any ships. They had to be rotated back. They could do minor repairs. Ory can go up to halifax down to bermuda. They had some facilities down there. Plan was to possibly make new york into a refit center. To get by they sandy hook area, its very difficult. He sat out there for about two weeks, almost three weeks. He was trying to get over the bar, but his ships were too big and he was afraid he would have to take all the cannon out, which would make him vulnerable, obviously. The reason they went down to the virginia capes or why cornwallis was sent there was to create a warm water port that the british would then use, and the idea was they would set up some facility there to refit their ships. But you are right, it was difficult because they were constantly cruising, patrolling, looking for american commerce, which was lucrative. If you captured an american full you got most of the taken the crew got a piece of it as well. So they could do minor, but in order to really refit a ship and repair it, you had to go back to the england shipyards there. They were constantly using their pumps and that did make a difference because they couldnt keep up and it slowed the process, slowed the maneuvers of the british fleet. At the beginning of the revolution, the colonies had been in agreement with britain to defend them, so we didnt have a navy. Have we confirmed that question mark yes, the United States navy goes back to 1775. Weres debated, there delegates to congress that argued it was a waste of time. As a matter fact, there is a modern historian who is an expert on the french navy and the American Revolution. He argues the same thing. The mertens waste a lot of money trying to build all these ships is it didnt do them any good. Some people at the naval history and heritage command wrote back and said that is not true, they did pray on british commerce, they did create issues in european waters. Youd bring about could argue that some of the incidents in europe helped bring the french and later the spanish into the war, so it did play a role. But youre right, the Early American Navy was a lot of merchant ships that had been transformed into naval ships. Then we started to build frigates and some of those frigates i mentioned were the , most of were captured them in march of 1778. Two of them had been built of the Delaware River. The british letter rate of the delaware. , thathould have been sunk is what washington said i mean, sent underwater so they could not get at them. The virginia, a brandnew american frigate, was sailing out to the chesapeake bay, lost its way, broke its rudder, and the british captured it. We were building some quality ships. Another one that they built, they handed over to the french because they could not afford to keep it in action because it was too expensive. Yes, it was a real burden and there was a big debate. What should be the role of the Continental Navy . When i talk about moving away from the heartland, that hurts a lot because you are talking about chesapeake bay, charleston. They wanted protection of some sort of navy and they wanted to keep the british privateers or the loyalist privateers off their trade. They wanted to enact a Continental Navy, but they could not do it because the british would hunt them down and if he them. That is why they kind of scattered. On this side of the atlantic, from 1778, does he go back . He stays until the end of 1779. He goes to north america and then down into the west and backup to north america. 1779 is the famous assault on savannah. And then he went back to france. But they kept a fleet in american waters, especially after the british evacuated newport. That became the center of the french fleet in america. It was a battle of the capes. It was a small fleet at newport that came down and, at the same time, you had a bigger fleet come from the west indies and they connected to surprise the british, who did not expect that to happen. That is one of the reasons why cornwallis was trapped. They did not expect the french navy to combine as successfully as they had. After the peace treaty, it was only a matter of time before the french got a temporary naval advantage and defeated the british fleet. The british were lucky a lot of of the time. As i said here, it could have been a disaster. They are gotten over here a little bit faster, he could have destroyed the fleet and captured all of the armys baggage and ended the war. Both england and france have forced in the caribbean. Yes. If you know anything about mercantilism, the point of mercantilism is you produce products you cannot produce in your homeland. So the west indies, because of their ability to produce sugar and sugar cane, were valuable. That is why, in 1778, when the british made that readjustment in their strategy, they decided they were going to emphasize and put more resources into the west indies. Matter of fact, he had gotten orders after he evacuated philadelphia to send his force of 6000 down to capture st. Lucia in the west indies. So there were a number of battles down there. The big naval battle, the battle of the saints, the americans thought that would reopen the war. Which was a british victory, by the way. And you can argue i do not think there is any argument that the british second empire was created during the American Revolution. They were able to win in the west Indian Islands and their successes in the indian subcontinent. They had some luck over there as well. That is the basis for the great reddish empire where the sun never sets. The great reddish empire British Empire where the sun never sets. I was wondering if you could talk a bit about your documentary project. I think it is remarkable that this single fat volume covers only a couple of months. A couple of key months. I am interested in how many volumes are projected in the process of hunting and gathering material. This is what she is talking about. This is two months work of work worth of work. We have volume 13 teed up. We thought we would get four months into it. We had been getting three or four months usually into a volume. This one was particularly rich. June and july and part of august. That is the battle of rhode island. Hopefully, it will be out in the very near future. In the future, the chances are you will not see this in book form. We are going to probably do them as digital editions. You will probably see them online primarily. The idea is maybe, down the line, we will put them into letterpress because we give away a lot of these volumes to research libraries. Did you get one . I hope. Yes, ok, so the reason why we dont just do the Continental Navy. We do documents that relate to all kinds of things. Social history, as you can see when i was talking about the agency for the continental sale, we do a lot for british law. I quoted one law from the marlborough, but we have others where they capture vessels. We have official documents, unofficial documents, newspaper reports, peoples letters, memoirs, all kinds of things. It is chock full of good stuff. If you are a member here, come over and pull it out sometime. It is a wonderful series. The expectation is that it is not Something Like David Mcculloch would do. The expectation is that David Mcculloch will use this someday to write books. If you follow the naval history and heritage command, they have done a series on the war of 1812. The number of books have been published about that. And a couple of books have just come out about the Continental Navy, one by george don and another by tim i am having a senior moment, excuse me. But anyway, both of those made extensive use of our volumes. They were able to shorten their Research Process significantly by using these volumes. So that is what we do. The sources for the documents, obviously, you have a lot of american sources. But what sources are you using from great britain, france, spain . In england, we got a lot of our documents from the National Archives. The Greenwich Maritime Museum has a bunch. Plus, Bryn Mawr University contributes him because one of the admirals had history papers there. So a variety of places. The french, the same kind of thing. We get them from their National Archives and also from the city archives, those kinds of places. Spanish, we do not have as much. The spanish have done a pretty good job. They have published some of their documents. So we have been able to get some from them. A lot of this was on a long time ago and some of these documents have been microfilmed. We do not have the originals because it would be to pricey too pricey for us to acquire. We have a few. The french document, this station bill, that came from the french archives and we have a copy of it. You mentioned governor Gonzales Galvez . Galvez. One of the great Unsung Heroes of the American Revolution. We have an hispanic population here. We have one of the great heroes. Why dont they make a big deal about it . My question may go in that general direction. If he had wrote to his superior saying we may be attacked by the british and he described the british fleet in north america and the caribbean and a french fleet also in the caribbean, i am assuming the governor of new womens of new orleans was writing to someone who had a spanish fleet somewhere. Not yet. The spanish were spending their time escorting treasure ships back to spain. That is one of the reasons why they did not want to declare war at this time. They are still coming back from mexico and peru, that kind of thing. When the spanish coming to the war, they spend most of their time the spanish were most interested in capturing gibraltar and protecting their american empire. And the quality of the spanish ships is not very good. Really, they are not that offensive. Having said that, galvez does launch a very active campaign. He captures or recaptures everything that willing had captured and then he moves along the gulf coast, captures mobile, and the center of florida was pensacola and he captured it. The american commander in the south wrote to galvez and said, why dont we come together in Saint Augustine . By then, the war was over. Galvez was very active. After the war, he was a young man appointed viceroy for mexico and he died. Some people say he was poisoned. Other people say it was something but Something Like yellow fever. They are not sure. But his after action report after pensacola, he wrote the Navy Officers were afraid to sail into the bay because they thought they would get blasted by british artillery. He wrote, i did it. They were shooting over the ship because they did not depress it long enough to hit them. I guess he was a bit of an egomaniac. They are actually building a replica of him in spain right now. Someday, i think they are going to try to come over here and celebrate galvez by sailing around the United States, particularly the southern portion. Put on hold due to lack of funds. Lafayettes Hermoine Granger is currently doing sea trials off of lower shelf lla la rouchelle. They are short about. 5 million euros. They are looking for support. I was there when they started developing it. I am sorry to hear that they have stopped in the shortterm. Lets hope they are able to resurrect that project. You just mentioned cannon fire. How did captain tuckers frigate compare with english frigates and armament . Americans were pretty good at cannon fire. In a situation where they were not overwhelmed, they could hold their own. In the world 1812, you know that there is a string of american victories because we could work the guns as fast or faster as the british navy. The british navy was known for rapidity of cannon fire. They would aim low and try to blast behold of the other ship. The hull of the other ship. The french did it differently. They would try to demast. They would aim for the rigging. Think about what you are trying to hit. They had a different approach. So the british were able to get a lot more follies volleys in a shorter space of time then the french were. Also, the french did not have as experienced and dedicated of seamen. They were somewhat new to the game, if you will. As to america versus britain, the americans could hold their own. A Good American privateer could slug it out till to tell toetotoe with a British Naval vessel. I ask that because the army forces were notoriously short of artillery in the early part of the war. There were no forges. Very difficult for them to go toe to toe. When compared to the navy and state, whatever the term is for their navies, did they manufacture their cannons . How did that happen . John brown, who i talked about, had a foundry in rhode island. He manufactured the cannons, some of which were not as good as others. There was also manufacturing going on in some midatlantic states. Virginia had a foundry as well. So that was part of it. Another would be go to france. Tucker, when he was in france, got a few guns. One of the things that the american commissioners in france they would commission for guns, cannon ordinance, small guns, and they would be shipped over to america. Naval cannons as well. A lot of times, it was just artillery. Sometimes you see letters where they will lend it to the army and the army will lend it back to them as this kind of ordinance or you see privateers will go to the state and say, we have a ship ready to go out. You see this in baltimore a whole lot. They will go to the state council and say, we have a privateer ready to go. This happened a couple of times. There are a couple of letters in here. They say, we have it ready to go, but we cannot find our armament. You have an old, decrepit ship that used to be in the navy. Can we have the guns . They would say, sure, but you have to replace them six weeks out. I am sorry that it one last question and then we will call it. Let me ask you about the state navies. The Continental Navy only commissioned and built less than a dozen frigates. They issued over 1000 letters of borrowing. What and where did the state navies contribute . They were designed to protect state waters, so they are smaller. During the war, they would try to protect themselves. The Georgia State navy were gunboats. They would grow and sale at the same time. They were not good enough to go out into the ocean. South carolina had a state navy that they go into the ocean. As a matter of fact, the frigate randolph led a flotilla which included a number of state navy vessels from South Carolina when it was destroyed in the battle with yarmouth. The state navy vessel got away. The state navies of virginia and maryland were designed to stay mostly in the chesapeake and protect it from raiders and privateers. And gunboats no ship of the line. We were building one ship of the line at the time, and when we finished it, we gave it to france. It was only going to be a 50gunner, not a big one. We bought frigates. As a matter of fact, there were those advocating, lets not even go for frigates, thats lets go for frigs, sloops, fast things that can go in shallow water. The reason they could operate is because it was very shallow and the british could not go in with their navies ships. If you know anything about little egg harbor, it is south toward philadelphia, so you could go to new york and slip back in and the british could not get at you. That is the kind of thing. Some, you get up to new england, some of their ships actually went sailing. Captured a couple of privateers down off charleston on the way back. So they went down to the west indies and sailed around looking for prizes. Theywould get supplies, would even trade down there on occasion. The massachusetts state navy, the connecticut state navy, they had some blue water ships that could go out into the ocean and did. Those were little more aggressive. They played a variety of roles. Theres some interesting studies done of the state navy. As a matter fact there is one about the Georgia State navy which is going to be published soon, so we will watch for it. It is a good one. [applause] thank you, dr. Conrad. Our next Public Program is an authors talk with alex myers discussing his novel, on deborahy samson. He will be discussing the process of writing historical dixon on thursday, october 16. So we hope to see you there. Please enjoy some Light Refreshments in the winter. Arden thank you all for coming. [applause] are watching American History tv. 48 hours of programming on American History every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter at cspan ourory for information on schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest history news. American history tvs real america brings you archival films that help tell the story of the 20th century. The United States continues to fly high in the Olympic Games and the royal family sees the 15yearold u. S. Sensation set a world and olympic record in the 100 meter butterfly. This is the way she picks up her third olympic medal. She eats out the previous record holder from the netherlands. Two days later, sharon won her fourth olympic medal. The u. S. Scores a stunning upset in the womens platform diving. Here is ingrid of germany, the heavy favorite. She is not good enough against leslie bush of the u. S. , who knows his out the champion by over a wood and a half. In third place behind the american and german is selena alexa and the soviet flag is raised beside the other two. Moves to the stadium for the track event. First action is the mens hundred meter and in the stance is the immortal sprinter, jesse owens, heavy favorite in the is bob hayes. The wind was too brisk in the semifinal and a world record would fizzle out. Stridetion reveals the of the sprinter. He has more power and grace, but if anyone can see, it brings on the gold medal. No wind in this heat. He hails another u. S. Gold medal. And olympic mark in the semifinals of the 100 meter dash, now in the finals, he reaches the tape and 11. 4 seconds. Edithsets her teammate mcguire by two guards that she flies across. As the American Eagle flies high in tokyo. Our campaign 2014 coverage continues with a week full of debates. At cspan monday night at eight eastern, the georgia governors onate, and it 8 00, live cspan2, the montana u. S. Senate debate with republican steve daines and democrat amanda curtis. Tuesday night at 9 00 on cspan. The South Carolina governors debate between five candidates. Governor nikki haley, independent tom urban, steve french, and morgan bruce reed. Thursday night, live it 8 00 eastern, the i will Fourth District debate between stephen king and democrat jim mauer. Cspan campaign 2014, more than 100 debates for the control of congress. American history tv travel to the library of congress in washington dc which was established in the year 2000 and a philanthropist. The Center Welcomes over 100 scholars every year to pursue their research at one of the Worlds Largest librari
comparemela.com © 2020. All Rights Reserved.