Having said that, lets get to we are going to talk about spanish cultivation and the new mexico pueblo revolt of the 1870s. Stephanie. [indiscernible] nevertheless, it remained tenuous at best. Revoltcess of the pueblo in 1680 represented the sole example of Indigenous Peoples completely eliminating an established european colony in north america. Pueblosactors in the unprecedented accomplishment and subsequent 12 year liberation where their successful Coalition Building efforts, as well as the geographic and demographic ok, ok. Here we have a little bit about the pueblo indians at this point. We talked about this previously, but there are key things i want to pull out really quickly and then discuss the colonization. We are going to talk about the intermediaries that will occur after coronado. To look atgoing whether he was a pacifier or a conquistador, because the laws will change. The laws of 1542 will be. Uperseded the new laws we will look at some of the civil and ecclesiastical strife going on in the colony, which explains some of the weaknesses the pueblo will be able to ask what. And then we will get onto the pueblo revolt of 1680, which is americanevent in history, because it is the only time you will have an established indigenous population, a european economy thats colony, completely effected by the Indigenous Peoples. All right. Ll right of fiveueblo consist major language groups, right . Pecos, the tiwa, the piro, the keres, the i know that is lot. They are all huddled in what place . The rio grande. Yes, the rio grande. Good thing were going there. What strikes you, helps explain a name . They are very settled. They live in established towns year round. Yes, they can be fortified, because you can pull up ladders. What else . Anything else . The does the farming generally in most of the native american colonies . The women. The women generally do. Is that true for the pueblo . No. Why not . There is not really anything in new mexico. There is antelope and deer, but you are right. They do have to work on the available land. You think men might be a highly desirable to do the farming in the southwest . [indiscernible] absolutely. Significantly different, the soil is arid and rocky. To dig up those boroughs takes a lot more muscle strength, and what dont the pueblo out before the spanish . Iron. That is true. They do not have forces. They cannot take advantage of the animal muscle power, so by default, they rely on men. You can see that they have an awful lot of pottery. One of the other things that means what . Adam . Education fromr your father site, not your mothers side. And they are also matrilocal. Kind of interesting. We settled on the pueblo and where they are from. You guys have seen this before. Do any of you remember though what happened during the first winter . One of the cities that is supposed to be encrusted with emeralds is actually there. He is afraid everybody is going to kill him. Dowas all fine and dandy to missionary work, but we put money and our lives on the line. What happened . Here in up wintering 1540, 1541. Does anyone know what happened . It is the same pattern that happened again and again and again. When europeans move in, what do they tend to do . They tend to conquer the natives and get them to give them all the money. In this case what would be the most valuable thing a pueblo would have . Thing these one expeditions will hassle the natives for its food. They never carry enough with them and they usually do not have the agricultural techniques to support themselves. So, what they do is during the 1541, they rely on the native population to heavily and they rise up and rebel. Theseonsider [indiscernible] leniency . H absolutely. They destroy 13 villages in this area. Let me tell you let me show you what they do. Here is a quick video clip do you have a question . [indiscernible] up . Set him yeah, because right after the clip we are going to see, they will get the turk. And he will leave them off. Ok, lets see a quick clip. [indiscernible] spaniards respond in kind. [indiscernible] must surrender. Coronado said he was coming with a message. He came to offer peace. Turkuntil the indian call would be brought their before his execution was carried out. To fight with some of the indians who wanted to work. Ns who remained, what weked up because were going to them uhh of them byled some stabbing them. They wanted the indians to fear us. [indiscernible] all right, it is because of reality like that they are going to try to send them off and get them killed. It does not work. The spanish comeback. They do have forces [indiscernible] they did, they did with stakes in the ground to find their way back. When they came back, obviously the pueblo were in revolt. Isertheless, what you think the legacy of coronado from expedition . [indiscernible] what kind of role to you think he played in the subsequent colonization of mexico . They are not going to go anywhere near them. It is true. They will be very leery of them. They found a lot of useful things the spaniards had. Things did find a lot of. Was the reception surprisingly warm or [indiscernible] it is an interesting thing to think about whether they were are goingd into, we to be nice to these guys so they cannot act like the last guys, or looking at it have a century some, thinking, they have good material things and that might be useful for us. All right. Inthat 50year period between, one of the significant once was the rodriguez cham uscado expedition. They haveermission, royal permission to go into mexico. What are they looking for . Gold and slaves. Ok, gold and slaves would be valuable commodities, absolutely. Mines, and ifof you can bring them back to work in those minds, that is great. Int is contrary to new laws place, and the new laws that are governing as well. What is the loophole . If you are a conquistador one of wannabe, how you get around the king saying, you should not enslave people . You should be nice to the native americans. They were trying to liberate them from like, we talked about it before, but they were trying to, they were liberating them from some other religion or yeah, they wanted to convert them, but according them to the law would justify being brutal [indiscernible] that is the trick. If you are a good spaniard, how do you fight a good war against the indigenous pueblos . [indiscernible] you would say we are now subjects of our sovereign king. And the rebels have rebel against you and your fighting a just war against them now. That is the loophole. Will find throughout this time, the spanish provoke a lot of wars. Rodriguez, he goes with sanchez chamuscado. Rodriguez, for reasons unknown, decides to go back early. N chamuscado ends up dying. People say, hey, we have some fires, we should go see what happened. Little did they know, they end up being killed by their pueblo hosts. [indiscernible] surprisingly, when it comes to the frontiers, you really are talking almost exclusively franciscans. There were some jesuits early on, but they move out. You might find a straight dominican here or there a s tray dominican here or there. The franciscans, unlike the jesuits, do not require you to know the native language. If they baptize you, they consider you a convert, whether you understand anything about what just happened. Their hay numbers are rather inflated. Espejo entrada. They go, we have got to find out what is going on with those fires. We need to find out what happened. When they get there, the native pueblos are like, we do not really want to be around these guys. Continueition will going west. They will make it to arizona. They will come back full they will come back. They will find the village does not have any natives. \ what do they do . [indiscernible] they burn the village. Kind of the approved solution during this time. This is an interesting one. Spardis by a man named gar sosa. Pretty familiar name for modern americans. Wheel transport, and they think he may be one of the first to use the [speaking ofnish], which is the wheel death. It is not have official permission. Did cortez have permission to take over the aztec empire . No. What was he hoping for . Success. Success would bring forgiveness from his majesty. I am bringing 170 people with me. We have a real solid shot at a colony. Through silver all here. There is no reason to think there is not more sober up in mexico. Perfectly reasonable. He is up there trying to set up juanant and a guy morlete, and unfortunately for sosa, his job was to bring him back . Ah what position was that . What was he the first one to hold . The position, the very special position . Viceroy . Not viceroy. Protector of the indians. Morlete is. T someone is treating on the missionary realm, and he brings him back in irons. What is one of the ordinances about discoveries . They are radical of protective of the indians . They are. Crownolutely the spanish is absolutely concerned with the wellbeing of it new inhabitants. They do not want their other subjects taking advantage of them. What else . How is their enforcement . There is some, but it is spotty at best. They do not like the guy who is doing it. Absolutely. That is a fact. They will call you back in the middle of your expedition and they will try you for whatever you did that they do not like. What else do you think that is odd about the way this is enforced . [indiscernible] exactly, it is all political, right . They bring their enemies back with the vice realty down in spain. Casesnfortunately in many all right, now onto the main event, right . When does he kicked off his mexico . Dition into 1597. 1598. Inactually got appointed 1595, and he has been sitting on the border cooling his heels, because he was trying to work out the precise privileges and other reimbursement that he was going to receive as a result of being the one who will take over all of new mexico. He comes from a very wealthy family. He marries really well, marys the great granddaughter ries really well, marries the greatgranddaughter of montezuma. Great lineage there. He is sitting on the border for a couple years. He finally gets to go. And what is his impression . Upsetting. It is not diplomatic, is it not . He is able to hold counsel, to trade with them, to get them to nominally agreed to being of the spanish authority. He does not get a surprise ambush welcome wagon. Pretty impressive. Makes aingly he also run out maybe it is true. I dont know. I loosely, he is going to pan out in that direction. He goes out, he comes back, he starts making his way over to the west, and then there is a problem stop what problem . What does he run into . [indiscernible] no one comes to the indians to farm. They come to loaf around with the vice realty. The brothers, the nephew. Juan andgot vincente. He was trying to get food from the indians and the indians kill him in one of his friends. Where . At yes. At its highest point, this maze is 350 feet tall. Thatally there are two different sections and they are connected by a thin ridge, right . And so he makes this demand. He goes about five miles away. Then he comes back. When he comes back to get the of them will go up on to the mesa and split up. They will split up, split up into three different groups, and we will go collected and leave. The problem is one of the , anders takes a turkey that was a turkey they were not willing to give away. And as a result, the soldier gets set upon and they get bum rushed. Went intothose who the mesa that day, 12 and up dead. Wo jump off amazingly they do not die. How far with this jump . Height, 350 feet, but the lower ledges, it is not that high. There is no way he jumped from 350 feet, right . Especially in armor. That is not point to work. That is not going to work. You are in this territory. Now theres a really serious uprising. What do you do . [indiscernible] go back to the war of blood and fire, as the spanish would call it, and what is that . Make an example out of them. Make an example out of them by fighting total war with these guys, right . The other forces are on the other side, and he will take the route around so he does not meet any indian hostile. Ncente, juansvi brother, gives him the men and two cannons and says, go take care of this problem. What kind of response do they get . Hey get shot at it kills to that of their horses. You can imagine how they feel about this insult, right . So he is going to take 11 men and scale the cliff. The will draw off most of pueblo attention and scale of the other side. Pretty good tactics, and they actually make it to the top of the cliff, and somehow, they managed to hold on these 12 guys at the top of the mesa overnight, even though there is a raging battle going on, right . In the next morning if you are at the top of that mesa, what you desperately want . Water. What else you want . To get off the top of the mesa . Yes. What do i really want if i am up there. If im up there . The canon. The cannons. Once they voice to those of their, totally different ballgame, right . They can hire downstream. They have more than just iron balls by this time in history . Ammunition they will use the iron cannibals first, but once you run out of that you use whatever you want. So, they use that. Think maybe they 800 get killed during the fighting. Another 500 get taken captive. Men 50 military aged what does he do . I am in possession of your pueblo. What do i do now . Them. Killed most of . Does he killed most of them remember, what is the most valuable thing in new mexico . Selling people into slavery. He tries to. Everybody above the age of 12 good. If you are above the age of 25, you are losing a foot and you are going to be a slave. If you are a child . They take them to the colonies to be like servants. They do. They send all of the girls to the local franciscan minister and they get all of the young boys to who . Mexico city to be servants for other officials. They do, but who makes money off of that . [indiscernible] no. Patronage. You have to reward the guy who just climbed up the cliff and there. Cannons of it really fuels the conquest of new mexico. Yes, they were there before, but it was all rather participatory. It is this that really settled the fact there is a new guy in town that is really powerful and we will have to deal with not take them headon, because that is not going to be real productive. All right. The interesting things about new mexico is the amount of conflict you will see between the church and state. It is not uncommon back in europe. Is the church significantly stronger in new mexico than in he civil Colonial Government . Theade it has to do with fact that they are not finding the gold and silver that they. Ant sure. Your influence is directly relative to a much patronage, and you cant be handing out goodies for people, right . Result, the new mexicans are going to test on the issues. Will fall to the political intrigues in court and he will be called back to the colonies. When that happens, they are thinking of abandoning it. There does not seem to be any money out there. We will call it quits. What will they do that . New mexico, not a good idea. They probably did not want to let all the natives go ah. Could you get on your side to give the colony going . Who . The pope would be helpful, the vice rate would be nice. The viceroy only has so much. You go to the king. You go straight to the king. He was his most catholic majesty philip iii. That is the trump card the franciscans are able to play time and time again together missionary efforts going. That is what they are going to be able to do. Is, the veryng first three governors are going to run afoul of the franciscans. Is going to feel the conflict between the franciscans and the governors and the colonies of new mexico . [indiscernible] argument is whether they should be allowed to do their tribal dances. Yes. In 1659, down here 1660, he will take the last approach to what they consider the hedonism of the natives. Long before that ever happens, the major fighting points are who is going to control indian labor . Of wealthreal source in new mexico, the ability to provide tribute. Theother thing obviously is influence on the missionary effort. As far as the franciscans are concerned, the worldly people who care about making money and it is a legitimate concern put up aguys substantial sum of the rhone money. They usually have to pay 50 of their first years salary to the king as a tax. That. Re not happy about so anyway, the very first three governors fail and get excommunicated because of their fights with the franciscans. , geraldo, the second one, he gets excommunicated twice for good measure. What happens to a good catholic who gets excommunicated, from the sacrament of the church . Going to hell. You are going to hell in a handbasket, my friend. Bad news for you. The palace of the governor, the longest continually occupied civil government building in the United States. Mission, sanirst juan bautista. Have any other big guns besides x can occasion. Excommunication . That is a good one. What else have they got . The inquisition. Because no one expects the spanish inquisition. [laughter] investigate pennants, all sorts of cv, underhanded things, embarrass people. You can put them in jail, the deep, dark dungeon of the inquisition. They are never coming back. The ecclesiastical side of the house of the new mexico has a lot of tools. Doesnt the catholic church, the higher Church Leadership in america the bishop, i guess that would be correct you do not have a bishop in new mexico at this time. Basically what happens is the inquisition comes to new mexico, and in the order of the holy crusade, which is basically just a packed, originally to pay for the crusades and jerusalem, but peninsula,e iberian that will come in 1663. The church has all these resource pools they are able to draw on. The native americans to not pay tribute. They dont have time. You have to work for the church, which is different, and they feel very him then about how little tribute they can extract from them. Plus, the franciscans go up first. But of them get martyred, even if they do not get martyred, they get to pick the best land. All right. Lets talk a little bit about native American Culture or religious belief that will have the franciscans so up in arms, right . Anyone tell me what this is . There are different ways to spell this, all right. A by know what a kachina is . A religious idol. Religious idols, or your water spirits. Living in the southwest, water is important. The franciscans do not want to see this kind of behavior at all. Kivasher thing, these are , and these are religious underground areas where native americans will gather for ceremonies. For our franciscans, this is close to satan and the devil and clearly they are up to no good if they are hanging out in the underground. One thing they will do is destroy a lot of the kivas. This is one of the things they get so fired up about. , theyill say, oh, come on are dancing. It does not matter. He is pandering to the pueblos to get them on his side, but this is the source of some major fighting. Is there something about the native american willingness to adopt . When they ares more or less likely to adopt catholicism or throw it off after they have adopted it . It is never really permanent when they adopt it, so a lot of the franciscans say, we will not convert you to catholicism, so we will convert you and you will get rid of everything, and that is not the case. The kind of adapted, they find it useful when they need them, and when things are going well, they do not needed as much, and they tend to not have two cleaved to the franciscans by following catholicism. The franciscans will struggle you with holy water, baptize you, and boom, you are a catholic. A you let americans, them do that baptism thing to you, but generally when things spanish, well for the he native americans are more likely to be willing to convert. When things are going back to the spanish, they are more likely to embrace their traditional deities. All right, that is probably good enough on that. Ok. Two factors that are really unique in new mexico and help to explain the success of the pueblo revolt is geography. What is it about the geography of new mexico that sets it up for an instance where the Indigenous People will rise up and throw out the european colonizers for a grid amount of time. [indiscernible] how far is it from mexico city to santa fe . 1500 miles. 1500. How do you go there . It is all along the camino real. It is not all desert. This is 90 miles and your away from the river. What would you do that. Why would you say, oh, the river is over there, but i will walk across this part . [indiscernible] as you can see, you have lots of may says you have all of ande are royal arroyos, there will be rainstorms and you will get flash flooding. If youre bringing a wagon, you just cannot traverse over there. It is just safer and more navigable. How long does it take you to get from point a to point b . About six months. On average they are doing 6. 3 miles a day, which means you are going to be out here for at least 11 days or so, and that is assuming every thing goes well. If things go bad you get attacked, there is a nasty storm youre not expecting maybe you are there for three weeks. That can be a very dangerous thing. It is kind of hard to see that, but that is the typical cart they would have. It has three wheels. So, this is a point of comparison, right . Get resupplied on average once every three years. The royal convoy, because this is a royal colonies supported by real funds, the real treasury will send out a convoy every three years. Every ets a convoy three times a year. What is florida get a convoy three times a year . [indiscernible] ok, it is closer to spain, but even more important ok, new mexico, florida there was no threat of another european influence . One of the original justifications was, hey, the onlish have this colony roanoke. They have no idea how big the United States is. When they reestablish the colony, they will be concerned about the french. So there are concerns about that, but more importantly what about Saint Augustine . It is on the coast. . Hat runs right by it the whole reason they were there in the first place . The current. Their alle going by the time. Resupplying Saint Augustine is a piece of cake. And nobody was to do this. It is once every three years. 1621, 1625, that was every four years. Boy, those are going to be long years in new mexico. Wanted even if the viceroyalty hears about the problems that are going to happen during the pueblo revolt, what can they do about it . Who is going to volunteer to go mexico a part of new mexico that has no gold or silver . Heres the other thing. Tomography. 1680. Demography. 1680. The total number of people who evacuated colony archway 500, but the others are mestizos or native american allies, so they are not sure spaniards. Compared to the population of 17,000, of which 6000 are warriors with military capability. That is a 40 to one ratio in favor of the pueblo. Does it start to make sense why they win . Warsxample, the tidewater this would be the second of those and that would be the third of those. In 1622. Nia population 1230, 347 killed, 20 . That is pretty impressive. Yet, the english did not go running, why . Because they can fall back on the coast. Etc. , etc. There was a safe haven. These are all rough approximations. 1644, when they do it again, the populations are roughly equal, right, and they only killed 500 colonists. Only 3. 6 percent of the population. Not really impressive. What do the numbers alone tell you about 1644 in virginia . Indians wipe them all out. With wars andion native american slave trade. You are even. The chance of pushing them out four yearsly because later you will have 14,000 englishmen and african slaves. Lets take a look at another example. King philips war. Of the mostly, one deadly wars in American History, right . Theyre going to lose roughly 5 of the total population. This is the population roughly within all of new england. This is another way of saying the people it like a term for native americans. Roughly 10,000. Three small pretty small. Of which 2500 are warriors. That will have a 64 ratio favoring new england colonists 6 to 4 ratio favoring knowingly colonists. Nevertheless they do not push them out. They hold their supply lines. They have enough materiel and resources. Any questions about the geographical or the demographic contributions to what will be the native american success in the pueblo . Excellent. Here we go. Without further ado. 30 think this guy is . What is his name . [indiscernible] pope. Opay. Ternately spelled p the difficulties they were having, these top in the letter for the century. The franciscans and the governors come to a truce and they realize, we are pretty isolated here. We need to come to a united front, and times are kind of fat in new mexico. There are droughts. Cross. E are not a lot of in the spanish are losing their spiritual power [indiscernible] and they turned to . The shaman. The shaman. I need rain. Im going to pray to wattle. N,round out the shame execute them, flawed the rest flog the rest. E is one of the surviving ones. He has a pretty big grudge. As things deteriorate, the pueblo will do something very unique. They are going to build an effective confederation or alliance amongst all of these groups. Think about this. We call them all pueblo, and many of them speak the same language, but they are spread out over hundreds of miles. They do not generally see eye to eye on anything. But they form into an alliance. Not only does he get them to form into a life, but he gets the locals who showed up in the last 40 years and gets them to be part of the alliance. Because they have been rating them. Them. Ding how does he do it . Anyone remember the signal . Should remind you of the incas. . Runners. Runners with what . Messages or smoke signals. What were the messages . [indiscernible] knots in the court that would indicate the days for the rebellion. What happens is they get found out early. How do they get found out early . Out. Pueblo rat them they catch the messengers, and ey georgia them and they say, ok, we are going to rise up in rebellion against you. , santa fehappen is will end up getting defeated. About 1000 people in santa fe. Meanwhile, further south, refugees fled, and the Deputy Governor figures, no one is going to come to help us, so we retreat. They were treated all way down to el paso. Heile, the governor takes a couple 200 of the thousands rounding them. How does he forced them to leave . Cut off the water supply. They hold it for a few more weeks, and they decide they have to abandon the colony, too. They make it down to el paso, and when they make it, he was to courtmartial his deputy. Dude, you bailed. Unfortunately, that is all of the time we have for today. We will wrap this up next time. See you. [indiscernible] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captioning performed by national captioning institute] youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan 3. House historian and curator use photographs to trace the history of women in the house beginning with the election of Jeannette Rankin in 1917. Ending with the story of Margaret Chase smith. At 6 p. M. And 10 p. M. Eastern time here on