Causal link out of the statute, instructing the jury that it could convict if petitioner obtained United States citizenship and violated at least one law governing naturalization. The instructions didnt require the government to prove that the underlying violation of law had any effect whatsoever on the naturalization decision. Even assuming i thought your argument thats a very broad statement had any effect, how about a natural tendency to affect . Because you could never predict what will actually happen in the end. You can only talk about what might happen. And we would be happy. What weve asked for was a materiality standard which i think is very much along the lines that your honor suggested. What was amazing here, and i think what makes this case so extreme, we are really at one end of the spectrum. The District Court specifically instructed the jury, and here i quote, even if you find that a false statement did not influence the decision to approve a defendants naturalization, the government need only prove that one of the defendants statements was false. Yeah, but what justice soda mior said is in essence sometimes cause ability is only known after the fact. You can have a statement that everyone thinks is immaterial, is objectively immaterial, but it might have a causal connection at the end of the day. Well, the government if it want to strip american of citizenship, which is about the most grave thing it can do probably short of taking someones we fully understand that. Right. But it is the idea of whats material and what is immaterial and whats causal link and what is not