Last class we talked about this video the key layers and we have to compare the confederacy in the unite last class we talked about the start of the civil war, and the key land battle. We can compare the confederacy, factoring in the military capabilities. Tonight were going to were going to get away from turncentric narratives, and focus on things that i research and write about, Naval Warfare and guerrilla warfare. To start off i want to share with you a story from my research, you dont need to take notes, im just gonna tell you a story. This ship behind me left around 11 pm, on august 4th 1863. Most of the passengers were tired, in their cabins, and fell into blissful sleep. I was quiet, always calm. Safely away from the shore, the captain benjamin are took aboard the hurricane decks. Ironically their conversation turned to the danger of steamboat travel. Just before midnight, a man interrupted them with news that a fire had broken out at the far end of the boat, and a carpenter shot beneath the ladies cabin. Things get frenetic. The captain hastily departed to find the first minute. Warning bells climber, flames rose quickly. The carpenter shot, disturbed without his clothes, or his shoes on. He tried to put out the flames with water buckets. The blaze only grew and grew. Chief engineer peter vanderbilts, he said, its no use, we can do nothing were going to shift our focus to rescue. Meanwhile the pay master rushed down to check on the federal funds. This boat is carrying for u. S. Treasury boxes that are carrying two point 6 million that are specially go to ulysses s grants army. Both the 600 pound boxes, or where theyre supposed to be, but theyre not gonna be there for a lot. Within minutes, the whole cabin is enveloped in flames. Smoke cloaks the steamer, passengers credit towards the front of the ship. Oxygen became a very precious commodity. Within 20 minutes, the upper portion of the steamer has fallen into the whole. Crashing into all of the money. Meanwhile, the roof is violently shifted off course. She collides with some river bluffs, threatening the lives of everybody on the ship. Several passengers jumped overboard, figuring its safer to be in the water. He tries to secure the ship to the shore, but its not there long enough for him to do so. Theres no way to stop the ship from burning, or to stop all the money from literally going up in smoke. The burning flames and smoke encircled the steam. Are the dark night turns bright. The smell of smoke history, singed would, and sweat mingled together as fear became palpable. Panicked passengers continue to rush forward, tripping over when another, and crashing into the pay master. Other key deciding to keep abandoning ship, they think the Mississippi River is the safer option. The combination create a heat so intense that fuses iron. The steamer pipes explode, the wheel steps, the cable chain hindering the journey. Shes going to go to more miles before she finally sinks into the mud. The destruction and incineration results in thousands of dollars of damages. Plus the complete loss of all that government money. Even more gruesome is the death of 26 people. That includes a union pay master, three clerics, an African American woman, and three friedman. Most of the casualties are actually drowning victims who fell into the water when the fire collapse the ships plank. Once the ships crew comes to the situation, they realize that most of the crew has survived, but theyve lost most of the passengers. Early reports claim that there is no satisfactory theory as to how the fire originated. But locals believe it to be the work of naval gorillas working on behalf of the confederacy. You all know that this is wet i research, the people that actually destroyed the ship. So the tragic demise, well find out afterwards, is an intentional act of sabotage. Somebody said it on fire in order to hurt the u. S. Government and the u. S. Military. This was intentional sabotage. This was the start of a trend that we see happening along the Mississippi River in the civil war. Pro confederate sympathizers are going to intentionally target commercial steamboats on the river. These naval gorillas, theyre often called boat burners, right . This is u. S. History, we lack creativity. They burn boats, right . They blow up commercial steamboats in the summer of 1863. I know we havent gotten there yet, if you know youre 1863. I know we havent gotten there yet, if you know youre civil war history, two very important things happen in july of 1863. The battle of gettysburg, that i hope youve all heard of, but its also the fall of the city of vicksburg. Vicksburg was a confederate hold out on the Mississippi River. Remember how we talked about the anaconda plan . The u. S. Is trying to get complete control of the Mississippi River. Vicksburg is one of the last holdout. When it falls on july 4th, a sea in 63, the u. S. Can claim to have complete control of the river now the Mississippi River is under u. S. Control, the confederates are. Frustrated and angry. If they are going to resort to acts of guerrilla warfare on the water. The boat burners are trying to challenge and resist u. S. Military control. They are going to go after commercial steamboats that are trying to aid or supply the u. S. Military. The reason i started with it, this is the intersection of our two topics for today. Naval warfare and guerrilla warfare. Here is the game plan for the day. We are going to focus on, broadly speaking, the two different davies of the two nations, the u. S. And the confederacy. We are going to look at different aspects of the naval war. How it plays out internationally, looking at some Naval Technology and a couple of key case studies. Then we are going to shift into the guerrilla war to find what guerrilla warfare is. Again, look at some examples of guerrilla warfare. Your focus is your taking notes, its going to be on how the u. S. Navy compares to the corporate labor whats the kyiv naval case studies are, be able to define delaware for and give me some case studies. Theres going to be a lot of statistics today. First up, two nations, two navies. The u. S. Will have a navy, the confederacy is going to try to create on as well. As we are talking about enable aspects of the war, i want you to remember, the naval war happens across the globe. The u. S. In the confederacy are actually going to fight on five different oceans and on dozens of rivers. When they are not fighting one another, the u. S. Navy is prudently doing block a duty to fulfill the anaconda planned. The confederacy is trying to run the blockade and to challenge it. Naval ships from both sides also serve as transport vessels for troops. They carry supplies and weapons and food for various armies. The even serve as floating warehouses, universities, and recreating depots. First up, the u. S. Navy. Again, dont get bogged down in all the details. At the start of the war, the u. S. Navy is in a very unique position and its history. It is actually the stronger military force. Think about it, we fought england and the war of 1812, england and the revolution. Usually, we are the smaller military force. This time, the u. S. Navy is going to be stronger. This foreshadows the entire naval war for the civil war. It is always a symmetrical. The u. S. Navy is always going to be bigger, stronger, have more ships, have more people. On the eve of the civil war the u. S. Navy had about 7000, 600 enlisted soldiers and about 1500 officers. 1554. Lincoln is going to try to recruit more sailors. He is going to ask for 18,000 more men to enlist in the navy. All of these new recruits are going to have a very minimal naval experience. Youre going to have people who are trying to work and man boats that dont know what theyre doing. Always a great idea for success. At its max strength, which is an early 1862 the u. S. Navy will have over 50,000 men. About 51,500. Plus an additional 16,880 laborers. Those will be mechanics, people working on the ships. The total number of people who work in the u. S. Navy, so, this is over the course of four whole years, is over 100,000. 101, 000, 207. 15 of those will actually be African American men who are able to enlist in the navy starting in 1863. Theyll be about 18,000 people. Most importantly at the u. S. Navy has boats. Which you need if you are a navy. At the start of the war they have 42 vessels. That is misleading. Only four are actually in the United States in operational. The rest are either trolling international waters, or they are important trying to get prepared. The u. S. Navy will go on a massive ship building spree. By the end of the war, they will have 671 vessels. They will become one of the largest navies in the world. 418 of those were converted merchant ships. They will buy ships, they will convert ships a lot of these were wooden steam and sales. They will also get involved in building ironclads. We will talk more about those in a minute. That is the u. S. Navy. It looks pretty strong. Lots of man, over 100,000. Over 670 ships. They are a quite substantial military force on the waters. Then there is the confederacy. They do not start off well. They basically start out with officers and nothing else. No ships, no enlisted sailors. There have been a substantial number of naval officers who resigned from the u. S. Navy at the start of the civil war after fort sumter. After about 373 of them. Not all of them will find their way to the Confederate Navy. Some of them end up in other elements of the confederacy. They will have some officers, as i mentioned before, no shifts. When those u. S. Soldiers resigned, they did not take the ships with them. That was federal property. They decided to keep the federal property and give it back to the government. So, we have man, no ships. This is a problem. Had max strength, the confederacy will have just shy of 5000 men. 4966. They reach their max strength late in the war in april of 1864. We dont officially know how many men served in the Confederate Navy. The records are all available. We believe it to be a total of 6 to 7000 men across four years. Because the Confederate Navy has no ships, they are going to have to, it would i like to, say duck tape i navy together. Get ships anyway that you can, buy them, build them, convert existing ships into war machines. Do whatever you can. So, they will purchase a whole variety of ships, steam ships, cargo ships, ferries. They build boats, they buy boats from europe. They really have commercial vessels into war machines. The confederate war building shipbuilding enterprise is going to happen on two fronts. I think we have mentioned this before. The confederate naval war is very much an international war. They are relying on england and france to build boats that they are going to purchase. Most of the confederate shipbuilding happens overseas. There is usually a middle man. If you were to buy the ship from england or france, theyre going to pretend its not confederacy buying it. Once they have the ship, its an international waters, they will rename it and raise the confederate flag. There is a plausible deniability. So, a lot of the shipbuilding happens in england and france. Including in liverpool. In fact, liverpool as where the shenandoah is constructing and well talk more about that later. There is some domestic shipbuilding that happens, the confederacy just does not buy all the votes. Confederate shipbuilding happens in places like norfolk virginia. As well as charleston, south carolina, savannah georgia, mobile, alabama. And then new orleans. The confederacy is quickly going to realize that there is no way they are ever, ever, ever going to be able to compete with the u. S. Navy. Think about it. You have a max strength of you know 5000 men versus mac strength of 51,000 men. Total man, 67, 000, versus over 100,000. Very few ships, versus 671 ships. There is no way you can compete. So like i said the naval war is always a symmetrical. The confederacy realizes theyre going to have to take on different strategies and tactics if they want to be able to compete against the u. S. Navy. They know they dont have the financial capability, the manufacturing capability. As well as the materials or the man to compete. They are going to do a couple of things. They are going to focus on three key ways that they can enhance their naval efforts. Number one, president Jefferson Davis of the confederacy is going to issue letters of mark. We talked about letters of mark in the war of 1812. When you issued a letter of mark, you are giving a private ship captain the ability to do acts of piracy, in this case, we caught privateering on behalf of your country. You can do illegal would normally be illegal, things youre getting legal sanction. Im issuing you a letter im giving a document, saying you can do these acts of privateering on behalf of the confederate government. This is a huge win for Jefferson Davis. He needs man, he needs boats. He is basically privatizing a navy by doing this. He can add to his Maritime Forces by doing these letters of mark. Secondly, the confederacy is going to experiment more with Naval Technology. They are going to do a lot of innovative things when it comes to technology. They will be the first one to build an ironclad in the u. S. Right, they beat out the u. S. Ironclad technology technically predates the civil war. They are going to experiment with it a lot more. They are going to use explosive devices. Which, in the 19th century, we called torpedoes. You can see a picture of one behind me. This is what one of the torpedoes looked like. Literally, they are having explosive devices in the waterways. If the ship went over, it would cause it to explode. They are going to help design and test out one of the very first summaries. They are going to use a whole lot of experimental Naval Technology. Theyre willing to take risks. They have nothing to lose. They are at a huge disadvantage. The last thing the confederacy does, they issue letters of mark, they use experimental forms of technology, the last thing theyre going to do is employ the neighbor guerrillas, they are going to use they will literally pay people to sabotage or destroy commercial steamboats and other vessels. I have been able to identify at least 40 different commercial steamboat that they have been able to destroy. They are potentially getting paid out by the confederate government in gold and money. The Confederate Congress has sanctioned this to happen. Now that you understand some of the things that the confederacy is doing, and the fact that theyre using experimental technology, i want to look at one of the specific types of technology they are using. And that is the iron class. The ironclads or some of the most fascinating Naval Technology of this time period. So, probably the most important contribution of the civil war to Naval Warfare writ large is going to be the wide scale use of ironclads. Like i said, technically ironclads have been used before this. They will never be built to such a scale. This will be the First Time Ever that we see an ad or an clade fight in ironclads will be used by both the u. S. And the confederacy. The primary feature of them, they come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, the primary feature is the fact that its some iron plated armor that is put on board a wooden ship. Hence the name, ironclad. Youre taking a wooden ship, and your cladding is an iron plating. The thickness of that plating might vary. The u. S. Navy will also build completely iron hold vessels. They are known as monitors. Both sides are developing and evolving their ironclad technology. The reason why they are going to be so committed to ironclad technology, probably one of the most important battles of the naval war for the civil war is the battle of Hampton Roads this is one of those gold star in your notes. I love the battle of Hampton Roads. To give you some setup here. Again, we are just doing some case studies enable history, not everything. Confederate secretary of the navy, stephen are mallory, he has, ands men have captured a u. S. Vessel, known as the merriman. They are going to convert this existing u. S. Vessel and then turn it into a confederate war machine and specifically into a confederate ironclad they are going to rename her virginia. The css virginia. The purpose of this ironclad of virginia and what Stephen Mallory is hoping to do for ill ironclads is to use them to target the u. S. Votes that are doing block a duty. He wants to be able to fire on and disk dry the u. S. Blockade ships. So he can wreak in the blockade. They started the confederates, they started building them first, the u. S. Is going to find out what the confederacy is up to. The u. S. Secretary of the navy, gideon, wells is going to find out what the confederacy is up to. A former enslaved woman by the name of mary to vestry is going to steal the blueprints. Shes going to steal the blueprints and then bring them to d. C. This is dangerous. She is a former enslaved black women. She is traveling to the u. S. Capital. She is never caught or captured and never arrested. And they actually believe her when she shows up with the blueprints. It is pretty remarkable story. Now the u. S. Navy in the u. S. Military knows what the confederacy is up to. They are like, we should probably Start Building our own ironclads. Gideon welles is going to create a board, kind of a commission to come up with the various design for all ironclad. Three different designs for one of the most same us as the monitor. That is the monitor. The low sitting one. The battle is going to unfold over two days. The battle Hampton Roads is a today bottle. It is going to start with the confederate ironclad, the css virginia. She is under the command of the flag officer Franklin Buchanan. Yes, i keep using the word she, in the 19th century, ships were always refer to as female. So, Franklin Buchanan is in control of the virginia. She leaves norfolk and she is headed out to go get these u. S. Vessels that are on block a duty. She is going to go after the uss cumberland. At around 2 pm, she rams right into the uss cumberland with her 1500 pound iron ram. That basically kills the cumberland. Next the virginia goes after another ship. The uss congress. The congress, is like, this is a bad idea. She decides to run underground, rather than face it. In turn, the virginia is just going to keep firing on and pounding on the congress with her broadsides, until eventually the u. S. Vessel surrenders. Day one, march 8th, ironclad versus a wooden ship, ironclad clearly winds. Shes destroyed all the u. S. Wooden ships. But things are going to look a little different on march 9th, 1862. Thats because, in the night, the u. S. Ironclad, the uss monitor, has shown up in the region. This is happening on Hampton Roads, in the Chesapeake Bay area. The monitor is a crazy, radically decide designed ironclad ship. It looks like a floating raft, its its low in the water. It has a turret that can literally fire 360 degrees. It looks kind of creepy, when youre out there, fighting and all of a sudden this low raft comes at you. Its the morning of march 9th, the uss minnesota is getting ready to be attacked by the css virginia. The virginia again is going after another u. S. Wooden boat. Before she can reach the minnesota, the virginia spots the u. S. Ironclad, the monitor. Now the ironclads are gonna face off with one another in an epic naval duel. Ironclad ship versus ironclad chip. The virginia fires on the monitor, the monitor fires on the virginia. Nothing happens. Theyre both ironclad ships. Any fire is bouncing off the sides of the ships. Each side is deflecting the others cannon fire. The virginia tries to ram the monitor, but the monitor is able to outmaneuver her. Eventually, both ships are going to lead the area, only because the tide is lowering, and they need to get to safety. Due to, march 9th, 1862. Ironclad, versus ironclad. Its a draw. Nobody wins. This is whats going to be so revealing about the battle of Hampton Roads, and why its so important. This will forever change Naval Warfare, because now we have a new super important Naval Technology. Wooden ship versus ironclad, or armored vessel. The ironclad is going to win every single time. We saw that on march 8th. But ironclad versus ironclad . Its anybodys game. Its a potential drug. Thats what we saw on march 9th. So now the u. S. Is going to commit itself to ironclad technology, the confederacy is going to commit itself to more ironclad technology. But so are navies across the world. Now weve seen an epic duel between two ironclads. So its going to spawn a huge change in Naval Warfare and technology that impacts not just the u. S. And confederacy, but the griddle greater glow. The u. S. Enters into what we like to call monitor media, which means they want to build more, and more ironclad ships. This is why the battle of Hampton Roads is so important and way i want to make it one of our key case studies about the naval war. The naval war itself plays out in a variety of ways. There are some epic battles, like Hampton Roads. For the most part, the naval war is actually kind of boring. Its tied to the anaconda plan, and the blockade. I know weve talked about the anaconda plan, last class, but just to remind ourselves, this is the strategy on how the u. S. Is going to try to you win the war. It has two parts. Were going to blockade the entire coastline of the confederacy. I write . Were going to blockade both the atlantic seaboard, and the gulf of mexico. The reason they want to blockade the entire coastline, is they want to prevent the confederates from getting ships in and out. They want to hurt the confederacy economically. Confederate boats that cant get their potato to europe, cant make money. If they cant make money, they can finance the war. Confederate ships cant bring goods, and food, and supplies from europe, again its going to hurt the war effort. This is an economic focus style of warfare. The second part of the anaconda plan is to gain complete control of the Mississippi River. We talked about last class why thats so important. If you gain complete control of the Mississippi River, weve split the confederacy and a half. More importantly, you take the Mississippi River with that blockade, and now you can slowly circle the confederacy into surrender, the way an anaconda snake wood, which is why its named the anaconda plan. What youre trying to fulfill the plan, in the u. S. , most people, most sailors, are going to be doing blockade duty. Blockade duty is bahrain. Youre out on the water, staring, hoping to maybe find a ship, right . Thats really boring, for hours, and hours, and hours on end. Is that a ship . No its a bird. Right . Super boring. Its not a ton of territory theyre trying to blockade. Theres 3500 miles of coastline theyre trying to blockade. They are trying to blockade 189 river mouths, and in lets, and harbors. You cant do it. You cant build an entire wall in the ocean to do this. Theyre going to have to be selective on where they focus the blockades. They can target big cities like charleston, south carolina. And wilmington north carolina. And mobile alabama, and new orleans. But i want to thank you about i want you to think of a blockade as a sieve. You block some things, but ships will be able to come through the save. When youre saving pasta, things will be able to get through. Theyll have a variety of bases of operation. Ships have to get revealed and resupplied. Theyll be places like cape port royal, pensacola, florida, new orleans, mobile. And the blockade is pretty successful. They capture 1500 blockade runners. Its pretty good. Especially for the confederacy, who have so few ships to begin with. If you capture 1500 of them, its a big deal. By the end of the war, the blockades so effective, that its crippling the southern and confederate economy. Confederacy is going to suffer massive amounts of food shortages, massive amounts of lack of supplies, huge amounts of inflation. The blockade will be effective. But saying that, i dont want you to think that the confederacy just sits idly by. Theyre not like, were gonna be blockaded. Theyre gonna do everything in their power to challenge the blockade. They will sink those torpedoes, there was explosive devices. They will actually sick extractions into key waterways, like savannah river, or charleston harbor. Theyre doing that so federal boats cant get in. They cant go under blockade runners, if you cant get boats into the rivers, then the u. S. Navy cant target confederate towns, or port cities, either. They developed very sleek fast ships, late blockade runners that run the blockade. And they usually operate in the middle of the night, thats when theyre trying to get in and out of port. Or they take it into the weather, or a super soggy, cloudy day, thats when theyre trying to run the blockade. Again, that they want to resist the u. S. Government in any way that they can. Blockade running is pretty successful. Early in the war, especially. 75 of blockade runners make it through. Thats why i say, the blockade is a sieve. If 75 are getting through, youre only stopping 25 . We believe that there is about 1000 successful round trips. This is why some scholars have referred to blockade running as the lifeline of the confederacy. This is how the confederacy supports itself, economically, especially. This is how the confederates are able to get muchneeded food, supplies, luxury items, youve got confederate agents that go to europe and they go by a whole bunch of stuff. They get arms, ammunition, gunpowder, coffee, wine, silk, hoop skirts, both necessities and some luxury items. They will ship all of those items to the caribbean, to places like havana, bermuda, nasa. Its there in the caribbean, bermuda, have anna, nasa, that the blockade runners are waiting. These blockade running ships are then gonna load themselves with these supplies, and theyre gonna try to make a super quick trip back to the confederacy. Theyre trying to sneak in these muchneeded supplies. Blockade running is super important to the confederacy, just trying to exist. The confederacy is willing to take risks, they have blockade runners. They invest in Naval Technology. Because theyre doing all these things, the u. S. Navy has to respond. We talk so much in this class about cause and effect and contingency. One of the cars and effects here is that because sorry, i didnt realize you havent seen that slide yet. Because the confederacy is taking risks, the u. S. Navy is going to have to change their tactics. I told you that the confederacy went to england, to places in europe, to buy ships. Theyre buying a type of ship known as a commerce raider. I need to tell you what it is, and why the confederacy needs that. So, at the start of the civil war, the confederacy is easing privateers. Individuals who have letters of mark, who can do legal acts of piracy. Lincoln, president of the United States, abraham lincoln, knows. This weve got to stop privateering. Lincoln is a savvy legal mind. Hes not gonna recognize the confederacy. The confederacy is not a separate independent country. If its not a separate, independent country, it cannot issue letters of mark. If you have a confederate letter of mark, youre not an actual privateer, you are now a pirate whos doing act of treason against the United States, and i can arrest and imprison you. Right . So this is all about how we craft the law, and how we go after the privateers. Think about this, but should have been a very enterprising, deal for you, to be confederate privateer, is super risky. Youve been declared a traitor, and a pirate, by the u. S. Government. They will capture and imprison you. So people dont want to be privateers anymore. This is too risky and daunting. By the end of 1862, the confederacy realizes they cant use letters of mark anymore. They cant use privateering. Thats where theyre going to shift commerce rating commerce rating is when you have an official confederate boat thats manned by official confederate sailors. Both privateers and commerce commerce raiders do the same thing. Theyre trying to target u. S. Boats, especially u. S. Merchant vessels or trading ships. Theyre trying to destroy them or capture their cargo and their crew. But the difference between commerce rating is that its actual sanctioned ships with actual confederate sailors. The confederacy needs to do this, because lincoln has rewritten the rules. Commerce raiders are pretty successful. They will travel around the various international waters. Confederate commerce raiders actually destroy 284 u. S. Merchant and whaling ships. So theyre doing some economic damage out on the seas, going after whaling ships, and various merchant vessels. The most famous commerce raider, one of the most famous commerce raiders, is the css shannon dowel. This is a gold star moment in your notes the css shenandoah, she was built as the part of the chinese sea trade. Shes initially launched from glasgow, scotland, in august 1863. But then the confederates secretly by her, and they rename her the shenandoah. The css shenandoah will start operating on behalf of the confederacy in october of 1864. Remember, the naval war can be international. The shenandoah, is out there in the atlantic ocean, the indian ocean. She captures two vessels, she sinks seven more. In january 1865, she makes it all the way to melbourne, australia. Shes on the opposite end of the globe from the confederacy. She hangs out in australia for a little while. Then shes going to keep operating in the Pacific Ocean, going after u. S. Merchant vessels and whaling vessels. Lets think logically about this. You are confederate ship, youre in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, how do you know when the war is over . You dont. There is no twitter, there is no whatsapp, there is no instagram, there is no robert e. Lee sending you a text message, saying i surrendered, theres no way to know its over. So the css shenandoah, is going to keep operating in the Pacific Ocean even after the confederate armies have all surrendered. This will be the last parts of the confederacy that will surrender. In april of 1865, after the war is basically over, she will have some of her most successful ventures. She will actually destroy 32 vessels. Finally in august, she gets word that the civil war is over. Whoops, are bad. She will secretly go back to england. She goes back to liverpool. The confederate of soldiers way for a foggy day so they can do this when nobody knows. They surrendered to the british, and try to fade away, so they dont get captured or punished, for doing all this extra legal stuff, after the war is over. So the naval war, right . Your takeaways the things that i really want you to remember. Is that by april, 1865, the u. S. Has now amassed the largest navy in the world. A small maritime power to a massive maritime power. We spent 587 million, thats 18 60s dollars, to build 671 warships, carrying 4610 guns. This is mainly because the secretary of the navy, his initiative. Because the u. S. Navy has become so large, as we said several times, the naval war is always asymmetrical. Its always stronger, bigger, more successful. That is why the confederacy had to take all those risks and do much more experimental things. Lastly, the u. S. Navy does win some key battles itself. We did not get to talk about all of them. They went some key battles. More often not, the u. S. Navy is working in conjunction with the u. S. Army. Dont think about army versus navy. Often, they Work Together in combined operations. They are often the Unsung Heroes of a lot of battles that we will be talking about for the rest of the week. That is your crash course enable war with some key highlights. Remember, we are touching based on what i researched. Thats only half the story. We also have to look at guerrilla warfare. I look at the intersection of naval angrily warfare. The truth of the matter is, for many confederate citizens, they are never going to experience the civil war as we study it. They are never going to see these big armies marching by. They are not going to watch these big battles. They are not going to hear gunfire or cannons. What a lot of confederate civilians will experience is acts of guerrilla violence. That is going to play out in their neighborhoods and in their towns. For many rebel citizens, their civil war is characterized by the guerrilla war. So, what is guerrilla warfare . We should probably have a good definition. This might be something i ask, you write . Guerrilla warfare as what we call irregular warfare. This is when you use non traditional tactics. These are things like ambushes, surprise raids. Attacks on private property. Even murder. A regular styles of combats, raids, murder, that a conventional army would never do. At least, is not supposed to do. The guerrilla war is often characterized by being chaotic and disorganized and savage. In fact, one of the most famous books about civil war grill of warfare is called a savage conflict to describe what is going on. We see more typically in the confederacy, remember, the u. S. Goal was to control and occupy all of that territory of the confederacy. Often, gorillas are rising up against the federal forces that are trying to occupy that territory. They are trying to resist and challenge the u. S. Saying, that i want to understand, there are prounion gorillas and there are pro confederate guerrillas. Guerrilla warfare happens and all theaters and all areas. It is just more typical in the confederacy. We see it most often in places like missouri. Guerrilla warfare will intensify as the war goes on. It gets more, more extreme. It does have a profound in fact on how the civil war plays out. Guerrilla warfare, theres no one clear definition. There are many different types of guerrilla fighters. There tends to be a spectrum of guerrilla warfare. So, on your right, our partisan regions. They are the most like traditional soldiers. They are legitimate combatants that happened to use guerrilla types of fighting. In 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the partisan ranger act, which meant that you are allowed to sign up to become a ranger on behalf of the confederacy instead of signing up to become a soldier. Partisan rangers have uniforms. They have command structures. They are leaders that have commissions by the confederacy. They have to report to the greater army. Even though they act and looked kind of like confederate soldiers, they do acts of guerrilla warfare. They will target civilians. They will go after, especially, i mean a telegraph wires. They go after legit the logistical lines and railroads. Im going to touch on the rangers in virginia. That is a good example of a partisan ranger. The middle group, right, this is what most people think about when they think about civil war gorillas. They think about bushwhackers. Small gangs of grizzled, armed men with lots of knives and revolvers. They are called bushwhackers because they tended to hide behind the foliage and the forest lines. With the u. S. Called the bush. They are hiding in the woods. They pop up and then surprise attack. Bushwhackers do a lot to hinder the u. S. Armys, the enemy armies. They often augment postbattle chaos. They do tend to operate in gangs more in the hinterlands rather in big cities. Again, we see a lot of bushwhackers in places like missouri. They have no affiliation with the confederate army. They are completely separate from the confederate forces. They dont wear official uniforms. That being said, there are leaders, there is a little bit of a minor command structure. They have an unofficial uniform. A historian by the name of joes doing some great work on what he calls the grills shirt they are a homespun hunting sure that has a lot of fancy embroidery and flowers. The wives and sisters would make them for the fighters. William cantrell is one of the most famous examples of a bush wrecker fighter. At the bottom end of the specter, are the great brands and the brands. A grayback is a very negative term. It was a 19th century slang term for body lies. That should tell you what people thought about the brigand and the graybacks. They are the lowest of the low. These are essentially criminals who take advantage of the civil war to do a lot of acts of violence. They are not much better than criminal gangs. They forge the countryside. They pray on the enemy. The embrace criminality. Things get complicated. This is our conventional spectrum. It tends to focus on land battles. Things get complicated when you look at who i study, boat burners enable gorillas. The intersect with all of these different categories. But burners ourself constituted groups of saboteurs. They use secrecy to engage and sabotage and arson and murder. They focus their intentions exclusively on the waterway. They actually board the ships are targeting. Bushwhackers might fire from the shore. Boat burners are going to intentionally board the ships theyre targeting. Initially, the boat burners will use explosive devices and torpedoes. They actually use something thats called a torpedo that looks like coal. It is hollowed out and filled with gunpowder. You leave that on the coal pile in the steam ship. The engineer has no idea. They shovel the coral into the fire. Boom. A bomb is gone off. They will use that. Later on, especially in 1864, they change tactics. What they will do, they will board a ship that is docked, a commercial steam ship that is docked. They will set it on fire. A wooden ship is super flammable. If its import, that fire can bounce from ship to ship to ship. By setting one fire, youve actually destroyed seven or eight votes. They engaged in very much ahead and more that operates in the sinister intersections of irregular warfare, sabotage, an espionage. Essentially doing acts of prototerrorism. Now, because it was hard to differentiate bushwhackers from civilians, the u. S. Military is going to quantify wet makes a soldier and what makes a great fighter. This is where the legal code general order 100 comes into play. How can the u. S. Deal with gorillas the u. S. Army, specifically u. S. General henley halep went to a columbia scholar by the name of Francis Lieber. And said can right miyako to conduct . Its never been done before. This is one of the first time that quantification of the laws of wars have been used. We still use it as an inspiration for our modernday notions of the law of war. According to Francis Lieber and the libra cord the general orders 100. There are three things that make an official soldier. If you wear a uniform, you have a command structure and you have the capacity to deal with prisoners of war. That is what makes you a soldier. Our command structure a uniform, you can deal with prisoners of war. If you cant do all the things you are not officially a soldier. Bushwhackers cannot do this. That makes them illegal combatants. If they are legal combatants, you can treat them differently than a soldier. A captured soldier, a soldiers was to capture, youre not spots to just murder. You can hold them as a prisoner of war. A bushwhackers, or you can shoot and kill because they are not unofficial combatant. That is what makes them different. The lieber code goes on to talk about things like how you treat civilians and property. You are not supposed to harm unarmed civilians. Youre not supposed to murder enslaved or carry off them. This is something the guerrilla fighter a. Do they might murray murder, carry off, kidnap somebody. He talks about military mattis acetate. He says military necessity refers to the needs of those measures which are indispensable for securing the ends of war. You can do a lot of things that might not seem okay. It is allowed, its going to bring a quick end to the war. Theres still a line you cant cross. You cannot poison people. You cannot do acts of revenge. You cannot be cruel or deceptive. Guerrilla warfare starts as soon as the civil war starts. Guerrilla warfare is appealing to people because it gives you we see more and more acts of guerrilla warfare. Im going to really briefly tell you about two. One of the most famous incidents of guerrilla warfare is what happens in lawrence kansas with William Cohen trail in 1863. Weve talked about lawrence, kansas before. It is a hotbed of anti slavery and pro union sentiment. Pro confederate sympathizers like quantrill see it as a symbol for everything they dont like. The u. S. Government is trying to go after quantrill and realize and missouri. They actually arrested some of the wives and girlfriends and imprisoned them in kansas city. They are in a federal prison that in august of 1863 collapsed. Four of the women die. The guerrillas are furious. They maybe guerrilla fighters, they have a code of conduct. They are furious that their women have died in the federal prison collapse. They are going to go after the u. S. Government. They are going to go after the prounion sympathizers and lawrence, kansas. So, on august 21st, 1863. William quantrill leads 450 raiders on lawrence, kansas. They are trying to just level this city. Think about what lever said about what makes or doesnt make appropriate warfare. They will literally sack the town. They leave at least 183 people dead they. Went up to peoples homes, kidnap them, took them out into the streets and just shot them in front of their families. They are doing acts of kidnapping and murder. Just setting houses on fire. And then they cross back over the Missouri River and back to safety. The u. S. Military is not going to let the stand. They are going to respond quick and swift and hard. Doing what we call hard war tactics. We will talk more about that next time. Essentially, the u. S. Military is going to go after anyone they think was aiding and abetting william quantrill. They too will start to set homes ablaze along the Missouri River. When we see guerrilla warfare, the u. S. Is often responding in kind with very aggressive tactics. Your fun fact of the day is that jesse james and cole younger were part of the crew of quantrill. Real fast, most these rangers are partisan rangers that are operating in virginia. They are so successful, they are actually, mosby is called the great ghost of the confederacy. He is John Singleton and his rangers are the 43rd battalion cavalry. They are formed in 1863, 1864, 1865. They just seem to blend in to the countryside. They go, attack, disappear. Sometimes, they actually will wear blue u. S. Army uniforms disguise themselves, going to camp, and then go after and kill, hurt, raid the camp. They often target u. S. Troops that are in isolation. They are so successful that parts of virginia and Northern Virginia and the shenandoah value as known as mosbys confederacy. Your take away right here, your final thoughts for the guerrilla war. The guerrilla war is a series of ambushes and raids and irregular styles of combat. It is savage and chaotic and frenzied and disorganized. Being a gorilla had its benefits. It offered you more freedom, closer to your homes and families, you could defend your communities. As you saw with lauras camp, kansas, its going to pave its way for hard war. In hard war, everything can become a target, homes, farms, silos, these are the things that are aiding and abetting your enemy. Fighting in the civil war is going to resolve more than the conventional battles we study. Its more than in the fields in the woods. And involves guerrilla fighting, naval operations, and referring operations. Thank you all, i know im at time. I will answer your questions next time. Thank you, all. You, all