Laid the Foundation Black women laid the foundation for the work we will emphasize. Black female physicians in philadelphia in a postworld war ii context. We will lay some of the groundwork first giving you greater context in the ways in which black women in the 19th century had a significant contribution to the development of you lived in medicine. Of the practice of health and healing and medicine more broadly. Most Cancer Prevention programs that were funded, operated and run by black women physicians, largely in philadelphia. One of the first black woman we have to discuss his dr. Rebecca crumpler. In the mid19th century africanamerican women used medical training as a form of racial uplift. We talked about the limitations of racial uplift. In 1864, Rebecca Crumpler was the first africanamerican woman to graduate from the new england medical female college. Crumpler practiced medicine in Richmond Virginia after the civil war, focusing on issues of tuberculosis. Working extensively with the freedmens bureau. Her putative republication is sectioned into two parts and describes not only treating africanamerican patients is a form of social activism, but some of the limitations she faced as a woman physician working in richmond that the time. Rebecca crumpler, although we know a lot about her and how she writes into the issues of africanamericans into medicine, some of the other women we see working notably in this area or women like rebecca called. Both of these women consider forms of Legal Practice as an aspect of social activism and racial uplift. Rebecca completed her medical degree at Womens Medical College in pennsylvania. She had a diverse medical school in terms of issues of race and ethnicity. Cole practiced medicine in philadelphia and religious reform to medicine. Through medicine. Not only was she involved in the womens missionary society, but she was a very significant advocate of trying to promote social activism through womens collaboration. A periodical produced in 1896 highlighted this very specific issue of social activism, and more particularly emphasized rebecca kohls relationship with trying to connect race and health activism. The society of women missionaries was one of the first societies to hear a parliamentary version of w. E. B. Duboiss the philadelphia negro. In some of these meetings, it was suggested the report include not only broader constructions of these structural convictions that africanamericans face, but how those Structural Conditions had Definite Health outcomes. You are looking at a specific location from this womens era article based on these meetings with dubois. Our color people largely forced to live in unsanitary districts . We must urge our men to continue to content for loss regulating the cubic airspace. People cannot be gathered together like cattle while landlords gather their investment. We see very early on that many africanamerican woman doctors are directly connected to using racial uplift as a form of social activism, particularly through the practice of medicine. The solidification of these critiques that call and problem were demonstrating, we see an increase in those in terms of the formation of the National Medical association. The National Medical association was formed to eradicate the color lines in medicine, or be barriers that africanamericans face, because they were not allowed to participate in the American Medical Association. In addition, the nma was formed not only to help practitioners receive full affiliation and hospitals, but also as internship and residency become a requirement, this is one of the major things that the nma begins to fight for, in terms of africanamerican membership. Africanamerican women were a part of the National Medical association, and some of the larger context that i have not mentioned up to this point, but we have discussed in our class, is the conditions that africanamericans were facing in terms of mortality and morbidity in the late 19th and early 20th century. To this end, the National MedicalAssociation Work to try to eradicate some of those conditions through the development of sponsorship of the Black Hospital movement. So how, then, by the time we so how, then, by the time we moved quickly across time, do we get to more africanamerican women practicing medicine . One of the figures we have to talk about by this time in the early 20th century, it is really now around the period of the depression with dr. Virginia alexander. Dr. Virginia alexander was an africanamerican physician, a social activist, a quaker. Alexander was one of seven africanamerican women physicians practicing in philadelphia in 1931. She ran what we call the Aspiranto Health Home. Some of you today are may be familiar with more holistic forms of health homes or birthing cottages. That is kind of what the Health Center was. It did not just focus on Womens Health care, it focused on basic health care needs, particularly in philadelphia. According to dr. Virginia alexander, it was a lying in clinic. She had probably delivered about 20 babies. This is significant only consider the rate of mortality and morbidity for africanamerican women in philadelphia at that time. 1931 to 1933 to 1934, alexander estimated that she had delivered a combination of birth, whether in ranges of ages, at this time there were two Black Hospitals. The Mercy Hospital and the douglas hospital which would later merge into mercy douglas. But by 1933, in the crisis magazine, dr. Alexander is really asking the very pivotal and critical question about medical practice and women in medical practice. She asked essentially can a , colored woman be a physician . In this article, she outlines for us what she is going to do in the Aspiranto Health Home. We know that it is a liein clinic for women, but she also envision the Aspiranto Health Home as a teaching home for maternity patients for , deliveries, and for twoweight postnatal care, where nurses and housekeepers can be in continual attendance, where patients will learn not only how to nurse their babies, but how to schedule rest and food, etc. She also considered this to be a space where black women would not have the dread of medical experimentation, or forced sterilization which we have , talked about extensively in our class. And where husbands could also be a part of the birthing process and the postnatal process by by participating at will. This coverage of the Aspiranto Health Home brought to the media the ways in which black women were working to eradicate some of the conditions that black women were facing around mortality and mobility. Mortality and morbidity. Alexander did not only right in the crisis magazine, she also wrote extensively in the southern workman about the changing opportunities for negro physicians in the north, but also, as an attempt to meet the needs of africanamericans in urban centers like philadelphia. One of the major ways that she was using aspiranto was that she was constantly recruiting, seeking out other black women to come and work with her in this medical practice. Her vision was to try to create a think tank, a thinner, where other black women could be trained, where they could go out into the communities of north philadelphia, and provide health care, mainly obstetric and gynecological care, but also to provide for them a whole range of services that would create a larger level of humanity that africanamericans were not experiencing in some of the other segregated forms of health care, namely forced sterilization. So one of those first position that came to philadelphia to work with virginia alexander was none other than dr. Helen dickens. Now dr. Helen dickens becomes , interested in working at the Aspiranto Health Home because of the personal letter that virginia alexander writes to Helen Dickens. In this letter, she argues that they could be a great team in terms of increasing Health Outcomes for fell africanamericans in philadelphia, and particularly, africanamerican women. Dr. Helen dickens finished her education at the university of Illinois College of medicine. Of medicine in she was the 1933. Third black female graduate. She, for the next two years, sought to gain additional clinical and internship and residency experience at provident hospital, the image of which i showed you at the beginning. It was at Providence Hospital where she meets, and has another atern there with her who is doctor from trinidad. Dickens path to eradicating the disparate conditions of black women were failed with delivering babies in unfathomable circumstances. She was so skilled that she delivered a healthy baby in a home without electricity at night, pulling the bed to the window, and conducting the entire birth by the glare of the streetlight. For the most part, dickens arrived to house calls that required the treatment of at least five people, and she often provided that care for free. In some cases, she may have received three dollars for treating five patients, but it was very rare that she received any compensation for medical treatment. In 1941, she entered graduate medical school as the only black woman in her class. The university required dickens to complete two additional years of residency and internship, and this was a common practice that was done for africanamerican physicians. Often times, they would have already graduated and what have to do additional residencies. This common discriminatory practice was no different for Helen Dickens and her matriculation. After she leaves provident hospital, she goes to harlem hospital, and dickens set the stage to have a career in preventing cancer. So, we are going to shift to talking about how in philadelphia, she becomes really a major force for Cancer Prevention campaigns. Before we talk about that, i want to show you this image , which illustrates how isolating the practice of medicine was for black women in philadelphia. So, you are looking at an image of the Philadelphia Academy of medicine. This particular images from the mid1930s. And you see dr. Dickens right there in the center as kind of the only black woman doctor here in this setting up all men. The Philadelphia Academy of medicine was considered to be one of the Branch Chapters of the National Medical association, although there was a separate chapter in philadelphia. The academy of medicine worked to, again, fight against those internship requirements, and particular the extra requirements for africanamerican physicians. They were also working to dismantle segregated hospital wards, particularly maternity wards, is what Helen Dickens was concerned about. So are there any questions . , any questions . Yes . Student could the establishment or initiatives by the nma be the reason that certain medical schools started pushing for africanamerican only doctors and things of that nature . Prof. Shakir ok. Very good question. It the nma still does exist, and the nma still does exist, and it is still actively involved in what we would call cultural competency, the idea that you should have, in medical schools and in medical practice, people who, in terms of race and ethnicity, mirror the race and ethnicity of patients, but that they are also aware of some of the issues of trying to reduce bias in medical practice. Right . Definitely, yes the nma is , definitely concerned with that. Any other questions, before we Start Talking about metaphors of cancer and how dickens was was trying to work to help Cancer Prevention after the Second World War . Any other questions . Ok. We talked about some of the conditions that africanamericans were facing as a related to health and healing in the 19th century. We have also talked about some of the conditions that africanamerican women physicians were presented with in the late 19th century. We also talked about the collaborations that women like virginia alexander and Helen Dickens were doing to try to create this. Helen dickens, in particular, when she arrives in philadelphia, is immersed into health and healing at aspiranto, working alongside dr. Virginia alexander, who trained her and gave her extra, practical experience that she had not necessarily gained in the hospital setting. But by the time we get to the end of the Second World War, there becomes a lot more emphasis on the ways in which cancer, in particular, is going to become a disease that has to be fought in terms of creating several metaphors to talk about this. When most of us talk about Cancer Prevention, do we think about africanamerican women as a major force for fighting Cancer Prevention . If you do, many of you think that is kind of a contemporary development, but we are actually going to show you how black women like dr. Helen dickens were working to create Cancer Prevention programs directly after the Second World War, and in particular continue that work well into the 1960s, which kind of predates a lot of the Cancer Prevention that many of us may associate with the later period. We know that a lot of historians have acknowledged the contributions of lay and medical women and Cancer Prevention and awareness programs in the 20th century. Many of the strands about many of the strands of that literature had emphasized increasing significance of women as organizers, fundraisers, and administrators for the american cancer society, at least as early as 1944. While there has been a lot written about that, a lot of those models about prevention do not always focus on how race and gender can complicate our understanding of cancer education and prevention in the postworld war ii era. Highlighting those challenges that africanamerican women face becoming medical professionals, of which we talked about some of those. But it really shows us some of the ways of the critical roles of medical education and prevention programs in that post world war ii period. Some of the ways we see this occurring is through some of the metaphors of cancer that are being developed after the Second World War. For instance, in a lot of the newspaper ads and publication literature of the american cancer society, a lot of the wording here, we are using metaphors of war, but also metaphors of cancer. Some are you some that you are looking at from the Philadelphia Tribune includes the slogan fight cancer with knowledge, every three minutes, someone dies with cancer, yes to conquer cancer. These types of newspaper articles often suggested that cancer casualties were more significant amongst africanamericans, and that they were greater than the war casualties of africanamericans. Now a word about cancer. , really up until about the Second World War and after the Second World War, the American Medical Association cannot not association did not really believe that africanamericans suffered more from cancer. There was a lot of debate about whether or not africanamericans actually got cancer. And so, one of the things in black women were doing with their Cancer Prevention programs were first trying to prove that africanamericans did suffer from cancer, and also that africanamerican women did suffer from cancer. Printckens would use her media, specifically newspapers. We are going to look at a lot of different newspaper articles now. In the Philadelphia Tribune, the africanamerican newspaper, to publicize the importance of Cancer Prevention and also the relationship between race and Cancer Prevention. So, the first article that we are looking at here, cancer education, topic of meeting, discussed Helen Dickens presentation of talking about breast cancers at a particular meeting that was specifically targeted to africanamerican women. And this one that we are looking at is at the creek school of beauty culture. Right . These meetingsg in a lot of spaces that we perhaps were not traditionally associate with prevention, although we do associate them more with prevention today. So, through a series of newspaper articles, dickens sought to make the american of philadelphia more inclusive of africanamerican Womens Health concerns. Remember that the acs chapter of philadelphia, founded in 1945, began to work mildly with black physicians during Negro Health Week and Public Health week campaigns, although some of the early emphasis had largely been about infectious diseases. By the tail end of the world war, we see more discussion on Cancer Prevention, though it is limited in talking about cancers, in particular reproductive cancers. , one of the things you are looking at here is how dickens served as a commentator at socalled cancer night, giving various different lectures for the Philadelphia Academy of medicine of allied science, which you saw earlier. In addition, she held separate meetings to highlight concerns that were specific to women. In those types of meetings, she would have much more explicit language that refers to issues relating to reproductive cancers. So unlike those broader lectures that she did, these would have titles like cancer in the uterus, or cancer in women. One of the major clubs that supported her was the pyramid club. So, in our class, we talked extensively about black women organizing at various different levels, whether they were grassroots organizing, but these were largely a mix of club women and various different organizers who are members of the pyramid club. So you see, as early as 1946, that at least 250 women were attending a forum hosted by Helen Dickens that was incussing, and fo particular, the topic of cancer of the uterus. In this climate of promoting prevention, dickens worked to push the message that would be used in pamphlets and films and fundraising campaigns, to challenge some of the ideas that africanamericans, in particular africanamerican women, did not get cancer. On april 6, 1946, she stated in the Philadelphia Tribune that it is necessary that mothers mothers haveother adequate prenatal care in order to raise physically strong and free from disease. Dickens employed this gender language of selfhelp rather than to accept some of those metaphors of war that had been used in early metaphors of cancer. Some of those i mentioned before, about fighting cancer, a eradicatingcancer, cancer. She did not necessarily support that vision of eradicating cancer. She did not necessarily support that vision. She also suggested we not do screenings, but women should have periodic exams throughout the year to help reduce the rates of cancer among africanamerican women. Throughout her career, she thought of her skills as a physician, and as a surgeon, as a form of activism that defined africanamericans equal access to health care, and most critically, a component of defining citizenship. In this landscape, it suggested that equity in medical outcomes was possible through many technologies, she once africanamerican women to have access to those types of technologies, and largely begins to shift much of her Prevention Campaign at this point, to try to focus on Document Research cases of uterine cancer and provide Early Detection of uterine cancers for africanamerican women. She offered this corrective for treatment as a newly appointed chair of gynecology and obstetrics at philadelphias mercy Douglass Hospital in 1948. This appointment was only two years after the passage of the hilbert act which called for the , passage and construction of american hospitals, and africanamerican physicians in the nma, and the Philadelphia Academy of medical science were very concerned with trying to connect the act to the expansion of existing Black Hospitals, although this was fraught with a lot of difficulty. Nonetheless, it was really the basis and a platform of much of the black Public Health movement and expansion of Black Hospitals. For her part, dr. Dickens worked to make up the tricks and an ecology at mercy Douglass Hospital as a modern as she could. And many of the articles that she was doing for the Philadelphia Tribune, she is talking about the fact of having modern facilities. To her, modern facilities meant that there would be a face and place for the expansion of obstetrics and gynecological care, and that much of the money and fundraising was done largely women who were not necessarily medical practitioners. Dickens met only provided a the radical underpinning for Cancer Prevention, but she also tried to target and establish physical spaces for Cancer Prevention. Of theer leadership ob gyn at mercy douglass, she started the construction for new spaces, for Reproductive Health care on lumbar street in north philadelphia. The ob gyn center, dickens worked with the hospital auxiliary board to acquire additional medical machines, such as which could cost as much as 400. To callused her success for the establishment of a larger Cancer Detection center at the hospital. Andhe time we get to 1953, we are looking at an article from 1956, dickens had established, as the director of stefansson gynecology and mercy ofglas hospital director gynecology and obstetrics done bythe staffing was local Church Members and the promotion of the center was largely done by dickens through a series of speeches at local churches. We are, the article that looking at now demonstrate how africanamerican women are working to volunteer for the promotion of the Cancer Detection center at mercy Douglass Hospital. Remember, much of that funding that was received for the center was largely collected and galvanized by these efforts of africanamerican women in philadelphia. Churches at or the spaces that she went in to most often to do this prevention work. Her first speech for that year publicizing,or excuse me, 1953, for publicizing the center was given at Shiloh Baptist church. More than likely, dickens chose Shiloh Baptist church because the minister was dr. Powell, who was a physician, and the center had also held the spaces for well baby clinics for 25 years. Free clinicswere that were housed in churches where you could come and bring your baby, and have basic Health Things done. But they were not just for medical care. We could spend a whole lot of time talking about well baby centers. Dickens discussed that cancer that be prevented, and cancer could be prevented if the conditions of cancer were found early. She listed that the purpose of the mercy douglas clinic was to provide early screening and detection for uterine cancer. Now, dickens was very, very mindful of notions of respectability, and also was very mindful of the ways in which many africanamerican women, particularly in philadelphia, because we have a study that was done in philadelphia that documents experiences of africanamerican women and medical experience tatian in the hospital and medical experimentation in the hospitals. Many africanamerican women were fearful of doctors. The excepted medical wisdom that africanamericans did not experience pain. We talked about how those early gynecological experiments were done on africanamerican women because of that. Because of that belief. In philadelphia, there was knowledge about what hospitals women of color should avoid as they did not want to experiment they not want to experience forms of experimentation. If you went to certain hospitals, that you could not have children anymore, right . There was Extensive Knowledge about medical experimentation or sterilization amongst africanamerican women. Dickens was very knowledgeable about this and really sought to help to bring some of those issues to the public about larger awareness of combating those conditions of forced sterilization and medical experiment tatian. Medical experimentation. Africanamerican women thought about their bodies was very big in a lot of the language he used when referring to the promotion of the Cancer Detection center. She wanted to be very careful to mitigate those fears of medical experimentation and sexual objective occasion and forced sterilization by trying to place inck women on a pedestal relation to medical care. In many of these private meeting she held with women in the church spaces, other local groups often supported her in terms of a lot of these meetings. Many of those groups included the junior business and professional womens league. Helen dickens was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority, so she got a lot of support from them and also the pyramid club, which we mentioned before in terms of those 250 women from the pyramid club. All of these groups are working together in a collaborative effort to really try to help promote uterine Cancer Prevention in philadelphia. Goal forens secondary the Cancer Detection center to collect demographic and statistical data on the incidences of africanamerican women with uterine cancer to acquire National Funding for the clinic. Doinghough she starts off a lot of grassroots organizing, her goal, her vision was to ultimately try to receive and garner National Funding for the Cancer Detection center at mercy Douglass Hospital. To start go out promoting films. So Helen Dickens was one of the first africanamerican women physicians to produce and to be very instrumental in using the media of film medium of film as a form of prevention. We have a lot of examples of those now, but in the latter part of her career, much of this by thee, particularly time we get to the mid1960s, she is moving away from doing speeches in churches, working on the mercy douglas Cancer Prevention clinic, and she is using the medium of film to promote some of these issues. So you are looking at an article now that talks about his films. Although she is moving out of doing the speeches in churches, a lot of the films are actually shown in church settings, or either by some of those women who i mentioned before. Moving very quickly across time here, by the time we get to 1965, we see dr. Helen dickens using film and Cancer Prevention sounds, one of the most famous calledtime was a film save a life series. That was the name she used for some of the other church speeches. One of the ways in which we know that these were significant is because those films would provoke would promote prevention and when there would be local health days for free screenings, and other types of test for uterine cancer. And that they would be hosted at local churches. In 1965, theune parish itself philadelphia held a daylong session where dickens would promote these films, and these sounds were watched by members of the church, particularly women members, and the tribune was significant because it publicized a lot of those particular films at saint bartholomew. Womennt bartholomew, 250 actually showed up to participate for these free health exams. Much of the sessions were also run i will owe Women Organizers who were significant in these various church congregations. Continue, forld the remainder of her career, and as you saw, she led or a very long time and practiced medicine for a very long time. She would be significant in philly promoting and escalating she would be significant and promoting and escalating dating back to the Second World War and continue up throughout the 1970s. We are covering a very significant period of time here. While dickens is not the only one doing this, she is definitely the model for some of the later forms of Cancer Prevention that really take off in philadelphia. Hopefully, after this lecture, you have some greater understanding and awareness, right . Of how black women came to practice in medicine, and also some of the ways in which they thought about their practice of medicine as a site of activism and also medical citizenship. Are there any questions about dickens, black women as physicians, about Cancer Prevention, anything, any questions that anybody has . Do you think those forced sterilizations contributed to the number of cancers and black women . Prof. Shakir no. But i think they contributed to a very palpable fear that many africanamerican patients have when they go to the doctor, particularly women. We know that forced sterilization continued well beyond the period that we are talking about. Notably, the cases in North Carolina. You may recall people who were forcibly sterilized. People who are trying to receive restitution from the North Carolina government. There are lots of examples. The most significant point about forced sterilization is that it created amongst africanamerican women in particular, and extreme and very real and palpable fear about birthing and having children and receiving basic became aervices fearful process. If you may recall just recently, there have been a lot of articles that have talked about how there are still a lot of highest among doctors when treating patients of color in terms of pain thresholds and ideas onas, negative bias of africanamerican patients. I recently read the last story. In the book, inventions when henrietta starts to feel sick and how she is afraid feel sick and is scared to go to the hospital later found out yet cervical cancer. Do you think that is possibly the reason why that people are saying that africanamericans cant get cancer . It stems from the fear of going to the doctor to begin with. In the story, she specifically explained that she did not want to go to the hospital. Fearhe described the because of its pigmentation. Of experimentation. Prof. Shakir so, were africanamericans underrepresented because they were not going to the doctor . Ok. On the one hand, we know that definitely after the Second World War with increased migration that more africanamericans are going to the doctor, right . That, there was already a very expensive theory extensive theory in science that argued one that africanamericans were not civilized enough to get cancer because it was believed that cancer was a disease of the civilized. We are looking at a lot of negative racial stereotyping. And that they did not live long enough because it was believed that cancer was a disease of aging, right . Brilliantlyh writes that cancer goes across color lines. That as more africanamericans are migrating, they are becoming more statistically visible, but also with grassroots organizing and Cancer Prevention campaigns, that there are africanamericans like Helen Dickens who are bringing greater awareness, right . It is all those things kind of working together. If you go back and read the journal of american medicine up the 1950s or so, you will see a lot of these articles that are talking about, or try to categorize cancer and the ways in which the predictors for cancer are racialized and also how they are connected indefinitely to ideas about aging and race. A lot of that people are not looking for how women are suffering from cancer at that point. Other questions . Other questions . Other questions . Other questions . Ratio of know the black people to white people that have cancer or certain types of cancers . Do you think that contribute to the funding even today of certain Cancer Research . Prof. Shakir ok, no i dont know off the top of my head the numbers, right . Has ani think that it impact on funding . Yes it now, right . Yes and no, right . The money for Prevention Campaign is not necessarily done by the federal government. When we are talking about research, that is different, but Prevention Campaigns are largely organizingrassroots and petitioning for people to raise money. So, in terms of the amount of ,oney that has been given remember we have a National Cancer institute, right . Targeted whole agency to researching cancer and different types of cancers. Any other questions . Screening, how she used the save alive series. Now,you go to the doctor doctors are so eager to give ou pap smear testing. Withhe leave the way screen for cancer early . Prof. Shakir she was one of the first practitioners who used the pap smear to show a pathway to human Cancer Prevention. She had a mobile Health Clinic. We are very made with that idea today. What her mobile Health Clinic did was travel all over philadelphia to provide free pap smears. She also trained other doctors on how to administer the pap smear. There was an awareness on her part. She was trying to show that if she could document that there were cases of black women who were getting cancer, she believed she could get more National Support for that Cancer Detection center she headed mercy Douglass Hospital. That was kind of her idea. I did not show it here, but we her examples of a lot of personal Record Keeping on patience and the number of patients with uterine cancer, the level of cancer, so ultimately, and i did not mention it here, she does garner National Funding from the National Institute of health, but that comes a bit later. Much of this is done largely all ofough her selfhelp model groups,ng black women grassroots organizers, and we talked a lot about that in our class. Any other questions . Is it safe to say that Helen Dickens, her initiative and her work was the establishment of modernday Cancer Prevention programs, or were there previous today, that we use advocating for donations and things of that nature . Prof. Shakir i definitely think from what i have found that you is really one of the pioneers for that as it relates to africanamerican women. Now, there were some other thatles of womens groups were doing Cancer Prevention because remember, when we talked about a lot of those black club within black club women, a big part of their initiative was health care for black women because a big part as we have mentioned in class, the questions about medical experimentation or forced sterilization, that this was thing for black women, much of their organizing was around trying to embed that into a lot of other things of social activism. She was one of the first africanamerican women to do it, definitely. Any other questions . I was wondering, what type of thatr was most prominent they were to do research and study on . Prof. Shakir before Helen Dickens . She was just concerned with uterine cancer. Cancers of the uterus. That is what she wanted to target and that is what she wanted to bring awareness to, and have less suffering for people who were coming into her practice with those conditions. That was her big thing was. That was what she was most concerned with. Any other questions . Anybody else . Know, this isall our last week of class and we have our exam on friday. Yay, exam, right i look forward to seeing all of you on friday and i hope you had a very productive semester, and i will see you friday for the exam. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv. 48 hours of programming on American History every weekend on cspan3. Forow us on twitter information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. Monday on the communicators, chief lobbyist for at t talks about the issues he has worked on some the future of telecommunications, and why he feels the fcc has become more politicized. By thenterviewed executive Senior Editor of communications daily. Compromises now a dirty word. You have groups at each extreme that seek to prevent it and view compromise as the trail. Compromise is the art of government. It is necessary to solve problems. And i think it has reached over into telecommunications and reached over into the sec in one of the reasons we are seeing the level of polarization. Watch the communicators monday night at 8 00 eastern on cspan2. This weekend on american artifacts, we tour the moses myers house to see what life was like for 19th century merchant family. Here is a preview. The moses myers house was owned by the first jewish family in virginia in the 19th century. They maintained a large shipping operation and the home was passed down through several generations of the myers family. We toured the house to see many of the original furnishings and hear what life was like for the prominent merchant family. Moses myers. Family were known as great entertainers and eliza was known as a very gracious hostess. A lot of people ask us, did they a diet . A kosher diet . They were not able to keep a kosher diet. Even of a celebrated passover and yom kippur, they had an occasion to eat oysters on christmas day. We do know that someone of their journals. Had other types of entertainment in this room, like balls, weddings, and unfortunately, funerals. Watch the entire Program Sunday at his 00 p. M. At 10 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan3s American History tv. Eustaceg up, nicole talks about her book passion is the gale emotion, power, and the coming of the american revolution. She is forced how political writings and new british taxes, such as the stamp act aroused the colonists and propelled the innovative move forward. It this is gordo the Historical Society hosted this event. Good evening. Can you hear me . Thank you so much for that lovely introduction and for the invitation to be here. Sois really exciting to see many of you out on a steamy august night. The joke is that